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Well Logging Methods in Oil Shale Assessment
Robert L. Kleinberg
Schlumberger-Doll Research Cambridge, Massachusetts
31st Oil Shale Symposium Workshop on Principles for Oil Shale Resource Assessment
20 October 2011
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Acknowledgements
Schlumberger
Jim Grau Michael Herron Susan Herron Malka Machlus Drew Pomerantz Stacy Lynn Reeder Nikita Seleznev Badarinadh Vissapragada
AMSO
Alan Burnham TOTAL
Pierre Allix
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What Can We Learn From Well Logging?
Barrels of oil equivalent in place • substitute Fischer Assay or Rock Eval • formation delineation Heat requirement for pyrolysis • detailed mineralogy Inorganic CO2 generation potential • carbonate mineralogy Hydraulic isolation indicator • formation water salinity vs depth Fracture engineering • in situ stress & stress anisotropy Baseline data for geophysical monitoring • electrical and sonic properties
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Water Organic Matter Mineral Matter
Density Porosity
Dielectric Porosity
Magnetic Resonance Porosity
Porosity Model – Volume Fractions
Carbon Model – Weight Fractions
Organic Matter Mineral Matter
Total Carbon
Total Organic Carbon
Total Inorganic Carbon
Rock Eval (liquids+gases)
Fischer Assay (liquids)
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Total Organic Matter Well Log Methods
Density-Magnetic Resonance TOM (w/w) = (φD − φMR)⋅(ρK/ρB)
Density-Dielectric Scanner TOM (w/w) = (φD − φDS)⋅(ρK/ρB)
Nuclear Spectroscopy TC: inelastic scattering (RST*) TIC: elemental spectroscopy (ECS*) TOM = (TC−TIC)/0.8097
Petrophysical Model Mineralogy (including TOM) from
linear combination of all logs
Core Method (“Indirect”)
TC from combustion TIC from acid treatment TOM = (TC−TIC)/0.8097 250 ft
Well B Well A
Bad Hole
Bad Hole
S. Reeder * Mark of Schlumberger
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Core Calibration of Production Potential
Green River: Parachute Creek & Garden Gulch
Rock Eval = Hydrocarbon Liquids & Gases Fischer Assay = Hydrocarbon Liquids
Carbon is 80.97% of Green River kerogen by weight. [Brandt, Boak, Burnham, ACS Symposium Series 1032 (2010)]
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Oil Production Estimate Well Logs Compared to Fischer Assay & Rock Eval
150 ft
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Yellowstone
CH1 BH1
MWP2 WS
HB
MWP1-L3 (Shell)
each square = 80 x 80 m
250 meters A
D
C B
Productive Formation Delineation Piceance Basin, Colorado
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Hydrocarbon Richness from Core and Logs
M. Machlus
Fisc
her A
ssay
(gal
/ton
) A
B
C
D
Well Log Density-Magnetic Resonance Core Fischer Assay
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Productive Formation Delineation Piceance Basin, Colorado
Yellowstone
CH1 BH1
MWP2 WS
HB
MWP1-L3 (Shell)
each square = 80 x 80 m
250 meters
R1 = thin
M. Machlus
A
D
C B ? R1 = thick
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Heat Requirement for Pyrolysis
p
i
T
j j j jj jT
Q W C dT W H= + ∆∑ ∑∫ jj
W 1=∑
Ti (°C) = initial formation temperature Tp (°C) = pyrolysis temperature Q (MJ/ton) = heat required to raise formation temperature from Ti to Tp Wj (w/w) = weight fraction of mineral j Cj (MJ/ton⋅°C) = heat capacity of mineral j ∆Hj (MJ/ton) = phase transition latent heat of mineral j
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Petrophysical Model
• Mineral Weight Fractions (W) – Clay Group – Quartz Group – Carbonate Group – Feldspar Group – Buddingtonite – Dawsonite – Nahcolite – Pyrite – Organic Matter
• Inputs (Log) – Spectroscopy
• Si, Ca, Fe, Al, S, K, Na – Total Carbon – Magnetic Resonance – Photoelectric Factor – Density – Neutron Porosity
• Endpoint Matrix (C) – Response of log i for 100%
of mineral j
i ij jLog C W= ⋅
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WCO2 (T) mass of carbon dioxide produced per unit mass of heated rock at temperature T MWCO2 44.01 g/mole = molecular weight of CO2 ρbulk bulk density of the rock αi(T) fraction of mineral i decomposed at temperature T ni number of carbons in molecular formula of mineral i ρi density of mineral i Vi volume fraction of mineral i MWi molecular weight of mineral i
Estimated Carbon Dioxide Production from Mineral Decomposition
2
2
CO i i i iCO
bulk ii
MW n VW (T)
MWα ρ
=ρ ∑ Thermogravimetric
Analysis
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Estimating Formation Salinity to Confirm Hydraulic Isolation
Well Log Methods
Resistivity-Magnetic Resonance water saturation + formation resistivity → salinity Nuclear Spectroscopy pore water chlorine concentration
Core Measurement
Dry rock chlorine measurement
Hydrological Measurements Well tests
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1500 feet
Bad Hole
J. Grau
Multiple Methods for Estimating Water Salinity
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Early Borehole Acoustic Measurement
transmitter (horn, Model A Ford)
far receiver
near receiver
C. Schlumberger, Patent 786,863 (France, 1935) reproduced by Ellis & Singer
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Modern Borehole Acoustics Instrumentation
5 Transmitters 3 monopole + 2 dipole 104 Receivers 13 axial locations x 8 azimuths Many acquisition and processing options
Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Spring 2006
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Sinha et al., SPE 103079 (2006)
Stresses in the Earth
FPWD
MDT
Sh SV SH
MW
Vertical Stress (σv) (lithostatic gradient)
Natural Pore Pressure (hydrostatic gradient)
Horizontal Stresses Maximum (σH) Minimum (σh)
Dept
h (ft
)
15,000 17,000 19,000 21,000
Stress (psi)
19,000
20,000
21,000
22,000
23,000
2000 psi added pressure needed to fracture rock
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Transmitter
Receiver
Crosswell Electromagnetic Monitoring
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Log Data Provides Initial Ground Truth in Target Volume
In preparing the 3D resistivity model, the highly conductive zone was sampled at a finer scale to capture the resistivity contrast in the zone of interest.
Gamma Ray Resistivity
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Transmitter
Receiver
σ
Crosswell Electromagnetic Monitoring
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What Have We Learned From Well Logging?
Barrels of oil equivalent in place • substitute Fischer Assay or Rock Eval • formation delineation Heat requirement for pyrolysis • detailed mineralogy Inorganic CO2 generation potential • carbonate mineralogy Hydraulic isolation indicator • formation water salinity vs depth Fracture engineering • in situ stress & stress anisotropy Baseline data for geophysical monitoring • electrical and sonic properties
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