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Wenig Hoffnung auf LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK
Dr. Angelika Hilbeck
Institut für Integrative Biologie
Gruppe: Umweltbiosicherheit und Agrarökologie
ETH Zürich, Schweiz
Source: Steffen et al. 2015. Planetary Boundaries: Science, January 2015.
9 planetary life support systemsChemical pollution, novel org. (invasives, GMOs, etc)
DIE PROBLEME
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Toni Meier: Planetary boundaries of agriculture and nutrition – an Anthropocene approach. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Communicating and Designing the Future of Food in the Anthropocene. Humboldt University Berlin. Bachmann Verlag. (2017)
INDUSTRIALISIERTE
The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing
Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.
VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK
TOLERANZ GEGEN TROCKENHEIT, NÄHRSTOFFMANGEL, KRANKHEITEN, SCHÄDLINGEN, ETC.
INHALTSSTOFFE: VITAMINE, PROTEINESTÄRKEN, NÄHRSTOFFE (EISEN), ETC.
IMPFSTOFFE, ENZYME, ETC.
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…
VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK
REALITÄTSCHECK nach …
• über 65 Jahren seit der Entdeckung DNA
• über 45 Jahren seit der Entdeckung der ‘molekularen Scheren’ und anderen Werkzeugenfür Herstellung von GVOs
• über 20 Jahren weltweiten kommerziellen Anbausund Zulassung von GVOs
• 7 Jahren seit der Entwicklung von CRISPR Cas9
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ISAAA – not independently verified industry data
2 Gentechnik-Eigenschaftstypen(99% aller angebautenGV Pflanzen)
Eigenschaftstyp IResistent gegen Herbizid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Eigenschaftstyp II Produzieren Insektizid
Insektizid in die Pflanze eingebaut
Innovation (?):Kombination beiderEigenschaften
ISAAA – not independently verified industry data
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Produzieren Insektizid Resistent gegen Herbizid
Insektizid in die Pflanze eingebaut
+
Plattformen für Chemie
4 IndustrielleRohstoffpflanzenSojabohnenMaisBaumwolleRaps
ISAAA – non-verified industry data
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The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing
Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.
VERSPROCHENE LÖSUNGEN DER GENTECHNIK
TOLERANZ GEGEN TROCKENHEIT, NÄHRSTOFFMANGEL, KRANKHEITEN, SCHÄDLINGEN, HERBIZIDEN ETC.
INHALTSSTOFFE: VITAMINE, PROTEINESTÄRKEN, NÄHRSTOFFE (EISEN), ETC.
IMPFSTOFFE, ENZYME, ETC.
The Contributions of Plant Biotechnology to Agriculture in the Coming Decades, R. T. FraleyKrattiger, A.F. and A. Rosemarin. 1994. Biosafety for Sustainable Agriculture: Sharing
Biotechnology Regulatory Experiences of the Western Hemisphere.
2017
Realität
Warum?
TOLERANZ GEGEN …. SCHÄDLINGEN, HERBIZIDEN ETC.
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Gentechnik baut auf veralteter Wissenschaft
Annahmen:• Nukleotidesequenzen von Organismus A funktioniert in Organism B
ausschliesslich wie in A
Daraus abgeleitete Annahmen:
• Nukleotide/DNA = (Digital) CODE (des Lebens)
Genetik = eine Form der digitalen Informationstechnology (IT)
Kontrolle über DNA = Präzision = Sicherheit = Vorhersagbarkeit
‘Central Dogma’
“IntentionalBiology”
“DigitalBiology”
‘Synthetic Biology’ Fantasien
Quaternary codeBinary code
Andrianantoandro et al. 2006
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Veraltete Annahmen:
• Reduktionistisch-simplistische Sichtweise: Organismensind die Summe ihrer gen-’kodierten’ Bausteine
• Gentechnik limitiert: kann nur Eigenschaftenverändern, die von Einzelgenen beeinflusst werden(Punktmutationen) (einfache Eigenschaften)
“Environmental information ….Random, or stochastic, signals can generate significant noise in biological systems…”
Die Umwelt – Ein Problem!
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Barry Commoner (Senior scientist at the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems at Queens College, City University of New York)
Harper’s Magazine, February 2002
“DNA did not create life; life created DNAWhy, then, has the central dogma continued to stand? To some degree the theory has been protected from criticism by a device more common to religion than science: dissent, or merely the discovery of a discordant fact, is a punishable offense, a heresy that might easily lead to professional ostracism. ….The central dogma was simply too good not to be true.”
Seit 2012, neue ‘Scheren’ tauchen auf begleitet von altenVersprechen
CRISPR-Cas9 – der neue Hype!
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27. Juni 2016
“…Die Erzählung der Natur zu verschönern.”
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Hoffnung auf Lösungen der Gentechnik fürdiese Problemesehr limitiert
DANKE!