Download - Western Civilization Lecture 3
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
IS-VNU
Mr. Mike Beard
Session 3
Foundations of Western Civilization – Part 3
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Rise of Islam Islamic Conquests The Crusades Islamic Renaissance
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Rise of Islam Muhammad (c. 570–632) Believed to be the last
messenger of God, through which the Qur'an was revealed.
629 AD – Conquered Mecca
United the Tribes of Arabia into a Single Religious Polity
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Rise of Islam Monotheism Influenced by Judaism,
Christianity and Arabian Paganism
Believers of Islam are called Muslims
5 Pillars of Islam - The Creed – “There is no God but
Allah and Mohammed is His Prophet”
Prayer 5 times/day Fasting During Ramadan Alms-giving Pilgrimage to Mecca
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Caliphate and Civil War (632–750)The Caliphate and Civil War (632–750) Muhammad Died in 632 ADMuhammad Died in 632 AD Abu Bakr becomes 1Abu Bakr becomes 1stst Caliph Caliph Islam Spits into Sunni and Shi'a branches because of Islam Spits into Sunni and Shi'a branches because of
disputed leadershipdisputed leadership The Umayyad Caliphate Expands Islam West and East The Umayyad Caliphate Expands Islam West and East
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)The Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD) Islamic Philosopherss such as Ibn Rushd preserve and Islamic Philosopherss such as Ibn Rushd preserve and
revive Ancient Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle revive Ancient Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle Islamic Scholars made major advances in Science, Islamic Scholars made major advances in Science,
Medicine and Mathematics (i.e. Algebra) Medicine and Mathematics (i.e. Algebra) Islam Golden Age had a direct impact on Western Islam Golden Age had a direct impact on Western
Renaissance Renaissance
Ibn Rushd
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)The Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)
VideoVideo
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationExpansion of IslamExpansion of Islam 638 AD - Jerusalem Captured by Islamic Caliphate 638 AD - Jerusalem Captured by Islamic Caliphate By 661 AD Islam controls most of the Middle EastBy 661 AD Islam controls most of the Middle East By 750 AD Islam expanded into North Africa and controlled By 750 AD Islam expanded into North Africa and controlled
parts of Europe (especially Spain)parts of Europe (especially Spain) 1453 AD - Mehmed II leads the Ottomans in conquest of
Constantinople
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe CrusadesThe Crusades As a result of the expansion As a result of the expansion
of Islam during its Golden of Islam during its Golden Age, much of the “Holy Age, much of the “Holy Land” had been captured by Land” had been captured by Islamic forces including Islamic forces including Jerusalem. Jerusalem.
Islam was beginning to Islam was beginning to spread into Europe and had spread into Europe and had taken over much of the taken over much of the Eastern Christian territories. Eastern Christian territories.
A series of 9 Crusades were A series of 9 Crusades were launched over a 200 year launched over a 200 year period to reclaim the Holy period to reclaim the Holy Lands. Lands.
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The CrusadesThe Crusades Byzantine emperor Alexios I Byzantine emperor Alexios I
appeals to Pope Urban II to appeals to Pope Urban II to help him resist Muslim help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire
1095 AD – Pope Urban II 1095 AD – Pope Urban II preached a sermon at the preached a sermon at the Council of Clermont offering Council of Clermont offering the remission of sins for the remission of sins for fighting to defend the fighting to defend the ByzantinesByzantines
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEarly Christian Teaching Early Christian Teaching
about Violenceabout Violence
Bless those who persecute you; Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse...Do not bless and do not curse...Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the careful to do what is right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible, eyes of everybody. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. Do not take peace with everyone. Do not take revenge, my friends, but leave revenge, my friends, but leave room for God’s wrath, for it is room for God’s wrath, for it is written: “It is mine to avenge; I will written: “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,” says the Lord. On the repay,” says the Lord. On the contrary: “If your enemy is hungry, contrary: “If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink. something to drink. (Romans 12:14–20)(Romans 12:14–20)
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEarly Christian Teaching Early Christian Teaching
about Violenceabout Violence
““Blessed are the peacemakers”Blessed are the peacemakers”
““Do not resist an evil person. If Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”cheek, turn to him the other also.”
““Love your enemies and pray for Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.”those who persecute you.”
““I urge that prayers be made for I urge that prayers be made for all people, for kings and all who all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.”godly and dignified in every way.”
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The 1The 1stst Crusade Crusade Return lands conquered by Return lands conquered by
Muslims to Byzantine Empire Muslims to Byzantine Empire 1097 AD – Crusader invaded 1097 AD – Crusader invaded
Antioch and massacred most of Antioch and massacred most of the Muslim inhabitants the Muslim inhabitants
Ma'arrat al-Numan (a town near Ma'arrat al-Numan (a town near Antioch) was captured and the Antioch) was captured and the Crusaders ate the bodies of Crusaders ate the bodies of Muslims they killed. Muslims they killed.
Radulph of Caen, an eyewitness Radulph of Caen, an eyewitness to events at Ma'arra in 1098, to events at Ma'arra in 1098, wrote, "In Ma'arra our troops wrote, "In Ma'arra our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking-boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots; they impaled children on pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled." spits and devoured them grilled."
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The 1The 1stst Crusade Crusade
Muslims controlled Jerusalem Muslims controlled Jerusalem for 400 yearsfor 400 years
Jews, Christians and Muslims Jews, Christians and Muslims lived together in Jerusalem in lived together in Jerusalem in peacepeace
1099 AD – Crusaders enter 1099 AD – Crusaders enter Jerusalem and massacre Jews Jerusalem and massacre Jews and Muslimsand Muslims
300 Jews burned alive in a 300 Jews burned alive in a Synagogue Synagogue
Crusaders killed 30,000 Jews Crusaders killed 30,000 Jews and Muslims and Muslims
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
Kingdom of JerusalemKingdom of Jerusalem
Catholic Kingdom Catholic Kingdom established in Jerusalem established in Jerusalem after the 1after the 1stst Crusade Crusade
Lasted for about 200 yearsLasted for about 200 years 1100 AD Baldwin of 1100 AD Baldwin of
Boulogne became king of the Boulogne became king of the Latins of Jerusalem Latins of Jerusalem
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The 3The 3rdrd Crusade Crusade 1187 AD – Saladin, Sultan of 1187 AD – Saladin, Sultan of
Egypt, conquered Jerusalem Egypt, conquered Jerusalem Saladin spared the civilians and Saladin spared the civilians and
for the most part left churches and for the most part left churches and shrines untouched shrines untouched
Pope Gregory VIII called for a Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusadecrusade
Richard the Lionhearted ordered Richard the Lionhearted ordered the execution of Muslim prisoners the execution of Muslim prisoners captured during the crusade. captured during the crusade.
Richard failed in his attempt to Richard failed in his attempt to recapture Jerusalem.recapture Jerusalem.
Richard negotiated a treaty to all Richard negotiated a treaty to all Christian to visit Jerusalem for Christian to visit Jerusalem for pilgrimagepilgrimage
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The 4The 4thth Crusade Crusade Western Crusaders sack Western Crusaders sack
Constantinople Constantinople This attack was Western This attack was Western
Christians against Eastern Christians against Eastern ChristiansChristians
1209 AD – Crusaders in 1209 AD – Crusaders in Europe began a 20 year Europe began a 20 year military campaign against military campaign against heretics in France heretics in France
Though Jerusalem remained Though Jerusalem remained the ultimate goals many the ultimate goals many several crusades were several crusades were aimed at non-Catholic aimed at non-Catholic ChristiansChristians
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
CrusadesCrusades Video (1:19:50)Video (1:19:50)
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The CrusadesThe Crusades Crusaders returned to Crusaders returned to
Europe with art, Europe with art, literature, and literature, and knowledge developed knowledge developed by Islam and the by Islam and the ancient Greeks. ancient Greeks.
Islam preserved and Islam preserved and further developed what further developed what the Greeks and the Greeks and Romans produced. Romans produced.
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The InquisitionsThe Inquisitions Near the end of the Near the end of the
Crusades the Catholic Crusades the Catholic began to devote attention to began to devote attention to heretics heretics
Those accused of heresy Those accused of heresy stood trial before the stood trial before the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
The Inquisition was a The Inquisition was a Church court system under Church court system under the authority of the Pope.the authority of the Pope.
Those found guilty were Those found guilty were often tortured until they often tortured until they repented or killed repented or killed
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The InquisitionsThe Inquisitions 1233 Gregory IX introduced 1233 Gregory IX introduced
the tribunal to the south of the tribunal to the south of France on a systematic France on a systematic basis. basis.
5,000 heretics were burned 5,000 heretics were burned alive alive
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Inquisition of GalileoThe Inquisition of Galileo Galileo believed the sun was Galileo believed the sun was
at the center of the universeat the center of the universe The Catholic Church taught The Catholic Church taught
the oppositethe opposite Galileo was put on trail for Galileo was put on trail for
heresy and found guilty heresy and found guilty Under threat of torture he Under threat of torture he
“repented”“repented”
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationImpact of the Crusades and Impact of the Crusades and
Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Very little development in Very little development in
philosophy or the arts for philosophy or the arts for fear of offending the Church fear of offending the Church authoritiesauthorities
Salvation was no longer a Salvation was no longer a simple matter of faith in simple matter of faith in Christ. Salvation was now Christ. Salvation was now something mediated by the something mediated by the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.
The Church offered salvation The Church offered salvation to those who fought in the to those who fought in the Crusades.Crusades.
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationImpact of the Crusades and Impact of the Crusades and
Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Indulgences - the full or Indulgences - the full or
partial remission of temporal partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins punishment due for sins which have already been which have already been forgivenforgiven
The earliest record of a The earliest record of a plenary indulgence was plenary indulgence was Pope Urban II's declaration Pope Urban II's declaration at the Council of Clermont at the Council of Clermont (1095) that he remitted all (1095) that he remitted all penance incurred by penance incurred by crusaderscrusaders
Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationImpact of the Crusades and Impact of the Crusades and
Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Indulgences were soon sold Indulgences were soon sold
by the Church not just by the Church not just offered in exchange for offered in exchange for fighting the Crusadesfighting the Crusades
Indulgences became a way Indulgences became a way for Catholic rulers to fund for Catholic rulers to fund expensive projects, such as expensive projects, such as Crusades and cathedralsCrusades and cathedrals
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
The Black DeathThe Black Death 1347–51 Disease entered 1347–51 Disease entered
Europe through ships Europe through ships arriving from the arriving from the MediterraneanMediterranean
Within 4 years 1/3 of the Within 4 years 1/3 of the population of Europe died population of Europe died from disease from disease
Subsequent epidemics Subsequent epidemics occurred regularly in every occurred regularly in every decade until the beginning of decade until the beginning of the eighteenth century the eighteenth century
VideoVideo
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
Medieval MusicMedieval Music InstrumentsInstruments
FluteFlute
RecorderRecorder
LuteLute
Pipe OrganPipe Organ
HarpHarp
Lyre Lyre
VoiceVoice
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
Medieval MusicMedieval Music Style Style
Gregorian ChantGregorian Chant
Directed to heavenDirected to heaven
MonophonicMonophonic Melody Melody
without a without a harmonyharmony