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What Did Einstein Say About Light?
It is both a wave and a particle.
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Louis de Broglie, (France, 1892-1987)Wave Properties of Matter (1923)
-Since light waves have a particle behavior (as shown by Einstein in the Photoelectric Effect), then particles could have a wave behavior.
-He suggested electrons could be considered waves confined to a space around an atomic nucleus
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Light versus Electron Diffraction
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Electrons: Waves and Particles?
Big problem …. If electrons are both particles and waves, then where are they in the atom?
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Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty Principle
We can not know both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time. (1927)
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Erwin Schrodinger, 1925Quantum (wave) Mechanical
Model of the Atom
-Developed equation (wave equation)that treated electrons in atoms as waves.
-Only waves of specific energies providedsolutions to his equation.
-Along with Heisenberg principle, this waveequation laid the foundation for modernquantum theory
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Be Curious … Although Curiousity Killed the Cat
Schrodinger’s Cat
Hugh Everett
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What Schrodinger’s Equation Means to Chemists
-Electrons do not travel around the nucleus in neat orbits.
-We only have a probability of finding an electron at a givenplace around the nucleus.
-Electrons exist in orbitals that have three dimensional shapes.These orbital shapes are described by the solutions to Schrodinger’s wave equation for different energies.
-Property of orbitals can be described by 4 quantum numbers.
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Four Quantum Numbers
-Principal Quantum Number (n)
-Orbital Quantum Number (l)
-Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
-Spin Quantum Number