Autonomous/Self-driving Vehicles
Presentation by Jacques Charbin Runnymede Collegiate “Engineer in residence”
March 21, 2014
STEM = Good Choice for Study and Careers
Volunteer “Engineer-in-Residence” To promote Science, Technology, Engineering and Math Focusing on sustainable development topics
2
EiR Presentations & activities Timing Electric Vehicles Around the World Nov.4 & 26
STEM Career Opportunities Dec.13
Changing Climate: Science & Solutions Feb.24
Autonomous/self-driving Vehicles Mar.21
Green & LEED* Buildings End April Renewable Energy Sector and Jobs Mid-May Hands-on activity/project in class End-May * Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
What is an Autonomous Vehicle (AV)?
Driverless or self-driving vehicle, using advanced control systems to identify navigation paths, obstacles, relevant signage
Uses artificial intelligence, cameras, sensors to drive itself without human intervention
Driver may choose destination, but doesn’t need to operate vehicle
3
Google AV
Aug/12: 300,000 miles driven (only one accident caused by human error)
$80,000
Ontario Ministry of Transportation planning 5-year test
Drive it blind (video 0.10-1:20)
Drive it fast through obstacle course (video 0:15-1:00)
4
Underlying Trends
Increasing urbanization to 60% in 2030, densification
Increasing costs of vehicle purchase and operation
Cars spend average 95% of time parked
Increased car sharing
Increasing electronic connectedness (i.e. calls, texting)
Increasing functionality with apps, GPS
Increasing video data processing bandwidth (1.5 Gigabits/second)
5
AVs Can Burn Rubber
Stanford University’s Shelley in California (video 0-1:40)
6
Enabling Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAR)
Adaptive speed control
Automatic emergency braking
Automatic lane maintaining
Autonomous driving, Autonomous parking
Blind spot detection, warning
Driver monitoring, drowsiness alert
Forward pre-collision warning, avoidance
Freeway driving mode
Lane departure warning
Night vision
Pedestrian, cross traffic detection
Satellite navigation systems
Traffic jam mode
Traffic sign recognition
7 Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013; Wikipedia links
Ford
Automated Fusion Hybrid AV (video 0-1:50)
Auto-parking
Targeting on roads in 2019
8
Multiple Sensors for Multiple Applications
Application Cameras V2X Laser Radar GPS Ultrasonic Infrared
Adaptive cruise control √ √ √ √
High beam control √ √
Blind spot detection √ √ √ √ √
Driver monitoring √
Forward collision warning
√ √ √ √
Sign recognition √ √
Lane departure warning √ √
Night vision √ √
Park assist √ √ √ √
Surround view √
9
LIDAR: remote sensing measures distance by analyzing reflected light from laserred target
V2X: vehicle-to-vehicle; vehicle-to-infrastructure; vehicle-to-grid
Communications : cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Dedicated Short-Range Communications
Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013
Tesla & Rinspeed
90% AV on road by 2017; full AV in 2019
Will use Rinspeed Xchange concept AV driving, with
sliding steering wheel, fully reclining seats, top-notch infotainment system,
meetings with coffee at 120kph (video 0-2:30)
10
AV Systems
11
Nissan
Auto highway merge & exiting, lane changing, passing & stopping, vehicle intelligence & actuators
LEAF detects oncoming traffic, nearby pedestrians, road lines & lights, traffic signs, lane closures, parked cars; seeks parking spot and self-parks
Expected availability: 2020
12
Sensor Systems
13
Toyota Lexus
Automated highway driving assist and parallel parking
Pedestrian avoidance steer assist (video 0-1:00)
14
Many Compelling AV Benefits
Improve safety, reduce frequency and costs of accidents Globally: 1.24 million deaths on roads, plus injuries (WHO)
US: 6 million accidents; ~93% attributable to human error
Watch out for bad driving (distraction, impairment, tiredness, inexperience, incompetence, bad weather)
Improve efficiency, traffic management (smoother & much faster travel, less traffic, lower emissions, better emergency service)
MIT study: 300,000 shared AVs could serve 6 million in Singapore (1:20)
Convenience: relieve highway drivers of tedious, tiresome tasks (e.g. keeping in lane at steady speed for long time )
Make driver time (avg. 2 hrs/day) more productive, enjoyable (rest, read, eat, talk, work, sleep)
Facilitate difficult parking (Int’l Parking Institute 2012 survey: 30% traffic attributed to looking for spaces)
Collect infrastructure tax based on AV usage
Allow commuters to live farther away from city core
15
Mercedes
$92,000 S-Class accelerates/brakes itself on highway, in traffic
Model 500 Intelligent Autonomous Drive (video 0-2:15)
16
Improved Emergency Service with V2X
17
Fire truck can be better aware of obstacles en route to accident
Can communicate accident site to other cars
Renault “Next Two” AV
For 2020: road sign & travel info recognition, video conferencing, online shopping & ticketing with receipts on smartphone, multi-sensory well-being, alternative route suggestion, automated parking
18
AV Features Mass Market Penetration
19 Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013
Audi A6
“Piloted driving” mode takes over steering, braking, accelerating
Using radar, laser, ultrasonic sensors to scope out surroundings
Traffic jam assist = option available in 4-5 years
(Video 0-1.00)
20
Racing to Mass Market, with Obstacles
Extensive commercial road testing required
Technology limitations (e.g. bad weather)
Regulations & laws: require hands-on driving California, Nevada have legalized AV testing on public roads; Arizona, Hawaii, Florida, Oklahoma following suit
Liability: who would responsible for crashes? Driver and/or manufacturer?
Extra cost: $10,000++; for luxury cars first
Consumer acceptance (e.g. security of info, from hacking)
Industry commitment, standardization
Could reduce car ownership
Could shift commuters from transit to cars
21
BMW
235i and 6-series, with 360-degree LIDAR, ultrasonic sensors, can do track maneuvers at 80mph
i3 electric car can find an available parking space along road, then auto-back into it at push of button
Smartwatch app monitors car systems
22
When will AVs be Mainstream?
23 Source: Autonomous Vehicles, Navigant Research, Aug/13
o Forecast compound average annual sales growth of 85% to 2035 in North America, Western Europe, Asia Pacific
o Compared to 4% for entire car market globally
Volvo
Goals: safety, fuel reduction, comfort
Car convoy tested 200kms in Spain at 85kph (video 0-1:00)
Lead vehicle has driver, but no additional infrastructure required
24
Volvo
Developing self-parking V40 (Video 0:45- 2:45)
Supports use of magnets under road (instead of cameras and radar), especially during poor weather conditions
26
No Need for Driver’s License?
IEEE predicts AVs will: Account for 75% of road vehicles by 2040 (Navigant predicting 2035)
Increase car sharing, for wider range of ages and physical abilities
27 Source: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Nov/12
Zook’s “The Boz”
Fully autonomous, aerodynamic, acoustically efficient car
All-wheel electric drive, suspension, steering
No front/back windshields required
28
Personal Pod Transit
Driverless 21-pod system for London Heathrow Airport since 2011
Urban Light Transit (ULTra) (Video 0-1:30)
29
The Rubix
Cubic concept electric driverless car
Driving capacity 6 people; wireless charging
Able to self-park inside condo, serving as additional room for office, TV, reading
30
Taxi AV in Berlin
“Made in Germany”
STEM university students use iPad with GPS to ‘call’ cab (video 0-2:00)
31 Source: www.autonomos-labs.de, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Freie Universitat, Berlin
Autonomous Mining Trucks
Komatsu FrontRunner Autonomous Haulage
Lower production costs, proven productivity, longer equipment life (Video 0-2:30)
32
Self-driving Farm Vehicles
GPS coordinates define perimeter of land parcels
Tractors programmed to independently observe their position, decide speed, avoid obstacles, without drivers
Some can measure plant growth and spray accordingly
33 Source: Wikipedia
Army AV
Lockheed Martin’s Squad Mission Support System
Follows/supplies soldiers with 545kg of batteries, packs, gear
Laser detection and ranging (LADAR)
34
AVs for space exploration
ESA Seeker self-steering planetary rover
Autonomous navigation and decision-making software
Full-scale, fully autonomous vehicle can traverse 6 km
Being tested in Atacama Desert, Chile
35
Source: StarTiger (Space Technology Advancements by Resourceful, Targeted and Innovative Groups of Experts and Researchers), ESA Automation and Robotics, UK
Autonomous Spacecraft
DART (Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology)
NASA sponsored project to develop automated navigation and rendezvous capability in spacecraft
36
Source: Wikipedia
Airplane Auto-Pilot
Using auto-pilot for decades to control trajectory without constant 'hands-on' control by a human operator
Does not replace, but assists pilots, allowing them to focus on other activities, such as monitoring trajectory, weather and systems
Evolved significantly, from merely holding attitude to performing automated landings under supervision of pilot(s)
37
Airplane Electric Green eTaxi System
Electric system is designed to let aircraft taxi without requiring the use of plane engines or push/pull tractors
Lots of STEM work required here
4% less fuel & GHG emissions; time savings (video 0:15-1:30)
38
Unpiloted Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Cruise missiles: first used in World War II Guided bombs flying below radar, aimed at fixed targets
System matches terrain contours against pre-loaded map
Drones are piloted from thousands of kilometres away, not autonomous
39
Source: Wikipedia
Autonomous Aircraft
US Navy’s newest stealth robot fighter jet X-47B
Lands on aircraft carrier by algorithm alone
Completely autonomous batwing drone has no pilot cockpit
40
Autonomous Medical Helicopter
Boeing “Little Bird” developed at Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Lab
Weaves through trees, high-tension wires, chain-link fences
Selects best/safe landing site without human control
FAA currently allows ‘UAVs’ only on experimental basis
Uses sensor pods, 3D scanning, LIDAR, GPS, Linux quad-core servers
41
Track-ER AV Concept
Twin track stretcher powered by two hydraulic motors
To conduct humanitarian & disaster relief operations, transport injured civilians or soldiers in ‘hot’ zones
Navigate tough terrain, carry load up to 125kg
Reinforced cabin protects passenger from falling debris, small projectiles
Room for I.V., oxygen and medical supplies
42
Source: CharlesBombardier.com
Amazon Package Delivery
PrimeAir drones to be used for AV delivery to customers (video 0-1:19)
Pending FAA approval
43
Autonomous Boats
Unpiloted surface and underwater vehicles Microtransat Challenge: fully autonomous sailing boats racing across Atlantic; dolphin swam alongside (video 2:50-3:50)
44
“Scout” Built by STEM Students
12-foot autonomous robotic boat developed by US college students
To cross Atlantic Ocean relying only on pre-programmed commands and information collected about its environment through sensors (Video 0-3:00)
Project started in Winter of 2010; launched in August 2013
45
Sparkfun AV Competition
Boulder, Colorado; June 2014; cash prizes
46
Summary
AVs have compelling benefits, and face big obstacles
Promises to be “disruptive technology” to:
Drivers & passengers
Car manufacturers and suppliers
Taxi & car-sharing companies
Tow truck industries
47
Proprietary Information
o THESE RESEARCH FINDINGS CONTAIN PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, WHICH HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FOR PURPOSE OF EDUCATION, NOT COMMERCIAL SALE & PROFIT.
o NO MATERIAL IN THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR TRANSMITTED BY ANY MEANS, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, WITHOUT EXPRESS WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM ORIGINAL RESEARCH AUTHORS.
48