WHAT HAPPENS TO LATENT HEAT?
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans)
SINKS OF INSOLATION
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans).
• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the state of Water
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of global surface. (ADVECTION)
WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
• 1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)
• 2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of glabal surface. (ADVECTION)
• 3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Change of state of water - vapor, liquid, solid (Condensation/Evaporation; Freezing/Thawing) …. Precipitation (rain/snow)
TRANSFER OF LATENT HEAT
Formation of rain and snow redistributes latent heat from point where evaporation took place (Input of latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization).
To the place where cloud formation and precipitation occurs (release of latent heat to the environment).
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold
air.”
HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
• Cool the air!• “Warm air can hold more moisture than cold
air.”• Clausius-Clapeyron relationship
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HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!
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HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!
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Decline in Temperature
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Decline in Temperature (20°F)
Decline in Moisture As Vapor(18 g.km-1)
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Decline in Temperature (20°F)
Decline in Moisture As Vapor(18 g.km-1)
ENGLAND!
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Decline in Moisture As Vapor(10 g.km-1)
ENGLAND!
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Decline in Temperature (20°F)
Decline in Moisture As Vapor(10 g.km-1)
TOO COLD TO SNOW?
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Decline in Temperature (20°F)
Decline in Moisture As Vapor(1 g.km-1)
TOO COLD TO SNOW?
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Decline in Temperature (20°F)
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Saskatchewan
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PUT ON THE FURNACE!20 below!
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Very, very lowMoisture content
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Warm to 70°F inthe furnace
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Can now hold more moisture
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Moisture Deficit(19 g.km-1)
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GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
A. Make it rise in the atmosphere and it willCool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state ofan ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS – WHERE IS AIR RISING IN TROPOSPHERE?
Trop
opau
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0°
30°S
30°N
45-60°N
45-60°S
LOW LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH
HIGH
1. Above the migrating equatorial Low pressure.Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
June
December
Trop
opau
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0°
30°S
30°N
45-60°N
45-60°S
LOW LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH
HIGH
2. Above the Low pressure zones at 45-60°.Planetary Front
MID-LATITUDE~ PLANETARY FRONT.And Seasonal Migration.
GLOBAL FURNACES???
GLOBAL FURNACES???
Q. How to make air warmer?
GLOBAL FURNACES???
Q. How to make air warmer?
A. Make it descend in the atmosphere and it will cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state of an ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get evaporation, clear skies and deserts.
WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS – WHERE IS AIR DESCENDING IN TROPOSPHERE?
Trop
opau
se
0°
30°S
30°N
45-60°N
45-60°S
LOW LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH
HIGH
1. Above the High pressure zones at 30°.Sub-tropical anticyclones
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Mojave
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Sahara
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Middle East
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Gobi
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Atacama
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Kalahari
SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
GreatAustralian
Fig. 2 The zonal height structure over ocean of observed climatological annual mean RH from AIRS (2002–2007) (color scale), with model mean projected changes in cloud amount from
the CMIP3 model archive (contour lines, 0.5% intervals, dashed for cloud loss).
J T Fasullo, K E Trenberth Science 2012;338:792-794
Published by AAAS
Trop
oshe
re
Fig. 3 (A) Median change in simulated top-of-atmosphere net shortwave flux as a function of latitude under 21st-century warming in CMIP3 SRES A1B projections.
Trop
opau
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0°
30°S
30°N
45-60°N
45-60°S
LOW LOW LOW
HIGH HIGH HIGH
HIGH HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
LOW LOW
HIGH
HIGH
2. Above the Polar High pressure zones.Polar “deserts”
BOREAL POLAR “DESERTS”
Estimate Annual Precipitation Antarctica
mm
2” 8”6”4” 12”10” Gainesville 48”
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS II ???
Q. How to make air cooler?
GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
A. Make it rise by putting a barrier across the path that the surface global winds want to travel.
Orographic Precipitation
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
Ocean Continent
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
SaturatedAir
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
Forced to riseand cool over
mountain chain
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
AIR CONDITIONER!Clouds and heavy
precipitation.May be snow
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
Descending air,warming, able to
hold more moisture
AIR CONDITIONER!Clouds and heavy
precipitation.May be snow
FURNACE!Dry, evaporation,
clear skies
CENTRAL AIR(Heating and Cooling)!!
HIGH LOW
Pressure Gradient
W. WashingtonTemperateRainforest
E. WashingtonNear desert
Irrigation
WASHINGTON STATE
HIGH30°N
LOW45-60°N
49°N49°NOlympiaRange
CascadeMountains
OlympiaRange
CascadeMountains
WASHINGTON STATE
HIGH30°N
LOW45-60°N
49°N49°N
WASHINGTON STATE
HIGH30°N
LOW45-60°N
49°N49°N
WASHINGTON STATE
HIGH30°N
LOW45-60°N
49°N49°NWINDWARD LEEWARD
RAINSHADOW
PERU
ANDES
PERU
HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S
LOW 0° LOW 0°
ANDES
PERU
HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S
LOW 0° LOW 0°
PERU
HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S
LOW 0° LOW 0°
Southeast Trades
PERU
HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S
LOW 0° LOW 0°
Sechura Desert“Furnace”Leeward
Rainshdow
PERU
HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S
LOW 0° LOW 0°
Sechura Desert“Furnace”
Eastern Andes“Air Conditioner”
WindwardAmazon headwaters
AnnualPrecipitation Topography Annual
Sunshine
2.5 hrs/day
4.7 hrs/day
WHAT ABOUT FLORIDA?
20 – 30° GLOBAL DESERTS! HELLO!
30°N
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
HColdCurrent(Canary)
WarmCurrent(Gulf Stream)
North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
HCoolerAir
WarmerMoistAir
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR
WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR
WARM MOISTTROPICAL AIR
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FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
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FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
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80°F30 pptH2O
90°F
80°F30 pptH2O
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
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90°F
WarmerAir
(90°F)Rises
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
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90°F
WarmerAir
(90°F)Rises
Moist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
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idity
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90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze
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idity
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Temps decline as air rises – Lapse Rate
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
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idity
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idity
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90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
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idity
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Max Moisture ContentDeclines - Condensation
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
50°F10 pptH2O5km up
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
Condensation releases latent heat vaporization. Warms air – Rises even more, etc. etc.
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
50°F10 pptH2O5km up
FLORIDAGulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
90°FMoist Sea Breeze Moist Sea Breeze
80°F30 pptH2O
80°F30 pptH2O
CONVECTION
FLORIDA AND S.E. NOT UNIQUE
Gulf Stream
KuroSiwo
BrazilCurrent
MozambiqueCurrent
E. AustralianCurrent
SAME PRINCIPLE – DIFFERENT LATITUDE!
Gulf Stream
AlaskaCurrent
?
WHY NOT CALIFORNIA?
CALIFORNIANorth Pacific
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)
60°F15 pptH2
Sea Breeze
Temperature (°C), Tc
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Sat
urat
ion
Vap
or P
ress
ure
(k.P
a)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°F)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Max
imum
Spe
cific
Hum
idity
(g.
Kg
-1)50°F
10 pptH2O5km up
Cold California Current
COLD CURRENT + ANTICYCLONE = DESERT (Big time!)
CaliforniaCurrent
HumboldtCurrent
W. AustralianCurrent
CanaryCurrent
BenguelaCurrent