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What has enabled Nanoscience?
• Advances in Computing Power
• New Generation of Scientific Instruments
Scanning Probe Microscopes
An incomplete list . . . .
Very Sharp Tip scans over sample surface
Scanning Tunneling Mic. (STM)
Atomic Force Mic. (AFM)
Magnetic Force Mic. (MFM)
Near Field Scanning Optical Mic. (NSOM)
ATOMIC RESOLUTION
Why Nano now?
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Scanning Probe Microscopy
• SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) First SPM: 1983. The Since then, many types of SPM:
• ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM, also known as scanning force microscopy)
•MAGNETIC FORCE MICRSCOPY (MFM)
• near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
• Others ….
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Scanning Probe Mic: Sharp tip
Scanning Probe Tip
SampleSample
Sharp tip moves over surface and measures some property
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STM, Nobel Prize 1986
Binnig and Rohrer
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STM, Imaging
SampleSample
- Battery +
Current
Tunneling Current
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STM images, Examples
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/07.html
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STM Images, Eigler 1
Eigler et al. NATURE 363, 1993
Don Eigler, IBM
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STM Images, Eigler 2
Don Eigler, IBM
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STM Images, Wilson Ho 1
Wilson Ho, UC Irvine
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STM Images, Wilson Ho 2
Wilson Ho, UC Irvine
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Handmaking Molecules!: Wilson Ho 3
Wilson Ho UC, Irvine.
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Atomic Force Microscopy
Microscope Microscope TipTipMicroscope Microscope TipTip
Sample Surface scanned back and forthSample Surface scanned back and forthSample Surface scanned back and forthSample Surface scanned back and forth
MirrorMirrorMirrorMirror
LASERLASERLASERLASERLASER DetectorLASER Detector
ComputerComputer ComputerComputer
DisplayDisplayDisplayDisplay
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• A Thermo Microscopes Explorer AFM
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AFM tips
Made from Si or Si3N4
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Carbon nanotubes
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This montage of atomic force microscope images above shows the (0001) growth surface of a 6H-SiC crystal grown by physical vapor transport. The single steps on the surface are each 15.2 Angstroms high, the lattice parameter along [0001]. Carnegie Mellon University Material Science and Engineering
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/rohrer/rohrer.html
AFM images: Materials
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AFM images:Biological Samples
The image shows human eurythrocytes, or red blood cells, imaged in a buffer solution. The shape of the cell is important to its function. Atomic force microscopy can be used to identify the unique characteristics of the cell shape and size.
Luana SchefferTel-Aviv University
School of Medicine/Department of Physiology
Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Images and Manipulation of DNA !
Departmento Física de la Materia Condensada UAM
Asylum Research
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Pulling on Biological Fibers
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More than topography
Simultaneous C-AFM images of carbon fiber-epoxy composite used in aircraft manufacturing, acquired simultaneously in topography (left), force modulation (center), and phase detection (right), modes. The force modulation image (center) shows the harder (brighter) carbon fiber in the darker colored epoxy matrix. The phase image (right), shows similar image contrast, and shows differences in the visco-elasticity or "stickiness" across the fiber. Field of view 15 µm.
Topography Hardness Visco-elasticity
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AFM images: Carbon Nanotubes
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AFM images: Adenovirus
Viral DNA
Atsuko Negishi UNC Materials Science
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AFM, (sub)atomic resolution
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Titin unfolding
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Titin
http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/smd_imd/titin/
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Pulling Titin 2
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Pulling Titin 3
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AFM feedback
LASER DETECTORLASER
COMPUTER
SAMPLE
SCANNER
VIDEO
AFM HEAD
TIP
CONTROL
CANTILEVER
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Contact Mode
Deflection ~ Force
Piezoelectric translators
DC deflection maintained by feedback loop
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Non-Contact and Tapping Mode
Amplitude ~ Force
Piezoelectric translators
Amplitude maintained by feedback loop
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Interaction Potential
Energy
Tapping Mode
Contact mode
Non-contact Tip Sample separation
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Resolution and Artifacts
5-20nm5-20nm
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Tip Shape Effects
5-20nm
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LEGO Atomic Force Microscope