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What is English Grammar?
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Grammatical Hierarchy —An overall view of English Grammar
句子
sentence
从句Clause
短语phrase
单词word
词素morpheme
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1. Morphemes(词素)
• free morphemes (自由词素) • bound morphemes (粘附词素)
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• Free morphemes(自由词素)
• Examples: boy run flower now live but... more?
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•Bound morphemes (粘附词素)
•Examples :
•anti-war Marxist unlucky postwar movement co-existence pan- African careless inappropriateness
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• Exercises: • girl Marxist desk
postwar kind give movement take
co-existence
textbook(页码)
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1) Classified in terms of word-formation
simple words(简单词)
derivatives(派生词)
compounds(复合词)
2. Words(词)
at, by, foot, take, make
unfair, nonsmoker, misjudge, overeat, international
deadline, handbook, driveway, toothpick, downfall
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2) Classified in terms of parts of speech
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• The way a word is used in a sentence determines which part of speech it is. For example:
• I ate a fish for dinner. • We fish in the lake on every Tuesday.
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• 1. The outside of the boat needs scraping.• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
• 2. You should scrape the boat without outside help.
• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
(a)
(b)
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• 3. Let’s sit outside and laugh at you as you work in the blazing sun.
• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
• 4. The ambulance is parked right outside the yard, next to the beehive.
• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
(c)
(d)
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• 5. The politician repented of his past mistakes.
• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
• 6. Turn right past the store with the neon sign in the window.
• (a) Noun (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
(b)
(d)
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• 7. Did you hear that song before?• (a) Conjunction • (b) Adjective• (c) Adverb • (d) Preposition
• 8. Always follow through with what you start.• (a) Interjection (b) Conjunction• (c) Adverb (d) Preposition
(c)
(c)
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3. Phrases
The phrase is composed of one or more than one word. Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head(中心词).
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1) The noun phrase• The general pattern of a noun phrase is:
• (determiner ) + (premodifier ) + noun+ (postmodifier)
• 限定词 + 前置修饰语+名词 + 后置修饰语
• Exercise: tall, boy, the, sitting in the corner
• the tall boy sitting in the corner
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2) The Verb Phrase
A simple verb phrase is just a main
verb or “modifier + main verb”.
A complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary.
A verb phrase can be simple or complex.
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• She looks pale.• We utterly detested him. • She ought to have told him about it.
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2) The Verb Phrase
A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to tense or subject.
A nonfinite verb phrase is a phrase initiated by a nonfinite form, that is, a verb form that does not change according to tense or subject.
A verb phrase can be finite or nonfinite.
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• Sue likes black coffee.
• We went there to see a film.
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3) The adjective phrase
The adjective phrase is a phrase withan adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is:
(modifier) + adjective + (postmodifier/complementation)
You are not careful enough.
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• 4) The adverb phrase 副词词组
• The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The general pattern of an adverb phrase is:
• (modifier)+ adverb +(postmodifier)
• He speaks very clearly indeed.
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• 5) The prepositional phrase 介词词组
• The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is:(modifier)+ preposition + complementation (补足成分)
• They followed close behind me.
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Clauses 分句• A full-fledged(完整的) clause is structurally a
sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”.
• The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs.
• Subject predicate
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Clauses
An independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance.
A dependent clause forms only part of another clause or of a phrase.
In terms of grammatical function, a clause can be independent or dependent.
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• He knows everything about it.
• I don’t think he knows everything about it.
独立分句
从属分句
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• 2) Main and subordinate clauses主句和从句
• In a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause.
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• He complained that what you said was not true.• └─┴─┘ • 从句 • └──主句───• ──────从句───┘• ──────主句─────────┘
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• 1. What is the independent clause in this sentence?
• If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you to do it?
• (a) How come they have to pay you to do it• (b) If work is so terrific• (c) How come they have• (d) To pay you to do it
(a)
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• 2. What is the dependent clause in this sentence?
• If all the world is a stage, where is the audience sitting?
• (a) If all the world is a stage• (b) If all the world• (c) Is a stage• (d) Where is the audience sitting
(a)
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Sentence
• The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse.
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• Sentences can be classified in various ways:
• (1) simple, compound, complex; (简单句,并列句,复合句)
• (2) statement, question, imperative, exclamative;
• (3) active, passive.
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What is Grammar
• Language: a tool used to communicate with others.
• An example for language usage:
• This is 2680239. We are not at home right now. Please leave a message after the beep.
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对词素顺序的限定
• • Marxist postwar
movement co-existence
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对单词顺序的限定
• Please leave a message after the beep.
• Beep after a leave the please message.
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对短语顺序的限定
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对分句顺序的限定
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• morphemes
sentence
words
语法研究就是研究安排和构建这些形式的方法。
phrases
clauses
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从对“吃饭了么?”的回答来看英汉语法规则的不同
• SVO• OVS• OSV• VOS• OV• VO
我吃了饭。
饭吃了么你?
饭我吃了。
吃了饭了我。
饭吃了。
吃饭了。
I’ve had my dinner.
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英语思维与汉语思维
• English: there is difference between action and state
• Chinese: there is no difference between action and state
• Eg: 我已经结婚了。
• I am married. I have married. I have been married. I got married. I married. I had married.
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英语思维与汉语思维
• 我已经结婚了,去年结的婚,到现在结婚有一年多了。
• I am married, I got married last year. I have been married for over a year.
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句子与语境
• Do you drink?• Father: Do you drink? Young man: No, thanks. I am cool. Father: I am not offering, I am asking IF
you drink. Do you think I’d offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?
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How to learn English Grammar?
• 1. learning through comprehension and summarizing
• 2. learning from errors
• 3.learning through communication
• 4. Think much and practice much
• 5.Grammar is a tool instead of final goals
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Misleading
• 不归纳,不总结,语法知识缺乏系统性。
• 死记硬背语法规则。
• 完全依靠老师或书本,缺乏积极主动性。
• 脱离语境学习语法。
• 不懂将语法知识转化为语言技能。
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Requirement
• Participation
• No late work and plagiarism
• Notebooks
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Grading
• Participation: 20% For attendance, being on time, and participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.
• Assignment: 20% Assignment might take forms of the following ways: Exercises from the end of each textbook chapter, word studies, short essays, etc.
• Final Exam: 60%
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Summary
• 重点:Grammatical Hierarchy
• Q: could you list English Grammatical structure? (orally)
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Homework
1. Reviewing chapter one in the textbook, and try starting to build a grammar system.2. Preview chapter two and three hence our first focus is words.
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