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Metamorphism
John Wheeler
Professor of GeologyDepartment of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences,
University of Liverpool
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Gypsum, Ca SO4 .2H2ONaica mine, Mexico
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Just add heat =
Bassanite, Ca SO4 .0.5H2OMost DIY shops, Almost Anywhere
Water, H2OMost taps, Almost Anywhere
+
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Volterra gypsum Ca SO4 .H2O = Ca SO4 .0.5(H2O) + 1.5 H2O
gypsum in partially dehydrated specimen (gyp48)
0.4 mm
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Experiments: microstructure
bassanite and gypsum in partially dehydrated specimen (gyp65)
0.5 mm
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Experiments: microstructure
bassanite in fully dehydrated specimen (gyp64)
0.4 mm
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Experiments: PT spaceBassanite-in (metastable) after McConnell et al 1987
Add heat, water given off
Add water, heat given off
do not do this without expert advice, there are safety risks
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Starting material Dry Wet
Albite → Jadeite + Quartz
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Domestic oven
NaAlSi3O8 = NaAlSi2O6 + SiO2
Albite Jadeite Quartz
About 60 km burial depth
When you find crustal rocks at such pressures, rocks have undergone burial due to tectonics and/or sedimentation
About 30 km burial depth, base of normal thickness continental crust
Some rocks begin to melt
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Unfinished reaction – because metamorphic kinetics (reaction rates) are not very fast
Garnet (pink) forming from pyroxene (black) and plagioclase (white)
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Regional metamorphism: minerals and textures
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Cross section through the Alpine mountain belt
Shortening thickens the crust and buries rocks, increasing the pressure (Cretaceous, Tertiary)
Cold rocks now at depth warm up with heat from below, increasing the temperature
Pervasive deformation creates foliations: slates, schist, gneisses
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Figure 21-8. Regional metamorphic map of the Scottish Highlands, showing the zones of minerals that develop with increasing metamorphic grade. From Gillen (1982) Metamorphic Geology. An Introduction to Tectonic and Metamorphic Processes. George Allen & Unwin. London.
Caledonian Orogeny metamorphic zones characterised by index minerals and separated by isograds (formed in Ordovician). These reflect the different P and T conditions experienced at different places.
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Low grade metamorphismSlate, French AlpsDeformed to create foliation (in this case, slatycleavage). The white spots were originally circles. Note bedding still visible.
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Original sandy layer, now compact metaquartzite with interlocking quartz grains, but showing some foliation
Original muddy layer, now foliated phyllite (half way between slate and schist)
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Biotite flakes grow at original muddy margin of sandstone layer; aligned in foliation
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Garnet schist, Sgurr Mor, Scotland
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Calcareous mica schist, Alps
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Deformed basic igneous rock, Alps
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High grade gneiss, Himalayas
Note intense gneissose banding
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Augen gneiss, Scotland.
Augen are original objects (in this case phenocrysts) not yet stretched out to form gneissose banding
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Foam blobs and streaks in a river – deformation of the water stretches out some of the foam blobs into streaks; other blobs survive.
That is how augen gneiss forms
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Migmatite, Alps: partial melting
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Migmatite, Alps: partial melting
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Temperature dependence of metamorphism
Few reaction lines crossed as P increases Many reaction
lines crossed as T increases
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Metamorphism occurs in subduction as well as in continental collision – rocks buried by the downward movement
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Blueschist, Aegean islands, from L. Jolivet
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Blueschist, Corsica, from L. Jolivet
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Contact Metamorphism: minerals and textures
• This is simpler to understand (usually no deformation)
• In real examples, though, contact metamorphism around large intrusions is commonly superimposed on regional metamorphism
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Figure 21-14. Geologic
Map and cross-section of
the area around the
Skiddaw granite, Lake
District, UK. After
Eastwood et al (1968).
Geology of the Country
around Cockermouth and
Caldbeck. Explanation
accompanying the 1-inch
Geological Sheet 23, New
Series. Institute of
Geological Sciences.
London.
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Contact Metamorphism of original
mudstone in the Skiddaw Aureole, UK• Middle zone: slates (formed from mudstone) quite thoroughly
recrystallized, contain biotite + muscovite + cordierite + andalusite +
quartz
Figure 21-15. Cordierite-
andalusite slate from the
middle zone of the
Skiddaw aureole. From
Mason (1978) Petrology of
the Metamorphic Rocks.
George Allen & Unwin.
London. 1 mm
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Inner zone:
Thoroughly
recrystallized
Lose foliation
Figure 21-16. Andalusite-cordierite
schist from the inner zone of the
Skiddaw aureole. Note the chiastolite
cross in andalusite (see also Figure 22-
49). From Mason (1978) Petrology of
the Metamorphic Rocks. George Allen
& Unwin. London.
1 mm
Contact Metamorphism of original
mudstone in the Skiddaw Aureole, UK
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Andalusite needles (porphyroblasts) in what was slate
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Slaty cleavage obliterated
Andalusite needles cut in various orientations – note darker inclusion rich cores – this is a called chiastolite texture
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461-41: cross-section through andalusite prism in centre. Pattern of inclusions is “chiastolite cross”. Note foliated matrix. XPL.
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461-41: cordierite showing ill-defined radial “sector twinning” and a poorly developed corona of pinite (isotropic, i.e. black here). XPL.
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Hornfelsed – foliation lost; interlocking grains
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Contact metamorphism case study
Ross of Mull granite aureole
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10 km
Granitoid pluton (shades of red)
Original sandstones and shales of the country rock, already metamorphosed
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Original sandstone and shale layers folded during regional metamorphism
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Original sandstone and shale layers folded during regional metamorphismshale is now a mica schistsandstone is now a compact and more competent metaquartzite
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Original basic dyke cut the sediments
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Basic (mafic) dyke now metamorphic with garnet and hornblende; metamorphosed sandstone is still just quartz
Different original rock type -different original chemistry -different metamorphic minerals
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Zone II
Contact metamorphism – andalusiteforms from older regional kyanite
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Zone II
Contact metamorphism – andalusiteforms from older regional kyanite
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Zone II
Contact metamorphism – kyanitenow totally broken down to andalusite, cordierite, mica: the shapes are pseudomorphs after kyanite
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Zone IV
Close to granite sillimanite forms
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Zone IV
Close to granite sillimanite forms –and tiny new garnets
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FeC
hl
[Prp,MgCld,MgSt,MgCrd]
[Prp,MgSt,MgCldTlc]
Bt As
Grt Crd
St
Cld
A
s St
Ch
lC
ld B
t G
rt C
hl
Cld
G
rt C
hl St
St
Ch
l B
t A
s
Grt
Ch
l S
t B
t
Chl
Crd
Bt A
s
[Crd,As,Tlc]
M-b
H-b
Phl
Tlc
Kfs
Tlc Ms
Kfs C
hl
M-c M-d
M-e
M-f
M-g
M-h
M-k
M-i M-j
M-m
M-n
M-o
M-l
M-p
M-q
M-r
M-s
M-t
H-d
H-c
H-e
L-f L-g
L-h
L-s
L-i
L-j
L-k
L-l
L-m
L-n
L-o
L-p
L-q
L-r
L-t
Tlc
Ms
Kfs C
hl
MgC
h As
MgC
d
MgC
hl
MgC
rd P
hl
400 500 600 700T C
8000
5
10
15
20
P
kb
ar
`
Regional metamorphism – burial and heating
Erosion – depth decrease and cooling
Later contact metamorphism
Fairly fast cooling (< 1 My?) back to ambient temperature
Pressure temperature-time path (time may be relative not absolute)
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Most of the Earth is metamorphic
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Finally
• First ever movie of an actual metamorphic reaction
• Made using X ray tomography on a synchrotron in Chicago
• My colleagues John Bedford, Henri Leclere, Florian Fusseis
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Geology at Liverpool
• https://www.liv.ac.uk/earth-ocean-and-ecological-sciences/geology-and-geophysics-programmes/
• Apologies I have to leave soon to catch a flight
• If you have further questions email me on [email protected] – you may not get an immediate reply but you will eventually!