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What is the GEOSPHERE?
All solid parts of EarthRocks, soils, minerals, sediments, magma
The Grand Canyon, AZ
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwiiOjyfvAU
What are the layers of the Earth?
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Layers of the Earth
1. Crust- O, Si, Al 2. Mantle- O, Si, Mg,
Fe3. Core- Fe, Ni
• Geologists classify Earth’s layers two ways: chemically and physically• Chemical – by composition• Physical- by structureChemical Layers of the
Earth
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Physical Layers of the Earth
• Lithosphere–Crust and upper mantle combined–Broken in chunks called tectonic plates–Oceanic plates are thinner and denser than continental plates
• Asthenosphere- Layer of Jello-like magma in the mantle- Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere
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Physical Layers, cont.Mesosphere
The rest of the mantle; molten rock
Outer CoreLiquid metalSurrounds inner core
Inner CoreDensest layerSolid metal
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Theory of Plate TectonicsLithosphere (upper mantle and crust) is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.
These plates glide across the underlying asthenosphere like ice drifts across a pond.
Continents are located on tectonic plates and move around with them
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Seafloor Spreading1.Magma rises from
asthenosphere2.Creates new oceanic
lithosphere3.Pushes tectonic plates
apart
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Seafloor-Spreading
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If new crust is being created by the process of seafloor spreading, is the Earth
growing!?
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SubductionSubduction zones: A region where old crust is destroyed as it is pulled back down into the mantle
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Plate BoundariesThe area where two plates meet is
called a plate boundary.Most earthquakes and volcanoes
occur at or near plate boundaries
Three main types of plate boundaries:1.Divergent- separating2.Convergent- colliding3.Transform- scraping past
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Transform Boundaries
• 2 plates slide past each other
• Not smooth. Plates lock, and build up tension. After too much tension builds, the plates “snap” causing earthquakes
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Divergent Boundaries
• When two plates separate
• Most common on ocean floor
• Creates Mid-Ocean Ridge
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Divergence Forms New Ocean Floor
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Convergent BoundariesThree Main Types:
1.Continental & Oceanic- causes deep ocean trench and land volcanoes Ex: Andes Mountains
2. Continental & Continental- causes large land mountain ranges Ex: Himalayan Mountains
3. Oceanic & Oceanic- causes deep ocean trench and island arc (chain of volcanic mountains) Ex: Mariana trench and islands
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Subduction Zone Continental + Oceanic Crust
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Continental + Continental Crust
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Subduction Zone Oceanic + Oceanic Crust (another view)
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Subduction ZoneOceanic + Oceanic Crust
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Some videos for your viewing pleasure…
Plate Movement:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwfNGatxUJIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1d
mE&feature=endscreen&NR=1San Andreas Fault:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=ZxPTLmg0ZCw&feature=endscreen
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Exit Ticket1. Arrows in the block diagram below
show the relative movement along a tectonic plate boundary. What is this type of plate boundary called?
a. transform plate boundaryb. convergent plate boundaryc. divergent plate boundaryd. subduction plate boundary
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Exit Ticket2. When two tectonic plates collide,
oceanic crust usually subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic crust is primarily composed of igneous rock that is:
a. thin and less denseb. thick and less densec. thin and more densed. thick and more dense
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Exit Ticket3. The block diagram below shows
the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which type of plate boundary is shown?
a. divergentb. transformc. convergent d. complex
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Exit Ticket4. The Himalaya Mountains were
formed in a collision at a:
a. divergent boundaryb. convergent boundaryc. transform boundaryd. fracture zone
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Exit Ticket5. In which Earth layer are most
convection currents that cause seafloor spreading thought to be located?
a. crustb. outer corec. asthenosphere d. inner core
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Earthquakes Worldwide
Tectonic Plates
Active Volcanoes