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CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHENTICITY-This is to certify that Master Debashish
Mandal of Kendriya Vidyalaya Tatanagar,
Roll No._________ has successfully
completed his project entitled Urinalysis
under my supervision for AISSCE2013 2014 of CBSE and has given anexcellent account of it.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
(Subject Teacher) (Examiner)
Mrs. S.Kabi
P.G.T. (Chemistry)
SIGNATURE
(Principal)
Mrs. Nalini Dean
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Urine consists of:
(96%)
Water
Inorganic:Cl
-, Na, K.
trace amounts of:
sulfate, HCO3etc.)
Urine: Is an ultrafiltrate of plasma from which glucose,
amino acids, water and other substances essential to body
metabolism have been reabsorbed. Urine carries waste products and excess water out of the body.
(4%)dissolved solids:
(2%)
Urea: (half)(2%)
Other compounds
Organic:creatinineuric acid
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What is Urinalysis? :It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the most common
method of medical diagnostic.
Why Urinalysis :
* Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of thebody wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the bodyailment can be located through this analysis.
*Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our bodythrough urine.
This method is more convenient than blood test because:
* Some might be scared of blood so this provides to be analternative for blood tests.
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Urine Collection:
Types of urine specimens: type of specimen and collection procedure are determined by physician and
depend on the tests to be performed.
There are basically four types of urine specimens:1.First morning specimen2.Random urine specimen
3.Fractional collection4.Timed collection Composition and concentration of urine changes during 24hr Urine conc. vary according: to water intake and
physical activities.
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Preservation of Urine :
1. Physical Preservation: Urine is stored in therefrigerator which doesnt affect the constituent ofurine.Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutesTemperature : 32.5C to 37.7C
2. Chemical preservation : This process is doneunder following reagents :-*Phenol: causes an odor change
*Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds*Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and sediments well*Formalin: excellent sediment preservative*Boric acid: preserves protein well.
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Physical examination involves:1.Color2.Transparency3.Odour4.Volume5.pH6.Specific gravity
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1-Color:
Many things affect urine color, includingfluid balance, diet, medicines, and diseases.
Color intensity of urine correlates toconcentration.
Darker color means more concentratedsample.
Amber yellow (derivativeUrochromeof urobilin, produce from bilirubin degradation, is
pigment found in normal urine).
Colorless due toreducedconcentration.
Silver or milky appearance Pus,bacteria or epithelial cells
Reddish brown Blood(Hemoglobin).
Yellow foam Bile or medications. Orange, green, blue or red
medications.
Vitamin Bsupplements can turn urinebright yellow.
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2-Transparency:
Urine is normally clear. Bacteria, blood,sperm, crystals, or mucus can make urinelook cloudy.
Is classified as clear or turbid. In normal urine: the main cause of
cloudiness is crystalsand epithelial cells.
In pathological urine: it is due topus,bloodandbacteria.
Degree of cloudiness depends on:pHand dissolved solidsTurbidity:may be due to gross
bacteriuria,
Smoky appearance: is seen inhematouria.Thread-like cloudiness: is seen in
sample full of mucus.
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Urine sample
Benedicts solution
~Fehlings solution 1
~ Fehlings solution 2
~ Copper sulphate solution
~ Sodium hydroxide
~ Borschs reagent
~ Ethanol
~ Test tubes
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Chemical Examination :
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RESULT
TEST RESULTColour Yellowish
PH 7.0 (Light Green)Blood Glucose 0.5Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are present
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Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absentProtein test (Buriet Test) 15 (approx.)
FeCl3Test No reactionPhenol AbsentSummaryThe above urine sample is having all vital urine
parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is
Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY .
SAMPLE 2TEST RESULT
Colour YellowishPH 6.0 (Light Orange)
Blood Glucose 1.0Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absentProtein test (Buriet Test) 12 (approx.)
FeCl3Test No reaction
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Phenol Absent
SummaryThe given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This
PH is not a case of concern . All the other values are
corresponding to normal value . The person is
HEALTHY .
TEST RESULT
Colour ClearPH 7.4 (Light Green)
Blood Glucose 1.0Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 12 (approx.)FeCl3Test No reaction
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Phenol AbsentSummary
All the values are corresponding to normal value .
The person is HEALTHY .
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SAMPLE 4-
TEST RESULTColour YellowishPH 7.0 (Light Green)
Blood Glucose 2.0Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are present
Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absentProtein test (Buriet Test) 10 (approx.)
FeCl3Test No reactionPhenol Absent
SummaryThe person is having substantially higher blood sugar
than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All
other values are normal .
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TEST RESULT
Colour YellowishPH 8.0 (Dark Green)
Blood Glucose 2.0Amine group Amines are present
Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent
Protein test (Buriet Test) 23 (approx.)FeCl3Test No reaction
Phenol AbsentSummary
In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH ,
Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one .
Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates
serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected
by Diabetes .
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BIBLOGRAPY :
I took help from-
Class XI I practical textbook- .Wikipedia-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxi
dation.html
http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htm
http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_li nks.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagenthttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent