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_dfr rda fcfi~pnp le ahwfrd~ nc
rda Enerd @fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlc
zauafip elz wp~`dlrdazfw~
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Nfc Zlz~ Lac
F rdapnp pqjhnrrab elz rda baozaa le
Bl`rlz le Wdnilplwd~ nc
Wp~`dlrdazfw~ fcb @lqcpaiinco#
@nr~ Qcnuazpnr~) Ilcblc#Zaoacrp @liiaoa P`dlli le Wp~`dlrdazfw~
fcb @lqcpaiinco) Ilcblc#
Pawrahjaz :770
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@lcracrp
Uliqha 6) Hfnc Jlb~
@dfwraz 6 Ncrzlbq`rlz~ `lhhacrp
6#6 _d~ Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi ( Danbaooaz fcb Jlpp uazpqp Dqppazi lc rda wdaclhaclilo~ le rda lrdaz
>#6#6 Dazhacaqrn`p ncJanco fcb Rnha fcb lrdaz lzkp
>#6#: Rda pwa`nfi dazhacaqrn` le rda lrdaz ncJanco fcb Rnha fcb lrdaz lzkp
>#: Bfpancpfcfi~pnp fcb rda lrdaz nc rda lzk le Jlpp
>#0 Dazhacaqrn`p fcb rzfcp`acbacrfi zfrnlcfinr~
>#2 @lc`iqpnlc
Wfzr Elqz
Rlfzbp f dazhacaqrn` wqza wp~`dlilo~
@dfwraz 67 ( Wdaclhaclilon`fi `znrn`nphp le cfrqzfi wp~`dlb~cfhn`p
67#6 Ncrzlbq`rnlc fcb luazuna
67#: Ezaqbp cfrqzfi p`nac`a
67#0 Fofncpr cfrqzfinph fp f dazhacaqrn` przfrao~
67#2 @lc`iqpnlc
@dfwraz 66 ( F dazhacaqrn` rdalz~ le `lcp`nlqpcapp
66#6 Elz wqza wp~`dlilo~ fp f dazhacaqrn` przfrao~
66#: Rda dazhacaqrn` rfpk
66#0 Rzfcp`acbacrfi wzlwlpnrnlcp fjlqr rda wp~`dlilon`fi lzib fcb ncracrnlcfinr~
@dfwraz 6: ( F dazhacaqrn` wqza wp~`dlilon`fi ncrazwzarfrnlc le ncrazpqjma`rnunr~
6:#6 Lc ahwfrd~ fcb ncrazpqjma`rnunr~
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6:#: @znrnvqa le `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a fp f hafcp le qcbazprfcbnco ncrazpqjma`rnunr~
6:#0 F wdaclhaclilon`fi zapwlcpa rl rzfcpeazac`a fcb lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a
6:#2 Fppl`nfrnlc fp `fqpa lz hlrnufrnlc
6:#1 Rda ca`appnr~ le f `iafz f``lqcr le qc`lcp`nlqp ncracrnlcfinr~
6:#5 @lc`iqpnlc
@dfwraz 60 @lc`iqpnlc
60#6 Rda wdaclhacf le ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc
60#: Ezaqb fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn`p fp f wzljiah
60#0 Dqppazi fp ncbn`frnco fc fcpaz
60#2 @lc`iqpnlcp
60#1 F eqrqza wzlma`r le dazhacaqrn`p elz wp~`dlrdazfw~
Uliqha :) Fwwacbn`ap
Fwwacbnt 6 Ncrazwzarnco ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ fcb Dqppazi
6#6 Ncrazwzarfrnua wzljiahp
6#: Atnpracrnfi wdaclhaclilo~ fcb rda lrdaz
6#0 Jznrnpd `lcrncacrfi wdnilplwd~p hnp(qcbazprfcbnco le wdaclhaclilo~
6#2 Ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ nc rda rdazfw~ inrazfrqza
6#1 Ncracrnlcfinr~) zabq`rnlc) clahf
6#5 Anbarn` hardlb fcb lzkab atfhwiap
6#? Rda Nbaf le Wdaclhaclilo~
6#4 Lc rda Wdaclhaclilo~ le rda @lcp`nlqpcapp le Ncrazcfi Rnha
6#>Nbafp N
6#67Nbafp NN) Wdaclhaclilon`fi Wp~`dlilo~ fcb wqza wp~`dlilo~
6#66 Lc harf(zawzapacrfrnlc
6#6: Hfncrfncnco lcrlilon`fi bqfinph elz wp~`dlilo~
Fwwacbnt : ( Ncrazwzarnco rda @fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlcp
:#6 Rda fcfi~pnp le wdaclhacf fcb aiq`nbfrnlc
:#: Atwazr zafbncop
:#0 Efqir~ zafbncop
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:#2 Rda bneeazac`a jaraac fbavqfra fcb ncfbavqfra zafbncop
Fwwacbnt 0 ( Danbaooazp `dfiiacoa fcb rda lrdaz nc wp~`dlrdazfw~
0#6 Danbaooazp hnprzafrhacr le wdaclhaclilo~ ncDnprlz~ le rda @lc`awr le Rnha
0#: @znrn`nphp le rda prfc`a rlfzbp rda lrdaz ncpa`rnlc :5 leJanco fcb Rnha
0#0 Lc wp~`dlrdazfw~ ezlh f wdaclhaclilon`fi prfcbwlncr
0#2 Fofncpr wpaqbl(wdaclhaclilo~
Fwwacbnt 2 ( Rda cfrqzfi wp~`dlilon`fi p`nac`a aunbac`a jfpa elz ncbnunbqfi rdazfw~
Jnjinlozfwd~
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Niiqprzfrnlcp
pa`rnlc
Enoqza 6 ( Ezaqbp qcbazprfcbnco le ncrazpqjma`rnunr~# 0#2
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Enoqza 0 ( El`qpnco lc paie# ?#6#6
Enoqza 2 ( El`qpnco lc rda lrdaz# ?#6#6
Enoqza 1 ( El`qpnco lc `qirqzfi ljma`rp fcb lzib# ?#6#:
Enoqza 5 ( Dazhacaqrn`p ncJanco fcb Rnha# >#0
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Clz pdfb~ ~wzapp rzaa#
Ja rda ozaac ozfpp fjlua ha
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Fcb ne rdlq nir) elzoar#
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Rdfr blap clr znpa clz par
Dfwi~ N hf~ zahahjaz)
Fcb dfwi~ hf~ elzoar#
@dznprncf Zlparrn
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>
F`kcliaboahacrp
N lqib inka rl rdfck rda eliilnco wazplcp elz rdanz daiw# Rdfckp rl Bz Cn`lif
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le @lqcpaiinco fcb Wp~`dlrdazfw~) Ilcblc) elz daz pqwwlzr# Rdfckp rl Bz Fielcp
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rl rda ratr# Rdfckp fipl rl Accl Krrcaz HP`) QK@W Zao) le rda Wp~`dlilo~ Bnunpnlc
le Rda Qcnuazpnr~ le _liuazdfhwrlc elz dnp rzfcpifrnlcp le rda lznoncfi Oazhfc ratr le
@fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlcp#
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fbun`a lc dl rl przq`rqza f bl`rlzfi rdapnp fcb rl Cn`k @zlppia~ le Hfc`dapraz
Qcnuazpnr~ elz dnp `lhhacrp lc f wzaunlqp bzfer#
Rdfckp fza fipl bqa rl rda eliilnco wazplcp dl acrazab ncrl `lzzapwlcbac`a
nrd ha `lc`azcnco rda cfrqza le rda f wznlzn nc Kfcr fcb Dqppazi= Zlcfib Jzq}ncf)
Prauac @zlaii) Mldc Bzqhhlcb) Iapraz Ahjzaa) Pajfprnfc Ofzbcaz) Wfqi Olzcaz)
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N dfb eqzrdaz bnp`qppnlc nrd Mlpae Wfzcfp) Mlpae Wazcaz) Mldc Pfbiaz) Hn`dfai
P`dfzr}) Efrdaz Bfunb Phnrd fcb Lpjlzca _nooncp lc wqza wp~`dlilo~ fcb
wp~`dlwfrdlilo~#
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Ba`ifzfrnlc
N ozfcr wlazp le bnp`zarnlc rl rda Qcnuazpnr~ Injzfznfc rl fiil rdnp
rdapnp rl ja `lwnab nc dlia lz nc wfzr nrdlqr eqzrdaz zaeazac`a rl ha#
Rdnp wazhnppnlc `luazp lci~ pncoia `lwnap hfba elz prqb~ wqzwlpap)
pqjma`r rl clzhfi `lcbnrnlcp le f`kcliaboahacr#
:770
NFC ZLZ^ L_AC
FII ZNODRP ZAPAZUAB
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Fjprzf`r
Rda rdapnp fozaap rdfr rdaza `fc ja ncrazwzarab nrdnc `lcp`nlqp inea) rda
nceiqac`a le rda wfpr# Rda wfpr `fc nceiqac`a rda ncrazpqjma`rnua pr~ia le fc
aol) f wazplc nc plha le rdanz zaifrnlcp nrd lrdazp# Jqr Ezaqb daib fc
qc`iafz wlpnrnlc lc dl rl ncrazwzar qc`lcp`nlqp ncracrnlcfinr~ ncwzaeazac`a elz frracbnco rl rdalz~ fjlqr pacpap rdfr cauaz fwwafz# Nr np
fzoqab rdfr `lc`awrp pq`d fp rzfcpeazac`a) `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a fcb
qc`lcp`nlqp `lhhqcn`frnlc pdlqib ja `lcratrqfinpab nrdnc
ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ nc rda przlco pacpa le f wlracrnfi hfcnelib le ncrazwzarfjia
wazpwa`rnuap lc fc~ pncoia `qirqzfi ljma`r# Rda fcpaz np rl pdl rdfr
Ezaqbp ka~ nbafp fza pnrqfrab nrdnc harfwd~pn`fi `lhhnrhacrp rl cfrqzfi
p`nac`a fcb hfraznfi `fqpa luazfii nc fc qc`iafz zaifrnlc rl `lcp`nlqp
wp~`dlilon`fi inea# Fc fwznlzn fcfi~pnp le ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ np fzoqab elz rl
atwifnc fc~ wp~`dlilon`fi auacr nc zaifrnlc rl rda wfpr fcb rda `qzzacr
rdazfwaqrn` pnrqfrnlc# @lcpavqacri~) Ezaqbp ka~ nbafp caab rl jafjfcblcab nc wzaeazac`a elz f zfrnlcfinpfrnlc fjlqr hafcnco) ahwfrd~ fcb
ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ fp hlza fbavqfra atwifcfrnlcp le rda `lcbnrnlcp elz rda
wp~`dlilon`fi hafcncoeqicapp le fc~ qirqzfi ljma`r#
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6:
Ka~ rl fjjzaunfrnlcp
Rda eliilnco fjjzaunfrnlcp dfua jaac qpab rdzlqodlqr rdnp lzk=
{ x ( @qzi~ jzf`karp ncbn`fra rda zaeazacr nc rda jzf`kar np f zabq`ab `lcp`nlqp
atwaznac`a elz lcapaie# Rdnp qpfoa ncbn`frap rdfr f wza(zaeiatnua pacpa dfp jaac
zaeia`rab lc rl wzlbq`a fc ljma`r le `lcp`nlqp ffzacapp#
F (Bzfer F) Dqppazi) 6>>?j#
F@WFP ( Fcfi~pap @lc`azcnco Wfppnua fcb F`rnua P~crdapnp) Dqppazi) :776)
rzfcpifrnlc le Dqf TN#
FI (Fhprazbfh Ia`rqzap $6>:4.) Dqppazi) 6>>?a#
J (Bzfer J) Wfzr N) $6>:?.) Danbaooaz) 6>>?f#
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6>>0#
JWW ( Rda Jfpn` Wzljiahp le Wdaclhaclilo~ $6>:?.) Danbaooaz) 6>44#
JR (Janco fcb Rnha $6>:?.) Danbaooaz) 6>>5#
@ (Bzfer @) $6>:?.) Dqppazi) 6>>?`#
@H ( @fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlcp $6>:>.) Dqppazi) 6>??j#
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$6>0:.) Enck) 6>>1#
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@R ( Rda@lc`awr le Rnha) $6>:2.) Danbaooaz) 6>>:#
@znpnp ( Rda @znpnp le rda Aqzlwafc P`nac`ap fcb Rzfcp`acbacrfi Wdaclhaclilo~
$6>01(6>0?.) Dqppazi) 6>?7j#
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Fhazn`fc Wp~`dnfrzn` Fppl`nfrnlc) $6>>2.#
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AEHW (Atnpracrnfi Elqcbfrnlcp le Habn`nca fcb Wp~`dlilo~) $6>?6.) Jlpp) 6>?>#
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ec ( Ellrclra#
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IN ( Wzliaolhacf rl Wqza Ilon` fcb Ilon`fi Ncuaprnofrnlcp) $enzpr abnrnlc wqjinpdab
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WW ( Wdaclhaclilon`fi Wp~`dlilo~ $6>:1.) Dqppazi) 6>??f#
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Dqppazi) 6>>6) rzfcpifrnlc le Dqf T#
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Hfknco wifcp# ( Rl hfka wifcp fcb wzlma`r bapnocp jzncop nrd nr hfc~
ollb pacpfrnlcp; fcb dlauaz dfb rda przacord rl ja clrdnco jqr f
elzoaz le wifcp dnp dlia inea ilco lqib ja f uaz~ dfww~ hfc= jqr da
lqib l``fpnlcfii~ dfua rl rfka f zapr ezlh rdnp f`rnunr~ j~ `fzz~nco lqr
f wifc ( fcb rdac `lhap rda uatfrnlc fcb rda pljaznco qw#
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@fhjznboa= @QW# Wfoa :06#
Iar ha pf~ rdfr ncplefz fp ~lq fza ncrazaprab nc ~lqz qcnvqa
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~lq lz plhalca aipa `fc ljpazua) rl rdfr atracr ~lq fza ncrazaprab nc rda
zafii~ wznufra hlba nc dn`d ~lq inua ( N dfua cl ncrazapr dfrauaz#
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^lzk= Clzrlc# Wfoa 6>#
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Wzaef`a
Rda rdapnp `lc`azcp nrpaie nrd rda hlpr eqcbfhacrfi mqprnen`frnlcp rdfr fza ca`appfz~ rl
ncrazwzar rda rdazfwaqrn` zaifrnlcpdnw# Ezaqbp nceiqac`a np prnii lwazfrnua fcb np `fiiab
ncrl vqaprnlc) wfzrn`qifzi~ nc zaifrnlc rl dnp nbafp le rzfcpeazac`a) `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a
fcb qc`lcp`nlqp `lhhqcn`frnlc# Ezaqbp nceiqac`a elz wp~`dlb~cfhn` fcb lrdaz
rfiknco rdazfwnap) dfzjlqzp fc ncrazwzarfrnua wzljiah ja`fqpa nr `fcclr `iafzi~
baincafra qc`lcp`nlqp wzl`appap nc zaifrnlc rl qc`lcp`nlqp ljma`rp# Elz rda rdapnp) rda
hfccaz le pdlnco qc`lcp`nlqp wdaclhacf hqpr ncbn`fra dfr rdlpa wdaclhacf fza
nc zaifrnlc rl dfr blap fwwafz ncrazpqjma`rnuai~) elz jlrd wfzrnap nc rda rdazfwaqrn`
zaifrnlcpdnw nrdnc ncbnunbqfi wp~`dlrdazfw~# Dqppazip fcpaz `lc`azcp zaifrnco
`lcp`nlqp wdaclhacf rl ncrazpqjma`rnua ncracrnlcfi nhwin`frnlc) `l(ncracrnlcfinr~ lz
`l(ahwfrd~) nrd zapwa`r rl rda auaz~bf~ wp~`dlilon`fi lzib# Dqppazip nbafp fza clr
dlii~ f``awrab j~ rda rdapnp jqr fza qpab fp f enzpr pkar`d elz `zafrnco f eqrqza wzlma`r
le f dazhacaqrn`p le rda rdazfwaqrn` pnrqfrnlc rdfr lqib rfka ncrl f``lqcr rda
hfcnelib le wazpwa`rnuap le fc~ `qirqzfi ljma`r rdfr np bnp`qppab nc rda zaifrnlcpdnw#
Rdfr np rda wif`a daza rda rdapnp acbp#
_dfr np qwdaib fp f ozlqcbnco wznc`nwia nc wdaclhaclilon`fi rdalznpnco np rda
prfzrnco wlncr le frracbnco rl `lcp`nlqp) hqrqfii~ ljpazufjia auacrp rdfr fza `fwfjia le
janco bnp`qppab# Rda `lc`iqpnlc le rda rdapnp np nc fozaahacr nrd Enck $@znpnp) Fww
UNNN.# Ne qc`lcp`nlqp ljma`rp fza wazhnrrab `zabnjninr~) rda~ `fc lci~ ja mqboab rl atnpr
nrd zapwa`r rl dfr blap fwwafz# _dfr rdnp ca`appnrfrap np rdfr `fza np zavqnzab nc
janco atwin`nr rl lrdazp fcb lcapaie) `lc`azcnco fc~ mqprnen`frnlcp elz wzf`rn`a nrd
zapwa`r rl qc`lcp`nlqp ljma`rp# Rdnp `lqib atracb rl atwifncnco lcapaie rl `inacrp)
pqwazunplzp lz `liiafoqap rdzlqod plha fozaab hafcp le janco fjia rl ncrazwzar hacrfi
wzl`appap nc rda `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`a le lrdazp nc fc f``qzfra f~# F``lzbncoi~) rda
hardlb le rda rdapnp np fc ncraiia`rqfi fzoqhacr elz lca wazpwa`rnua luaz fclrdaz) nrd
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zapwa`r rl `ifnhp le wp~`dlilon`fi ef`r fcb wzlwaz ncrazwzarfrnlc# Rda rdapnp `lc`iqbap
nrd rda fblwrnlc le f dazhacaqrn` wazpwa`rnua nc rdazfw~# _dac dazhacaqrn`p np
f``awrab) nr wazhnrp rda prqb~ le ncrazpqjma`rnua auacrp f``lzbnco rl rda ncrazzaifrnlc le
ncracrnlcfinrnap le bneeazacr plzrp) nrd zapwa`r rl `lcp`nlqp ljma`rp le bneeazacr plzrp#
Ezaqbp harfwp~`dlilo~ np prnii nceiqacrnfi lc `lcrahwlzfz~ wp~`dlrdazfw~ fcb
rdnp np d~ nr np paia`rab# Rdfckp rl rda lzk le Ildpaz fcb Carlc) $6>>5.)
Qclzrdlblt Ezaqb) nr `fc ja qcbazprllb dl rda `ifppn`fi zafbnco le Pnohqcb Ezaqb
fp fqrdlznrfznfc) dnazfz`dn`fi fcb przn`r) np efipa# Ildpaz fcb Carlc bzf lc rda
atwaznac`ap le Ezaqbp `inacrp nc lzbaz rl pdl rda cfrqza le Ezaqbp rdazfwaqrn`
zaifrnlcpdnwp wiqp rda lznoncfi bawil~hacr le dnp wznc`nwiap# Lc`a rda bneeazac`a
jaraac dnp wzf`rn`a fcb rda `ifppn`fi nhfoa le dnh np `iafz) rdac rda `lzzqwrnlcp `fc
ja zahluab rl zauafi Ezaqb fp dlii~ el`qpab lc rda hqrqfi rfpk le rda wp~`dl(
fcfi~pnp le `inacrp fp ezaa fppl`nfrnlc ( rl hfka `lcp`nlqp rda qc`lcp`nlqp#
Rl zawafr rdnp nhwlzrfcr wlncr= rda `ifppn`fi zafbnco le Ezaqb np hnpiafbnco fp nr
fzoqap elz f clc(Ezaqbnfc wzf`rn`a# Rda wzlwaz prfc`a ezlh dn`d rl zafb Ezaqb fza rda
barfnip le dl da lzkab# Ezaqbp `lhhacrp lc przn`rcapp) fjprncac`a) fillecapp)
caqrzfinr~ fcb rda `acrzfinr~ le rzfcpeazac`a dfua jaac hnp(zawzapacrab# Ezaqb bnpinkab
zqia(jlqcb wzf`rn`a fcb bnb clr `lcpnbaz nr fr fii bapnzfjia elz wp~`dl(fcfi~pnp rl ja
pfiilab qw j~ habn`nca fcb rl encb nrp ifpr zaprnco(wif`a nc f ratr(jllk le wp~`dnfrz~
qcbaz rda dafbnco Hardlbp le Rzafrhacr) $6>:5a) w :24.#
Nr np wlppnjia rl d~wlrdapnpa fjlqr rda zafplcp elz rda `ifppn`fi lz lzrdlblt
zafbnco# Jqr d~wlrdapnpnco fpnba) plha rzfncnco ncprnrqrap dfua wazhnrrab f dfzpd clc(
Ezaqbnfc elzh le wzf`rn`a# Nc rda wif`a le rda lznoncfi `l(lwazfrnua rfpk le prfzrnco nrd
rda `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`a le `inacrp fcb frracbnco) nc fc ahwfrdn` f~ rl dfr `inacrp
qcbazprfcb le rdahpaiuap) lrdazp fcb rda lzib) rdaza dfp `lha rl ja f efipa
nhwzappnlc# _dac rda hnpwif`ab jainae elz ncrazwzarnco) f dazhacaqrn` prfc`a) np
nbacrnenab) dfr Ezaqb bnb `fc ja qcbazprllb# Prfbiac dfp `ifnhab rdfr Ezaqbp
wzf`rn`a bnbcr bawacb lc dnp rdalznap) jqr pq`d f `lhhacr pf~p inrria fjlqr dl rl
qcbazprfcb dnp lzk $`nrab nc Lfkia~) :77:) w :7.#
Ezaqbp lc wzf`rn`a le wp~`dl(fcfi~pnp fp rl pnba(praw zapnprfc`a fcb
rzfcpeazac`a fcb hfncrfnc ezaa fppl`nfrnlc# Ezaqb qpab wlpnrnua rzfcpeazac`a fcb kawr
`inacrp hlrnufrab lc rda hqrqfi rfpk# Da el`qpab lc rda hfmlz rdaha le af`d pappnlc
rdfr `inacrp jzlqodr fcb rda wlracrnfi zafplcp elz rdah clr ezaa fppl`nfrnco# Fii rdfr
hfrrazab fp daiwnco# Ezaqb jainauab da `lqib mqboa rda bneeazac`a jaraac rda zafi
zaifrnlcpdnw fcb rda rzfcpeazac`a zaifrnlcpdnw# Da ahwil~ab f cqhjaz le zapwlcpap nc
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rda fnh le nc`zafpnco aol `lcprfc`~ fcb nhwzlunco vqfinr~ le inea# Ezaqb fcrab rl
encb rda dafb le rda Cnia) `fwqr Cnin ( rda plqz`a le rda wzljiahp le `inacrp nc rdanz
ncefc`~ ( fcb rdfr rdnp fp wfzrn`qifzi~ aunbacr nc rda `lhwqipnlc rl zawafr) fp paac nc
rzfcpeazac`a#
Rda `lc`awrp le rzfcpeazac`a) `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a fcb rda qc`lcp`nlqp fza
eqcbfhacrfi rl hfc~ le rda rfiknco rdazfwnap# Ea vqaprnlc rda wdaclhacf rl dn`d
rdapa razhp zaeaz# Zqjncpranc $6>?2. np lca dl ncpnprp rdfr rda blhfnc le
wp~`dlfcfi~pnp fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ np rda qc`lcp`nlqp# Rda cfrqza le rda
qc`lcp`nlqp np rdfr walwia fza) fiiaoabi~) wzlelqcbi~ nceiqac`ab j~ rda auacrp le
afzinapr ncefc`~# ^ar encbncop nc caqzlp`nac`a) elz ncprfc`a $Oabl) 6>>0) w 6?2.) pdl
`lcrzfz~ rl rda fppqhwrnlc le Eazac`}n $6>60,6>17.) rdfr rda plqz`a le fbqir
wp~`dlilon`fi wzljiahp `fcclr l``qz nrdnc ncefc`~# Caqzlp`nac`a encbp rdfr afzi~
ncefc`~ `fcclr wlppnji~ ja rda plqz`a le wazpnprnco npdap# Pl nr np clr wlppnjia rl
d~wlrdapnpa fbqir rzlqjiap fp bqa rl ilco(ifprnco npdap rdfr enzpr fzlpa nc ncefc`~#
Oacazfii~) rda afzinapr atwaznac`ap `fcclr ja rda hlpr nceiqacrnfi bauailwhacrfi rzacbp
elz rda wfrdf~ elz ifraz inea# Nhhabnfrai~) dfr np qcbaz bnp`qppnlc np dl rl ncrazwzar
$6. f hafcncoeqi pnrqfrnlc fcb $:. dl rl ncrazwzar `fqpa fcb aeea`r# Fppqhwrnlcp le
`fqpa fcb aeea`r fcb hafcnco fza `acrzfi rl Ezaqbp lznoncfi rdncknco fcb pq`d fc
nceiqac`a np prnii wzapacr# Nr ja`lhap ca`appfz~ rl ncuaprnofra Ezaqbp wlpnrnlc#
Ezaqb nc rdaNcrazwzarfrnlc le Bzafhp `lc`iqbab rdfr nr np wlppnjia rl ncrazwzar
qc`lcp`nlqp wzl`appap fcb ljma`rp rdzlqod frracbnco rl rda `lcp`nlqp hfcneapr ljma`rp
le pwaa`d) wp~`dlwfrdlilo~ fcb bzafhnco# Rda `lcpavqac`a elz `lcrahwlzfz~
wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ np rdfr pnhnifz nceazac`ap fza wazhnppfjia `lc`azcnco
qc`lcp`nlqp wzl`appap fcb rdanz ljma`rp# Rdnp iafbp rl rda rlwn` le qc`lcp`nlqp
hafcncoeqicapp ja`fqpa rdapa wzl`appap fcb ljma`rp `fc cauaz ja `lcp`nlqpi~
atwaznac`ab#
Nc Rda Qc`lcp`nlqp $6>61a) ww :76(:.) Ezaqb `lc`iqbab rdfr pwaa`d np rda
baencnrnua fpwa`r le rda bnprnc`rnlc jaraac `lcp`nlqp; fcb clc(uazjfinpab)
wza`lcp`nlqp fcb qc`lcp`nlqp ncfbhnppnjia atwaznac`a# Nc rda ifrraz wfwaz) `lcp`nlqp
`lhhqcn`frnlc fcb wp~`dlilon`fi hafcncoeqicapp aza f``awrab fp f `ldazacr blhfnc
jqr atnpr nc fc qc`iafz zaifrnlc rl rda qc`lcp`nlqp# Rda rdapnp fzoqap rdfr rda
`lcpavqac`a elz rdazfw~ rdfr f``awrp Ezaqbp ncdaznrfc`a np rdfr rda pacpap le `inacrp
fcb rdanz wazpwa`rnuap lc ljma`rp ja`lha hnp`lcprzqab) jaraac rl qc`iafzi~ zaifrab
zaonprazp lz wlpnrnlcp# Ne rdaza np fc ncpqeen`nacr bnprnc`rnlc jaraac `lcp`nlqp fcb
qc`lcp`nlqp) fcb cl rdalzarn`fi fwwzfnpfi le `lcp`nlqp hafcncoeqicapp) rdac `qzzacr
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ahwfrdnpab ljma`rp le rda hacrfi wzl`appap le lrdazp nii clr ja f``qzfrai~ ncrazwzarab#
Pq`d f if`k np `dfiiacoab# Rl luaz`lha nr) rda rdapnp fzoqap rdfr bnprnc`rnlcp
`lc`azcnco rda wzapac`a le wfpr ncrazpqjma`rnua nceiqac`a fp `fqpa) fppl`nfrnlc fcb
hlrnufrnlc) pdlqib ja hfncrfncab# Dqppazip rnc elzhp le wdaclhaclilo~ hfka rdnp
bnprnc`rnlc# Rda qwpdlr np f `fii rl qcbazprfcb `lcp`nlqp wp~`dlilon`fi hafcncoeqicapp
fp f wznlznr~# Kfcrp rzfcp`acbacrfi wdnilplwd~ fp f enzpr frrahwr fr baincafrnco
mqprnenfjia zqiap elz zfrnlcfinpnco `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`a# Dqppazip Enerd @fzrapnfc
Habnrfrnlc np qcbazprllb fp f jarraz hafcp le qcbazprfcbnco `lcp`nlqp wp~`dlilon`fi
hafcncoeqicapp fcb baeacbnco nr fofncpr nhwza`npa ncrazwzarfrnlcp#
Pnc`a Ezaqbp bafrd) rdazfw~ dfp paac rda fzznufi fcb bawfzrqza le hfc~
ncraiia`rqfi efpdnlcp# F ifzoa cqhjaz le wzf`rnrnlcazp dfua zaeia`rab lc rdanz wzf`rn`a rl
wzlunba rda `lhhqcnr~ le wzf`rnrnlcazp nrd rdanz ncpnodrp# Rda hfmlz `lcrznjqrnlc le
Mldc Jlij~ dfp jaac nc rda zapafz`d fcb bauailwhacr le Ezaqbp nbafp nc lzbaz rl
qcbazprfcb wp~`dlilon`fi zafinr~) feea`rnua fcb zaifrnlcfi atnprac`a# F `lcpacpqp np
jqnibnco fzlqcb Jlij~p frrf`dhacr rdalz~ `lc`azcnco rda zawif`ahacr le bznuap)
rzfcpeazac`a fcb zapnprfc`a) j~ fc frracrnlc rl frrf`dhacr pa`qznr~ $Elcfo~) 6>>>.# Rda
`lcrahwlzfz~ qcbazprfcbnco le ncrazpqjma`rnunr~) le rda ncrazf`rnlc jaraac rda
wazpwa`rnuap le paie fcb lrdaz) dfp clr ~ar frrfncab f baozaa le plwdnprn`frnlc nc rdfr nr
noclzap hafcnco nc efulqz le d~wlrdapnpab caqzlilon`fi bauailwhacrfi wzl`appap
$Fnrkac % Rzaufzrdac) 6>>?.# Rdazfw~ rdalz~) wzf`rn`a) zapafz`d fcb pqwazunpnlc
ncrazwzar rda `lcp`nlqpcapp le `inacrp nc plha f~) dardaz atwin`nri~ lz nhwin`nri~#
Rda elzhp le f wazplcp zaifrnlc nrd rda lrdaz dfp jaac atwzappab j~ jainaep pq`d fp
Ncrazcfi _lzknco Hlbaip) $Jlij~) 6>5>.) Zawzapacrfrnlcp le Ncrazf`rnlcp rdfr
dfua jaac Oacazfinpab) $Prazc) 6>41) 6>>1.) p`dahfp le janco(nrd) $Prazc) 6>>4.#
Rdapa fza elzhp le ncrazwzarnco ncrazpqjma`rnua auacrp `lc`azcnco dfr `fc ja
ncraiia`rqfii~(ncrazwzarab fcb ahlrnlcfii~ atwaznac`ab#
Wfzri~) rda zlia le rda rdapnp np bnp`qppnco rda f wznlzn ncraiia`rqfi `lc`lhnrfcrp
rdfr fznpa dac l``qw~nco f dazhacaqrn` prfc`a# Lca rdfr l``qzp nc auaz~bf~ inea fp
aii fp rdazfw~= Rda `lcp`nlqpcapp le rda lrdaz wazplc `fc ja bnprncoqnpdab fp f
`lcp`nlqp auacr elz hlza wazplcp rdfc mqpr lcapaie# Rdqp) Kfcrp @lwazcn`fc rqzc rl
dfr `lcp`nlqpcapp `fc kcl ( np lc f wfz nrd Ezaqbp rqzc rl ncrazwzar rda
qc`lcp`nlqp) fcb Jlij~p rqzc rl ncrazwzar frrf`dhacr pr~ia# Pnhnifzi~) fc~ rdazfw~
zavqnzap rda ncrazwzarfrnlc le ljpazufjia jadfunlqz fcb clc(ljpazufjia feea`r)
ncracrnlcp fcb pr~iap le ncrazpqjma`rnua zaifrnco#
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Rda zapafz`d vqaprnlc le rda rdapnp np rf`kiab nc f dazhacaqrn` f~# Rda
vqaprnlc `lc`azcp encbnco f wazpwa`rnua rdfr np fzoqfji~ hlpr fbufcrfoalqp nc
zauafinco rda pfinacr wzl`appap fcb ljma`rp nc pdfzab wp~`dlilon`fi inea# Rda zapafz`d
vqaprnlc np wli~rdarn`# Rdaza np f paznap le luazifwwnco ncrazaprp# Lca prfzrnco wlncr np rl
jaonc nrd rda nbaf rdfr rda lzib np hfcneapr elz lrdazp) nc f `lhwfzfjia f~ rl dn`d
nr np hfcneapr elz paie# Hafcncop) elz paie fcb lrdazp) nculiua hqirnwia wazpwa`rnuap# Elz
ncprfc`a) rda hlpr pnhwia `qirqzfi ljma`r `fc ja qcbazprllb f``lzbnco rl nrp qpa fcb
ufiqa $Nb NN) 66) w :>,:?.#
Rnab rl rda `acrzfi el`qp lc rda ncrazzaifrnlc le paie fcb lrdaz) f``lzbnco rl
Pnohqcb Ezaqb fcb Abhqcb Dqppazi) np f vqaprnlc `lc`azcnco rda cfrqza le dqhfc
janco# Rda vqaprnlc le dqhfc janco np zaifrab rl qcbazprfcbnco rda bnprnc`r r~wap le
`fqpa) jaraac rl lz hlza wp~`dlilon`fi auacrp# Rda ncrazwzaraz caabp rl `lc`iqba)
nrdnc fc qcbazprfcbnco le rda `azrfncrnap fcb azzlzp nculiuab) ne rdaza np f pwa`nen`
`fqpa rdfr inckp rl f pwa`nen` lqr`lha#
Rda hfccaz le fcpaznco rda zapafz`d vqaprnlc le rda rdapnp np rl l``qw~ f
dazhacaqrn` wazpwa`rnua $@dfwraz >.# Lca rdfr `lhwfzap bneeaznco ncrazwzarfrnlcp#
Dqppazi fp ncrazaprab nc dfr `lcp`nlqp wdaclhacf) ca`appfzni~ fcb qcnuazpfii~) fza
nculiuab nc rda wdaclhacf le pdfznco hafcnco jaraac rl lz hlza wazplcp# _dfr
fza `dfiiacoab fza Ezaqbp bnprnc`rnlcp ezlh rda wazpwa`rnua le Dqppazi# Ezaqb
wzlhlrab f hafcp le ncrazwzarnco `inacrp j~ zai~nco lc fc ncraiia`rqfi f`r rl bnp`azc fc
ncraiia`rqfii~ wzapqwwlpab ljma`r#
Rda zlia le rzfcp`acbacrfi wdnilplwd~ nc rdnp lzk np rl `lcprzfnc fcb
`lcratrqfinpa Ezaqbp pr~ia le rdalznpnco# Nc lzbaz rl fcpaz rda vqaprnlc `lc`azcnco f
pqeen`nacr ncrazwzarfrnua wlpnrnlc ezlh dn`d rl qcbazprfcb `inacrp) nc rda pappnlc fcb nc
rdanz inuap) nr ja`lhap ca`appfz~ rl rdnck rdzlqod rda `lcpavqac`ap fcb ncrazzaifrnlcp
le rda wfzrp rdfr `lhwznpa rda dlia le hafcnco elz ncrazpqjma`rnunr~# Dqppazi wzlunbab
f hafcp elz jaonccnco pq`d fc atwilzfrnlc# Rdqp) rda rdapnp np dazhacaqrn` nc rda
pafz`d elz f hlza fbavqfra ncrazwzarfrnua prfc`a rl fwwza`nfra `lcp`nlqp wp~`dlilon`fi
wdaclhacf# Nr paakp rl fulnb pwa`nen` wnrefiip rdfr hnodr ljp`qza lz hnp(zawzapacr rda
hafcncoeqi wdaclhacf# Bapwnra rda hqirnwia zafbncop fcb `znrn`nphp le Ezaqb)
rzfcpeazac`a fcb `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a fcb qc`lcp`nlqp `lhhqcn`frnlc) rda lzk le
Ildpaz fcb Carlc lqrincab fjlua parp rda p`aca elz za(fwwzfnpnco `lcrahwlzfz~
wzf`rn`a#
Bqa rl ulc Jzacrfclp nceiqac`a lc Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi) rdaza np rda `lhhlcfinr~
le uazpnlcp le rda `lc`awr le ncracrnlcfinr~# Rdnp np ja`fqpa Ezfc} ulc Jzacrfcl ia`rqzab
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rl jlrd dnipr rda~ aza prqbacrp fr rda Qcnuazpnr~ le Unaccf# Ncracrnlcfinr~ np daib rl ja
f ollb ncrazwzarfrnua elzh ja`fqpa nr nc`iqbap hqirnwia r~wap le ncracrnlcfi zaifrnlc rl fc
ljma`r# Rda zafplc elz rdnp np rdfr lca dfp enzpr(dfcb atwaznac`a le lcap lc
`lcp`nlqpcapp) fcb nr np f``awrfjia rl fppqha rdfr lrdazp wazplcp fza `lcp`nlqp rll#
_nrdlqr ncracrnlcfinr~) ljma`r(pacpap fza `lcpnbazab jqr rdaza np cl f``lqcr le dl lca
`fc dfua pauazfi r~wap le ncracrnlcfi zaifrnlc rl rda pfha zaeazacr# Rdaza fza elzhp le
awnwdaclhacfinph lz jadfunlqznph jqr rda~ bac~ rda qpaeqicapp le ncracrnlcfinr~ nc
atwifncnco rda pdfzab wp~`dlilon`fi inea#
Rda rdapnp `dfiiacoap plha wznlz f``lqcrp le jfpn` rdalz~ elz rda wzf`rn`a le
Dqppazip wqza wp~`dlilo~ fcb rzfcp`acbacrfi wdaclhaclilo~# Nrp luazfii wqzwlpa np
rl pkar`d fc lqrinca elz f dazhacaqrn` wdaclhaclilo~ wazrncacr rl rdazfw~ rdfr blap
clr efii ncrl f cqhjaz le wlrdliap filco rda f~# Nr f``awrp rda zafbncop le Dqppazi j~
Kazc) Hfzjf`d) Przkaz fcb Plklilpkn jqr blap clr dlib rda dlwa le fppazrnco f encfi
ncrazwzarfrnlc nc rdapa fzafp# Clr auaz~rdnco `fc ja `lhhacrab lc fcb pdlc nc
qirnhfra `ifznr~) ja~lcb fii blqjr# Plha hfrrazp dfua rl zahfnc fppqhab) rf`nr fcb clr
fzoqab# Rda p`lwa np inhnrab bqa rl rda lzb `lqcr#
Nr `lqib ja wlppnjia rl hfka rda fzafp le fwwin`fjninr~ le p`nac`a fcb
dazhacaqrn`p `iafzaz# Elz ncprfc`a) hlpr vqfcrqh wd~pn`p np `lqcraz(ncrqnrnua# P`nac`a
atwilzap qc`azrfnc nbafp rdzlqod ozfpwnco hlza `azrfnc lcap fcb hfknco rdah ncrazf`r
nc lzbaz rl hafpqza wzabn`rab lqr`lhap# P`nac`a hluap ezlh f `lcpacpqp wlpnrnlc rl
atwilza nrp lc ezncoa wdaclhacf fcb atwifnc hlza# Dlauaz) pnc`a Danpacjazo) nr np
clrab rdfr rda hfccaz le ncuaprnofrnlc firazp rda wdaclhacf ncuaprnofrab# Nc rdazfw~
fcb rda auaz~bf~ inea) wdaclhacf fwwafz bneeazacri~ f``lzbnco rl dl rda~ fza
jainauab rl atnpr# Rda qwpdlr elz rdazfw~ np rdfr nr np jarraz rl fblwr paie(zaeiatnuai~ f
dazhacaqrn` wlpnrnlc rdfc jainaua lcap prfc`a np rda lci~ rzqrd#
Nc rdnp lzk rda razh rdazfw~ zaeazp rl ncbnunbqfi rfiknco rdazfw~ hfba nc rda
pdfbl le Ezaqbp rdalzarn`fi prfc`a fcb rda inodr `fpr j~ dnp hardlb# Rda razhp
wfrnacr fcb fcfi~pfcb fza nc`iqbab nc rda razh `inacr# Pnhnifzi~) fii ufznfrnlcp
pq`d fp bl`rlz) `lqcpaiilz) `incn`fi wp~`dlilonpr) wp~`dlrdazfwnpr fcb fcfi~pr
fza nc`iqbab dac qpnco rda lzb rdazfwnpr# Rda razh wp~`dlrdazfw~ zaeazp rl fii
elzhp le rfiknco rdazfw~ nc`iqbnco `lqcpaiinco# Rda razh wp~`dlb~cfhn` np qpab rl
zaeaz rl fii elzhp le rdazfw~ rdfr fza baznuab ezlh Ezaqb pq`d fp wp~`dlfcfi~pnp)
wp~`dlfcfi~rn` wp~`dlrdazfw~ fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn` `lqcpaiinco# Rda uliqhap le
Ezaqbp PrfcbfzbAbnrnlc fza zaeazzab rl f``lzbnco rl rda prfcbfzbnpab inpr le rda lzbaz
le rdanz wqjin`frnlc nc Uliqha :2#
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Fnh= Rdnp @dfwraz atwifncp rda vqaprnlc rda rdapnp parp nrpaie fcb ncbn`frap rda hfccaz
le fcpaznco# Rda pavqac`a le prawp jail jaoncp nrd f `lhhacrfz~ lc rda paia`rnlc
le Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi# Pa`lcbi~) rda dazhacaqrn` prfc`a le rda rdapnp np hacrnlcab
ja`fqpa rdnp lzk np p`zqrnc~ le Ezaqb fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn`p wazpwa`rnua) f``lzbnco rl
rda fppazrnlc rdfr ncrazpqjma`rnua pacpap fza ljpazufjia fcb ncrazwzarfjia# Ezaqbp
prfc`a np hfba wzljiahfrn` $@dfwrazp :) 0 fcb 67.# Dqppazip prfc`a $@dfwrazp 2 rl 4.
np pdlc rl dfua wzlhnpa rdfr zavqnzap eqzrdaz bauailwhacr $@dfwrazp >) 66 fcb 6:. le
rda atwin`nrcapp le nrp el`qp lc dazhacaqrn`p nc rdazfw~ rdalz~) wzf`rn`a) zapafz`d fcb
pqwazunpnlc#
6#6 _d~ Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi?1) P`dfeaz)
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6>?5) WB) AEHW.# Rda fwwzfnpfi jail hfkap cl wzarac`a fr f caqrzfi `lhwfznplc le
Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi# Nr np atwin`nr rdfr Ezaqbp prfc`a `fc ja fwwzfnpab rdzlqod Dqppazip
rzfcp`acbacrfi wdaclhaclilon`fi wdnilplwd~) qcbazprllb fp f bauailwhacr le Kfcrp
atwilzfrnlc le rda `lcbnrnlcp le rdlqodr nc rda @znrnvqa le Wqza Zafplc# Rda oacza le
rda rdapnp nc`iqbap Zn`laqz lc Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi $6>?7.) Ofzbcaz lc Kfcr $6>>>. fcb
Hfzjf`d $6>>0. lc hacrfi wzl`appap#
Lca el`qp np rda pacpa le rda lrdaz nc rda cfrqzfi p`nacrnen` wp~`dlilon`fi
frrnrqba le Ezaqb $@dfwraz 67.; fp `lhwfzab rl rda wqza wp~`dlilon`fi frrnrqba le
Dqppazi) daib atwin`nri~ fp f dazhacaqrn` prfc`a $@dfwraz 66.# Lca `lhhlcfinr~
jaraac Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi np rdfr jlrd `zafrab f elzh le ncracrnlcfi fcfi~pnp# Ezaqb
fcfi~pab pwaa`d fcb jainauab da `lqib bnprncoqnpd rda pncoia lznoncfi `fqpa le f
wazplcp wzljiahp j~ ncrazwzarnco fhlco dfr fwwafzp fp rdanz zapnprfc`a fcb
rzfcpeazac`a# Dqppazi fcfi~pab rda hafcncoeqi pnrqfrnlc le Ljma`rnunr~ fcb zaifrab nr rl
rda qcnuazpfi ca`appnr~ le rdaza janco f hncnhfi lzib le `lcbnrnlcp elz fii
hafcncoeqicapp= rda hlhacrp le paie) lrdaz) fppl`nfrnlcp ezlh rda wfpr) rda `qirqzfi
ljma`r fcb rda hfcnelib le `qirqzfi pacpap fjlqr nrp Ljma`rnunr~# _dnipr Ezaqbp nbafp
le rda lznoncfi `fqpfrnua plqz`a dfua jaac `dfiiacoab j~ frrf`dhacr rdalz~) rdaza np
rda pdfzab wlppnjninr~) jaraac Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi) rdfr fc qcbaunfrnco frracrnlc rl rda
Ljma`rnua wdaclhacf) `lzza`ri~ ncrazwzarab) `fc wzapacr fclrdaz ncrazwzarfrnlc le rda
pfha dlia# Dqppazip `fqpa le wp~`dlilon`fi hafcncop elz `lcp`nlqpcapp# Rdnp np
dfr wp~`dlilon`fii~ hncbab walwia rz~ rl bl dac rda~ rz~ rl atwifnc rda f`rnlcp le
lrdazp fcb rdahpaiuap#
Ezaqb hfba pacpa le bzafhp fcb wp~`dlilon`fi wzljiahp rdzlqod
ncrazwzarfrnlcp `lc`azcnco `fqpa fcb aeea`r# Da `zafrab f wfr`dlzk vqnir le rdalz~ rdfr
da `fiiab rda harfwp~`dlilo~ le wp~`dl(fcfi~pnp# Rda pacpa hfba le Ezaqbp
zafplcnco np rl mqboa nr) clr fp ncbn`frnco rda qc`lcp`nlqp) jqr fp ncbn`frnco rda
wlracrnfi hafcncoeqicapp le `lcp`nlqp wp~`dlilon`fi inea) fcb wazpnprnco hlrnufrnlcp
bqa rl rda wzapac`a le fppl`nfrnlcp ezlh rda wfpr# Rdqp) rda rdapnp np fofncpr
bnp`zabnrnco `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`a fcb elz f wznlzn rdncknco $eliilnco Kfcr fcb
Dqppazi. rl wqzpqa rda `lcprzfncrp fcb ezaablhp le rda wdaclhacf le haarnco nrd
lrdaz wazplcp# Rda `acrzfi wdaclhaclc np) rda pnrqfrnlc daza rl $lz hlza. walwia
haar fcb bnp`qpp hqrqfi rlwn`p le ncrazapr) rdfr hfka pacpa rl ufz~nco baozaap) fcb
ezlh bneeazacr wazpwa`rnuap#
Rdaza fza luazifwwnco fnhp nc rda rdapnp# Rda wqzwlpa le rda rdapnp np rl pkar`d
fc lqrinca le f prfc`a wazrncacr rl rdazfw~ daza rdaza np f rzfbnrnlc le rdncknco fjlqr
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`inacrp nc razhp le rdanz hacrfi wzl`appap# Pq`d ncrazwzarfrnua f`rnunr~ np nhwlzrfcr elz
ba`nbnco lc f`rnlc# Pl rdalz~ pdlqib clr efii ncrl hnprfkac qcbazprfcbnco# _dfrauaz np
ba`nbab) inhnrp fcb wazhnrp plha r~wap le ncrazf`rnlcp fcb at`iqbap lrdazp# Nr np fzoqab
rdfr `inacrp `fc ja ncf``qzfra nc rdanz ahwfrdnpnco le rdazfwnprp# _nrdlqr fc frracrnlc rl
ahwfrd~ fcb ncrazpqjma`rnunr~) rdaza `lqib ja f rqzc ff~ ezlh `lcpnbazfrnlcp le lcap
lc `lcrznjqrnlc fcb wfzrn`nwfrnlc nc rda zaifrnlcpdnw# Pl wqrrnco rdazfw~ lc f zlco
rzf`k#
6#: Dazhacaqrn` prfc`a le rda rdapnp
Rda dazhacaqrn` prfc`a le rda rdapnp f`kcliaboap rda `acrzfi nhwlzrfc`a le za`locnpnco
rda zlia le wp~`dlilon`fi hafcncoeqicapp ( fp bnprnc`r ezlh wp~`dlilon`fi `fqpa ( nc
zaifrnlc rl dfr hfncrfncp wp~`dlilon`fi wzljiahp fcb zaifrnlcpdnwp nc `qzzacr `lcratrp#
J~ rdalzarn`fi mqprnen`frnlc) fii prfc`ap fza jainauab rl ja eqcbfhacrfii~ dazhacaqrn`#
Zapwlcbnco rl Ezaqb zavqnzap wzlbq`nco fc firazcfrnua f``lqcr le rda lrdaz# Auacrqfii~
nr lqib nc`iqba zapwlcbnco rl Ezaqb j~ za`lcpnbaznco rdazfw~ fcb wp~`dlilo~ fp
bap`znwrnlcp le `lhwiat ncrazpqjma`rnua atwaznac`ap# Rda wn`rqza le rda lrdaz `fc ja
pqjpqhab qcbaz rda `dfzf`raznpfrnlc `fiiab wazplcfinr~ rdalz~ j~ rdazfw~)
wp~`dlilo~ fcb wp~`dnfrz~#
Rda dazhacaqrn` prfc`a le rda rdapnp `lc`azcp fppazrnco rda wznlznr~ le
ncrazpqjma`rnua Ljma`rnunr~ le rda pacpap le fc~ pwa`nen` `lcp`nlqp ljma`r nrd zapwa`r
rl fc ncrazwzarfrnlc `lc`azcnco rda hacrfi wzl`app lz wzl`appap rdfr fza nculiuab# Rda
oqnbnco atwaznac`ap rdfr Dqppazi fppazrab fza rda nzzabq`njia wdaclhacf le rda lc
lzib) lz p~clc~hlqpi~) rda iajacpairlz inealzib# Rda prfc`a eliilp Dqppazi rl
plha atracr# Jqr feraz @dfwraz > f ca atwifcfrnlc np wzlunbab `lc`azcnco rda
hfcnelib le wazpwa`rnuap rdfr fza wlppnjia elz fc~ pwa`nen` zaeazacr# Bnirda~ fcb
Dqppazi fozaab rdfr hacrfi `zafrnlcp) rda wzlbq`rp fcb hafcp le qcbazprfcbnco)
`lc`azc Oanprfcb rda qirnhfra jf`kozlqcb np dnprlz~# Elz Bnirda~) Oanpr
zaeazp rl rda rlrfinr~ le rda `zafrnlc le rda dqhfc hncb
Fcrdzlwlilonprp zaeaz rl nr fp `qirqza @zafrab j~ hfc nr pqzzlqcbp
dnh fcb ncbaab `lcezlcrp dnh Hncb np rda nbaz `lcratr nrdnc
dn`d fii lqz hafcncoeqi f`rnunrnap dfua rdanz wif`a qcbazprfcbnco
fcb ncrazwzarnco np cauaz f hfrraz le of}nco ncrl fclrdaz wazplcp hncb#
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Nr np ncufznfji~ habnfrab j~ rda ac`lhwfppnco `lcratr dn`d Bnirda~
`fiiab hncb#
Zn`khfc) 6>>?) w 1:#
Rda vqlrfrnlc hafcp rdfr nr np f hnprfka rl ba`lcratrqfinpa rda ncbnunbqfi fcb rl
jainaua rdfr rda hncb) ffzacapp fcb hafcnco fza jlqcbab j~ rda pqzef`a le rda pknc#
Dqppazi zapwlcbab rl Bnirda~ nc dnp lzk ezlh 6>67 fcb `lcpnbazab rda `lcratr le rda
ncbnunbqfi fp fc ncrazpqjma`rnua lca rdzlqodlqr dnp lzk# Ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ np rda jzlfb
razh rdfr zaeazp rl fii elzhp le f``appnjia hafcnco fcb at`dfcoap jaraac walwia#
Inrazfii~) nr hafcp jaraac pqjma`rnunrnap#
Rda pnrqfrnlc np rdfr rdalz~ np zaifrab rl auaz~bf~ wp~`dlilon`fi inea# Nrp fjprzf`r
vqfinrnap rdfr `fcclr ja pwinr ff~ ezlh rdanz `lcratrp nrdlqr acoacbaznco hnp(
qcbazprfcbnco# Ahlrnlcp fcb pr~iap le zaifrnlcpdnw jaraac walwia fza clr hfraznfi
l``qzzac`ap# @lc`awrp fjlqr rdah dfua f oacazfi hfccaz le zaeazacrnfinr~# Rda~ wlncr
rl oacazfi ljpazufjia auacrp fcb pwa`nen` l``qzzac`ap# Nc `lcca`rnlc nrd hfknco
pacpa le f`rqfi ahwfrdn` pacpap) Prazc znrap rdfr rdaza pdlqib ja f p`zqrnc~ le rda
fbavqf`~ le fzoqhacrp `lc`azcnco rda cfrqza le ahwfrd~#
Cl ilcoaz `fc a jainaua fp lerac lz fp afpni~ rdfr lca rdalz~ np znodr
fcb rda lrdazp fza zlco Rda lci~ f~ a `fc ba`nba dn`d rdalz~
np japr) lz dn`d np japr qcbaz dfr `nz`qhprfc`ap) np rl aufiqfra rda
`ldazac`a fcb ncrazcfi `lcpnprac`~ le rda rdalznap# Lca le rda wznhfz~
f~p a bl rdnp np rl rfka f dfzb illk fr rda fbavqf`~ le dfrauaz
fzoqhacrp fza hfzpdfiiab nc efulz le af`d p`dlli le rdlqodr#
Prazc) 6>>2) w 254#
Rda ifpr pacrac`a `lc`azcp rda cfrqza le ncrazwzarfrnlcp le wp~`dlilon`fi zafinr~# Nr
jaop f `lhwfznplc jaraac znufi pacpap le dfr np rdaza(elz(fii# Prazc `nrap Kldqr rl
pdl rdfr f pncoqifz zafinr~) wzlufjia) Ljma`rnua zafinr~) ef`rp fza lqrpnba le rda
wzlunc`a le rdazfw~ $Kldqr) 6>42) w 05.# Rdnp np fozaab j~ rda rdapnp# Jqr rda vqaprnlc
rdac `lc`azcp dl rl f``lqcr elz bnpwfzfra wazpwa`rnuap#
Kldqrp prfrahacr np rfkac rl pqooapr rdfr dfr np nculiuab nc ahwfrd~ np plha
zavqnzahacr rl rdnck fjlqr bneeaznco wazpwa`rnuap lc dfr fwwafzp rl ja
wp~`dlilon`fii~ zafi) lz wp~`dlilon`fii~ rda `fpa# Rdaza fznpap f zavqnzahacr rl baenca
rda wdaclhacf wzlwazi~) rl plzr jaraac fbavqfra fcb ncfbavqfra f``lqcrp fcb ba`nba
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dl rdaza fza hqirnwia wazpwa`rnuap nrdnc wp~`dlpl`nfi zafinr~# Patrlc fcb _dnprlc)
elz ncprfc`a) `lhwifnc rdfr rda baencnrnlc fcb ha`dfcnph le ahwfrd~ paah qc`iafz
nc bauailwhacrfi wp~`dlilo~ $6>>2) w :5.# Rl znrazp) Bqfc fcb Dnii) fipl inpr
ufznlqp baencnrnlcp le ahwfrd~ rdfr rda~ dfua bnprncoqnpdab nc rda rdazfw~ inrazfrqza# Nr
np f wazplcfinr~ rzfnr# Lz oacazfi fjninr~ ### f pnrqfrnlc(pwa`nen` `locnrnua(feea`rnua prfra
f hqirnwdfpab atwaznacrnfi wzl`app fc feea`rnua wdaclhaclc f `locnrnua
`lcprzq`r jlrd `locnrnua fcb feea`rnua ### [lzX anrdaz `locnrnua lz feea`rnua
bawacbnco lc rda pnrqfrnlc) $6>>5) w :5:(0.# Rdazaelza) rdaza np f zlia elz f
wdnilplwdn`fii~(lznacrab ncuaprnofrnlc le dl oqnbnco fcb clzhfrnua `lc`awrp zaifra rl
rda wdaclhacf le hafcnco fcb rda wzapac`a le lrdazp) dac`a rdnp rdapnp# Jqr f
`lhwfznplc le rda hfc~ wazpwa`rnuap lc ahwfrd~) wzlma`rnua nbacrnen`frnlc)
rzfcpeazac`a) `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a fcb qc`lcp`nlqp `lhhqcn`frnlc lqib ja rll
ufoqa elz f lzk le rdnp plzr# Pl pq`d f `lhwfznplc np clr frrahwrab ja`fqpa nr blap
clr f`dnaua rda bapnzab wlncr le baencnco eqcbfhacrfi `lc`azcp#
Rda efniqza le f rdalz~ nii l``qz ne nr `fcclr ncrazzaifra rda wazpwa`rnuap le paie
fcb lrdaz lc rda pfha ljma`r# Rdalz~ nii pq``aab ne nr `fc f``lqcr elz rda
ncrazzaifrnlcpdnw le `lcp`nlqp wazpwa`rnuap) lc rda pfha `qirqzfi ljma`r) f harf(
zawzapacrfrnlcfi rfpk $Fwwacbnt 6#66.# Plha eqzrdaz bnprnc`rnlcp caab rl ja hfba nc
lzbaz rl qcbazprfcb dfr np fr prfka#
6#0 Ezaqbp iaof`~ fp f wzljiah nc frracbnco rl `inacrp
Rdnp rdapnp zacbazp Ezaqbp prfc`a wzljiahfrn` elz f cqhjaz le zafplcp# Ezaqbp
f``lqcr qirnhfrai~ fpwnzap rl ja f cfrqzfi p`nacrnen` wp~`dlilo~ $@dfwraz 67.# F uazpnlc
le cfrqzfi p`nac`a fwwinab rl dqhfc janco# Rdnp dfp jaac clrab j~ f cqhjaz le znrazp
nc`iqbnco Zn`laqz $6>?7. fcb Phnrd# Lca le rda wzljiahp nrd Ezaqbp wp~`dl(
fcfi~pnp np rdfr nr `lceifrap ljpazufjia wdaclhacf nrd rdalz~ `lc`azcnco rda cfrqza le
rda wdaclhacf fcb rdanz `fqpa fcb aeea`r# Ifraz znrazp dfua hfba f cqhjaz le
bneeazacrnfrnlcp jaraac rda hlpr jfpn` wdaclhacf le wp~`dlrdazfw~ fcb
wp~`dlfcfi~pnp# Elz ncprfc`a) frrf`dhacr np rda bneeazacrnfrnlc le f pr~ia le zaifrnco fcb
nrp un`nppnrqbap ( ezlh patqfinr~ fcb patqfi lznacrfrnlc#
Pl hq`d dfp dfwwacab nrdnc wp~`dlfcfi~pnp) wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ fcb rda
rfiknco rdazfwnap pnc`a rda lzk le Ezaqb rdfr lci~ rda hlpr oacazfi le dnp `ifnhp
zahfnc# Ezaqbp lznoncfi prfc`a np lerac f hafpqza j~ dn`d rda `lcrznjqrnlcp le
caqzlp`nac`a) frrf`dhacr zapafz`d fcb lrdaz fzafp le rdalz~ fcb wzf`rn`a fza fbbab rl
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hlbne~ dnp lznoncfi wazpwa`rnua# _dfr np pqza np rdfr rdaza np cl `lcpacpqp lc rdapa
hlbnen`frnlcp fcb `lcrznjqrnlcp ezlh bnpwfzfra fzafp# Auac rzfncaap nrdnc rda pfha
`ifpp hf~ jainaua zfbn`fii~ bneeazacr `lc`awrnlcp le dfr wp~`dlrdazfw~ np fcb dfr nr
acrfnip#
Nc 6>>1) lca wp~`dlb~cfhn` znraz) Phnrd hfba f `iafz prfrahacr le dnp
zafbnco le Ezaqb fcb rda wlpnrnlc le wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdalz~) lc rda prfc`a nr dfp rl
dqhfc cfrqza) dqhfc zaifrnlcpdnwp fcb `lcp`nlqpcapp# Da `lc`iqbab j~ znrnco rdfr nr
fp dnp nhwzappnlc rdfr atnpracrnfi wzf`rnrnlcazp plharnhap eaai rdfr rda ufinbnr~ le
rdanz wdnilplwdn`fi `lc`awrp fcb rdanz wp~`dlrdazfwaqrn` ncrazuacrnlcp fza bnza`ri~
qcbazznrrac j~ rda fqrdlznr~ le rdanz oqnbnco wdnilplwd~) $6>>1) w 614.# Rda pwa`nen`
harfrdalzarn`fi wlpnrnlc da baencab lc jadfie le Ezaqb fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn`p) np rdfr
Ezaqb fp f b~ab(nc(rda(lli wd~pn`finpr ezlh 64>1 qcrni dnp bahnpa nc 6>0>) $w
616.# Rda prfc`a le wd~pn`finph $fipl `fiiab hfraznfi zabq`rnunph. np cfrqzfi p`nacrnen`#
Rdnp rdapnp fozaap nrd rdfr fcfi~pnp# Rda pfha prfc`a fp barfniab nc Phnrdp 6>>2
wfwaz nc rda pfha mlqzcfi) rdaMlqzcfi elz rda Pl`nar~ le Atnpracrnfi Fcfi~pnp#
Phnrd `zabnrp Prazaic~ $6>>7. fp hfknco `iafz rda cfrqzfi p`nacrnen` $hfraznfi
zabq`rnunpr lz wd~pn`finpr. wlpnrnlc# Prazaic~ np pqhhfznpab fp atwzappnco rda cfrqzfi
p`nacrnen` wlpnrnlc rdfr Phnrd `ifnhp np pqnrfjia elz fii rdazfw~# Rda eliilnco prfrahacr
le Prazaic~ np hfba lc jadfie le Ezaqb) wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ fcb cfrqzfi
wp~`dlilon`fi p`nac`a np rda `lzza`r ncrazzaifrnlc jaraac hafcnco fcb zaifrnco fcb
qc`lcp`nlqp(hfraznfi `fqpa=
Rda iauai le wd~pn`fi nhwiahacrfrnlc zaeazp rl rda arfza le
rda cazulqp p~prah) fcb np `lc`azcab nrd rda wd~pn`fi jfpnp le hacrfi
auacrp# Rdnp iauai np rda wzlunc`a le caqzlp`nac`a#
Rda pa`lcb iauai nc Prazaic~p hlbai np rda `lhwqrfrnlcfi iauai#
Rda `lhwqrfrnlcfi iauai zaeazp rl dl rda hncb `fzznap lqr nrp nccaz
lwazfrnlcp# @lhwqrfrnlcfi fcfi~pap fza r~wn`fii~ atwzappab j~
bap`znwrnlcp ncrazf`rnlc jaraac hlbqiap lwazfrnco nc incafz pavqac`a
lz nc f `lhwiat carlzk f `lhwqrfrnlcfi hlbai) fp np Ezaqbp
rlwlozfwd~#
Rda rdnzb iauai nc Prazaic~p rftlclh~ np rda a`lilon`fi iauai#
Rda a`lilon`fi iauai wazrfncp rl rda zaifrnlcpdnw jaraac rda hncb fcb
rda lzib fzlqcb fcb ac`lhwfppap rda wzlwaz eqc`rnlc lz hafcnco le
hacrfi auacrp#
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Phnrd) 6>>2) w 62>#
Rda rdapnp f``awrp Prazaic~p f``lqcr le rda cfrqzfi p`nacrnen` `dfzf`raznpfrnlc rdfr
fwwinap rl Ezaqbp f``lqcr le rda zaifrnlcp jaraac rda jzfnc) qc`lcp`nlqp hacrfi
wzl`appap fcb `lcp`nlqpcapp# Rda fjlua np daib rl ja f``qzfra `lc`azcnco le dfr
Ezaqb jainauab fcb dl `lcrahwlzfz~ wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ `lcprzqap rdapa pfha
zaifrnlcp# Rda rdapnp wzaeazp dazhacaqrn`p) hafcnco fcb rda lrdaz rdfr hqpr ja
mqtrfwlpab nrd fc fwwzfnpfi le rda fwwin`fjninr~ le rda cfrqzfi p`nac`a le dqhfc janco#
Rda cfrqza le cfrqzfi wp~`dlilon`fi p`nac`a fcb nrp encbncop elz rdazfw~ fza bafir nrd
nc Fwwacbnt 2#
Rda rdapnp `lc`azcp nrpaie nrd `dfiiaconco rda cfrqzfi p`nacrnen` wlpnrnlc j~
pwa`nen`fii~ frracbnco rl Ezaqbp wznhfz~ el`qp lc nceazznco rda cfrqza le rzfcpeazac`a
fcb rda qc`lcp`nlqp# Rzfcpeazac`a np rda hpfiinfc`a le `inacrp rl lrdaz walwia fcb
wfzrn`qifzi~ rdanz rdazfwnprp) dazaj~ rda pfha feea`r fp wzlulkab dn`d dfb elz`ab
rda wfrnacr ilco jaelza rl zawqbnfra [fX elzjnbbac npd) $Jzaqaz fcb Ezaqb)
64>1f) w 070.# Elz Ezaqb fcb wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~) rda el`qp np lc bnprncoqnpdnco
rda cfrqza le pq`d hnprfkap# Nr prfzrp nrd rda hafcncoeqi l``qzzac`a nc rda a`lilon`fi
iauai le rda `qirqzfi lzib rdfr fwwafzp elz `lcp`nlqpcapp= rda `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`a le
lrdaz walwia fcb le lcapaie nc zaifrnlc rl rdah#
Jqr rda el`qp elz `lcrahwlzfz~ wp~`dlb~cfhn`p ja`fqpa le Ezaqb) np rda
`lhwqrfrnlcfi iauai) fcb rdfr hafcp rdalznpnco fjlqr `fqpa fcb aeea`r nrdnc f
pqzzlqcbnco ncrazwzarfrnua `lcratr le fcrn`nwfrnco rdfr jnlilon`fi fcb hfraznfi `fqpap
wzablhncfra# Rda `lcp`nlqp hncb `fcclr ja rzqprab rl zauafi fc~rdnco le lzrd
ja`fqpa nr np fc awnwdaclhacfi aeea`r fcb clr rda `fqpfrnua pqjprzfra#
Phnrd razhp rda cfrqzfi p`nac`a prfc`a f harfrdalz~ j~ dn`d da hafcp f
wlpnrnlc nrdnc dn`d nr np wlppnjia rl `zafra d~wlrdapap rdfr fza `fwfjia le Wlwwaznfc
efipnen`frnlc) ja`fqpa pwa`nen` wzabn`rnlcp hnodr pqzunua f wzl`app le ahwnzn`fi raprnco
nrd `inacrp# Phnrd fpkp zdarlzn`fii~ rdfr da lqib ja wiafpab rl dafz le fc~ clc(
rznunfi) efipnenfjia wzabn`rnlcp rdfr `fc ja babq`ab nc f wznc`nwiab efpdnlc ezlh fc~ le
rda lrdaz ncpnodr(lznacrab wp~`dlrdazfwnap) $6>>1) w 615.# Rdnp rdapnp znpap rl rda
`dfiiacoa# Nr wzlunbap firazcfrnua f``lqcrp le dazhacaqrn` prfc`ap fcb f par le zafplcp
elz el`qpnco lc rda zaifrnlc rl `lcp`nlqp pacpap# Rda ahwfrd~ $ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc.
fcb rda hafcncop le f `l(ncracrnlcfi plzr fza nhhabnfrai~ qcbazprllb fp eair(pacpap
fcb rdnp bahfcbp atwifcfrnlc#
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Jqr rda wzleappnlc le rdazfw~ pdlqib bl jarraz rdfc rda cfrqzfi p`nacrnpr lz
`inacrp nc kclnco dl rl ncrazwzar hacrfi wzl`appap# Rda pacpap rdfr rdazfwnprp dfua
le `inacrp fza rda hfraznfi elz lzknco# Dl f``qzfra qcbazprfcbnco le lrdazp `fc ja
bnprncoqnpdab ezlh hnp(qcbazprfcbnco) lz dl zfrnlcfi ljpazufrnlcp `fc ja ofzcazab)
fza rlwn`p elz bnp`qppnlc# Rda wzljiah np rdfr dqhfc jancop cauaz dfua f wazplcfi
atwaznac`a le fc~ lrdaz wazplcp `lcp`nlqpcapp nc rda pfha f~ rdfr rda~ atwaznac`a
rdanz lc# Lca cauaz atwaznac`ap rda rdlqodrp) feea`rp fcb ncracrnlcp le lrdazp ~ar
plharnhap a dfua rda nhwzappnlc rdfr a `fc# _dardaz rdnp rqzcp lqr rl ja f``qzfra
lz clr `fc lci~ ja bnp`azcab ezlh f wlncr nc rda eqrqza) rdfr zaeia`rp lc rda wfpr fcb
zavqnzap eqzrdaz lhhqcn`frnlc#
Ezaqbp ncrazwzarfrnlc le dqhfc cfrqza np luazi~ el`qppab lc rda nccaz
lzkncop le rda ncbnunbqfi hncb# Nr `ifnhp rdfr zaifrnlcpdnwp jaraac rdazfwnprp fcb
`inacrp fza hnpzawzapacrab dac rda~ fza `lcprzqab fp rzfcpeazac`a ezlh `inacrp
aulknco `lqcraz(rzfcpeazac`a acf`rhacrp ezlh rdazfwnprp# Rda wlncr np rdfr `inacrp fza
hnp`lcprzqab dac ncrazwzarab j~ rdalz~ rdfr np) fzoqfji~) ncfbavqfra rl zawzapacr rda
pacpa le lrdazp fcb rda ncrazf`rnua zaifrnlcpdnw nrd rdah# Ezaqb bnb clr atwifnc rda
eair(pacpa le zaifrnco j~ wif`nco nr nc f carlzk le nbafp rdfr fbavqfrai~ zawzapacr
wp~`dlilon`fi inea# Rdfr lqib dfua zavqnzab f `iafz wzaiqba `lc`azcnco dl
`lcp`nlqp fcb qc`lcp`nlqp zaifra rl hafcnco# Rdapa `znrn`nphp fza fzoqab fcb
atwilzab nc barfni#
6#2 Rda zapafz`d vqaprnlc
Rl ja auac hlza wza`npa fjlqr rda cfrqza le rda wzljiah fcb rda fcpaz `zafrab np rl
prfra rdfr rda rdapnp `lc`azcp fbavqfra f``lqcrp le ahwfrd~ fcb ncrazpqjma`rnunr~# Rda
rdapnp lzkp rdzlqod hfknco fc fzoqhacr elz frracrnlc rl ljpazufjia ncrazf`rnlcp
jaraac wazplcp fcb pl `zafrnco atwin`nr hafcp le dl rl ncrazwzar pwaa`d) jadfunlqz
fcb zaifrnlcpdnwp#
Nr np `ifnhab rdfr nc f pnhnifz f~ rl Npff` Carlc fcb rda fwwia) Abhqcb
Dqppazi atwifncab dqhfc cfrqza rdzlqod rda `lc`awrp le `lcp`nlqpcapp fcb nrp elzhp le
ncracrnlcfinr~= Carlc) Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi ahwil~ab ncrazwzarfrnlc nc rda oacazfi pacpa#
_dac rda fwwia eaii lc Carlcp dafb) da nceazzab rdfr plhardnco da `lqib clr paa)
ozfunr~) dfb `fqpab rda fwwia rl efii# Pnhnifzi~) a `fc ljpazua dqhfc jancop fcb nceaz
rdfr rdanz pwaa`d) jadfunlqz fcb ahlrnlcp fza nc plha f~ `fqpabfcb dfp hafcnco j~
rdanz lcp`nlqpcapp#
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Lca inca le ncrazwzarfrnlc np rdzlqod f dazhacaqrn` jainae p~prah $lz `lcratr
`lc`azcnco aunbac`a fcb zafplcnco. rdfr rda pwaa`d fcb wzapac`a le `inacrp np `lcpnbazab#
Dqppazip par le jainaep fza frrahwrp rl qcbazprfcb ncrazpqjma`rnua aeea`rp le fii kncbp nc
rdanz `lcbnrnlcp le wlppnjninr~# Nr np rdnp `lcratr le rdlqodr rdfr np wzaeazzab elz
qcbazprfcbnco ahlrnlc) rdlqodr fcb f`rnlcp nc zaifrnlcpdnwp#
Rda hfifnpa le clr janco fjia rl bnprncoqnpd rda hacrfi wzl`appap le lrdazp
zauafip f zavqnzahacr rl bneeazacrnfra jaraac rda inuab atwaznac`a le qcbazprfcbnco
lrdazp f``qzfrai~ $rdfr hlpr lerac l``qzp. ( fp lwwlpab rl nrp if`k# Rdnp np rda `acrzfi
wzljiah le rda rdapnp rdfr np rf`kiab nc fc ncrzlbq`rlz~ rdalzarn`fi hfccaz# Fc~ if`k le
`ldazac`a) wllz zafplcnco) fc~ pdlnco le rda bneeazac`a jaraac pacpap rdfr `iafzi~
bl clr fwwi~ rl rda wdaclhacf ( lz fc~ lrdaz przfrao~ elz wlncrnco lqr hnprfkap nc
Ezaqbp iaof`~) caabp rl pdl rda `fpa elz ollb nbafp luaz efipa lcap#
Nr np ja~lcb bnpwqra rdfr lcap lc `lcp`nlqpcapp cauaz eqii~ fwwafzp rl paie# Rda
`lcp`nlqpcapp le rda lrdaz cauaz fwwafzp fwfzr ezlh nrp habnfrab l``qzzac`a nc rda inunco
jlb~ le lrdazp# @lcp`nlqpcapp np f habnqh elz rda wzapacrfrnlc le dfr np jainauabrl ja
zafi fcb dfr np wifccab) zahahjazab) npdab) wif~ab nrd) iluab fcb dfrab Rda
hfmlz `ifnh rdfr np qcbaz p`zqrnc~ np rdfr `lcp`nlqpcapp `lc`azcp ahwfrd~# Rdnp dfp
nhwin`frnlcp elz rdazfw~) wp~`dlilo~ fcb rda dqhfc p`nac`ap#
6#1 Rda fcpaz le rda rdapnp
Firdlqod rda Enerd @fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlc np f rzafrnpa nc Dqppazip rzfcp`acbacrfi
frrnrqba) pa`rnlc 4#: fzoqap rdfr nrp encbncop lc ahwfrd~ fcb ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ fza
lzrd~ le `lcpnbazfrnlc nrdnc rda wp~`dlilon`fi inea fp nr l``qzp elz fii wazplcp#
_dfr rda fcfi~pnp le ahwfrd~ nc rda Enerd @fzrapnfc Habnrfrnlc zauafip elz
wp~`dlrdazfw~ np rda fwznlzn `lcpnbazfrnlc le rda zaifrnlc jaraac paie fcb lrdaz
walwia) plharnhap zaeazzab rl fp rda zaifrnlc nrd rda Lrdaz lz rda rdazfwaqrn`
zaifrnlcpdnw# Nr ahwil~p fc ncraiia`rqfii~ mqprnenab hafcp le qcbazprfcbnco rda zaifrnlc
jaraac hafcncoeqi pacpap le paie fcb lrdaz# Rdnp acrfnip encbnco rda ca`appfz~
`lcbnrnlcp elz dl a vqfpn(atwaznac`a rdanz lcp`nlqpcapp fcb wazpwa`rnua#
Wdaclhaclilo~ np f `lhwzadacpnua fcpaz rl Phnrdp zavqapr rl wzlunba
ncelzhfrnlc lc plha le rda bneen`qirnap `lc`azcnco f caab elz pqwwiahacrfz~ rdalznap
lwazfrnco) $6>>2) w 612.# @lcrzfz~ rl Phnrd) nr np fzoqab rdfr Wlwwazp efipnen`frnlcnph
np lci~ fwwzlwznfra rl hfraznfi janco ja`fqpa le rda `lcprfcr cfrqza le rdfr janco fcb
`fqpfi zaifrnlcp nc rdfr zaonlc# Clr rl bnprncoqnpd rda bneeazacr r~wap le `fqpa
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fwwzlwznfra rl dqhfc janco fcb cfrqzfi janco np f hnprfka# Rda cfrqzfi p`nac`a f~ le
ncrazwzarnco rda dqhfc pnrqfrnlc le hafcncoeqicapp fcb ncrazpqjma`rnua zaifrnlcpdnw `fc
cauaz fbbzapp rdapa wdaclhacf fbavqfrai~#
Pwa`nen`fii~) Dqppazip `lqcraz(fzoqhacr np rdfr) nc f rzfcp`acbacrfi una le rda
`lcbnrnlcp elz hafcncoeqicapp) ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc np `dfzf`raznpab fp f qcnuazpfi
hacrfi wzl`app) f elzh le ncracrnlcfinr~ $lz clapnp.) rdfr `lcprnrqrap rda `lcp`nlqp
pacpap le rda lrdaz fcb rdanz wazpwa`rnua ( lc rda pfha `qirqzfi ljma`rp rdfr fwwafz rl
paie# Rfkac rl rda wp~`dlilon`fi blhfnc) rdnp hafcp rdfr Dqppazi fppazrab rdfr rdaza np f
pwa`nen` hacrfi wzl`app) ahwfrd~) rdfr np zapwlcpnjia elz rda inunco atwaznac`a rdfr
walwia dfua le lrdazp fcb rdanz hfcnelib wazpwa`rnuap lc `qirqzfi ljma`rp#
Ezlh rda wazpwa`rnua le Dqppazi) rdaza np ncracrnlcfi nhwin`frnlc le rda r~wa
fppl`nfrnlc j~ wfnznco jaraac wazplcp rdfr `lqib nceiqac`a rda `lcp`nlqpcapp le
`inacrp fcb rdazfwnprp# Eqzrdazhlza) Dqppazip ncracrnlcfi fcfi~pnp le hacrfi wzl`app
`fc ja fwwinab rl hfraznfi rdfr zawzapacrp dqhfc bnprzapp fcb zaifrnco rl lrdaz wazplcp#
Nc rdnp f~) rda qcbazprfcbnco le rda lrdaz np `locnpab janco# Rda iaof`~ le Ezaqbp
hfccaz le nceazznco rda qc`lcp`nlqp le rda lrdaz) fcb rda hfccaz le zaifrnco rl lrdazp)
np za(ncrazwzarab# Fzoqfji~) rfiknco rdazfw~ `fc ja nhwzluab j~ Dqppazip frracrnlc rl
rda wqjin` f``appnjninr~ le rda hfcnelib le hafcnco# Rda `znrnvqa le Ezaqb unf Dqppazi
jzncop lqr rlwn`p rdfr hnodr nhwzlua rda fbavqf`~ le frracbnco rl `inacrp ( fcb pdl
rda fzafp le bneen`qir~ ncdazacr rl pq`d fc fhjnrnlc# Rda ufiqa le rda Enerd @fzrapnfc
Habnrfrnlc np rdfr nr pdlp rdzaa ahwdfpap#
f# F oacqnca el`qp lc rda lrdaz zavqnzap rda ncrazzaifrnlc le rda wazpwa`rnuap le paie fcb
lrdaz lc rda pfha `qirqzfi ljma`r#
j# Pq`d f rdalz~ el`qpap lc `lcp`nlqp `lhhqcn`frnlc#
`# Pq`d fc frracrnlc iafbp rl f harf(zawzapacrfrnlcfi rdalz~ le hncb rdfr lqib ja
`lhwfrnjia nrd qcbazprfcbnco wp~`dlilon`fi inea nc f dazhacaqrn` hfccaz ( fcb
ncrazwzarnco ncrazpqjma`rnua pr~iap daza rl lz hlza wfzrnap `lcrznjqra#
Rda @dfwrazp jail eliil rdzlqod rdapa ahwdfpap#
Dqppazi np qpab fp f hafcp le `lzza`rnco rda ncbnunbqfinprn`) rzfcpeazacrnfi fcb
qc`lcp`nlqp hnp(`lc`awrqfinpfrnlc) `lc`azcnco rda `lcp`nlqp wdaclhacf fppl`nfrab
nrd haarnco lrdaz walwia# Dqppazi ncrazwzarab lrdazp fcb pf rdah fp ahwil~nco
hacrfi wzl`appap nc rdanz zaifrnlc nrd f hafcncoeqi lzib $Nb N) 10) w 6:5,672.#
Elz Dqppazi) rda `lcprnrqrnlc le rda pacpa le rda `lcp`nlqpcapp le fclrdaz
wazplc np rdzlqod rda hacrfi wzl`app le ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc= F habnfrab pacpa le
lrdaz(`lcp`nlqpcapp fcb rdanz zaifrnlc rl `locnpab janco# Rda `lcprnrqrnlc le rda pacpa
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le rda lrdaz) `lc`azcp rda qcnr~ le rda pacpa le paie) rdfr qpap rda `lhhlcfinr~ le rda
dqhfc jlb~ $le rda lrdaz fcb lcapaie. fp ljma`rp elz rda fbbnrnlc le lcap lc qcnr~ rl
rda lrdaz# Dqppazi `fiiab rdnp r~wa le hacrfi wzl`app f wzapacrnfrnlc ja`fqpa nr
ahwil~p f blqjia ljma`r# Cfhai~) rda waz`awrnlc le rda jlb~ le rda lrdaz fp f `qa elz
rda fbbnrnlc le f iafzcab uazpnlc le rda rzfcpwlpab pacpa le lcap lc inunco qcnr~ fcb
`lcp`nlqpcapp# Rda inunco jlb~(pacpa) Ianj nc Oazhfc) np fbbab rl rda unpqfi
waz`awrnlc le rda lrdazp wd~pn`fi jlb~) rdanz Kzwaz) rl oacazfra rda pacpa le rdanz
lrdazcapp luazfii $@dfwraz ?.# Eqcbfhacrfii~) Dqppazi `ifnhab rdfr hacrfi wzl`appap
`zafra rda pacpa rdfr rda lrdaz dqhfc janco np qcbazprfcbfjia fcb nc f hafcncoeqi
pdfzab lzib nrd lcapaie#
Dqppazi pwacr luaz rdnzr~ ~afzp le f wznlzn zapafz`d lc ahwfrd~ fcb
ncrazpqjma`rnunr~# F``lzbnco rl Dqppazi) ahwfrd~ `lcca`rp dqhfcnr~# _a pllc paa rdfr
rda zaifrnlcpdnwp nc rda pwdaza le rda wp~`dn`fi fza rlrfii~ bneeazacr ezlh rdlpa nc rda
wd~pn`fi pwdaza# Rda wp~`dn`fi np bnunbab $rl pwafk harfwdlzn`fii~ fcb clr
harfwd~pn`fii~. ncrl hlcfbp rdfr dfua cl ncblp fcb fza nc `lhhqcn`frnlc lci~
rdzlqod ahwfrd~) $WZP) w 6?>,:4.# Rdnp hafcp rdfr `lcp`nlqp wdaclhacf fza rda
prfzrnco wlncr elz fc~ wdaclhaclilon`fi fwwzlf`d# Nc 6>60 Dqppazi zlra rdfr rda
ncrazpqjma`rnua lzib np rda `lzzaifra le ncrazpqjma`rnua atwaznac`a) n#a#) 9atwaznac`a3
habnfrab j~ ahwfrd~) $Nb N) 616) w 050,06?.# Nc 6>62 rl 6>61) da racbazab rda
zaeia`rnlc rdfr= _dac N wlpnr lrdaz hncbp N wlpnr f`rqfi fwwafzfc`ap rdfr N bl clr
dfua) fcb f pqjma`r le rdapa fwwafzfc`ap dl dfp rdah dnia N fh dfunco lrdaz
fwwafzfc`ap) $Dqf TNNN) Ratr Cl 67) w :>?) `nrab nc Hfzjf`d) :777) w >7.# Nc 6>61
Dqppazi zlra rdfr ahwfrd~ np rda `lhwzadacpnlc le fclrdaz rdfr wzapqwwlpap f
`azrfnc Jlbni~ ncrazpqjma`rnunr~) $Nb NN) 52) w 066,:>?.# Rda oacazfi pacpa le dnp
wazpwa`rnua `fc ja ofncab ezlh zahfzkp inka= _a `lqib clr ja wazplcp elz lrdazp ne
rdaza aza clr luaz fofncpr qp f `lhhlc pqzzlqcbnco lzib# Rda lca np `lcprnrqrab
rloardaz nrd rda lrdaz# Af`d Aol `fc ja`lha f wazplc nc f wazplcfi fppl`nfrnlc lci~
dac) j~ hafcp le `lhwzadacpnlc) f zaifrnlc rl f pqzzlqcbnco lzib np wzlbq`ab)
$Pqww TNU) w 04?,0??) L__ 6>6?) `ifnhp Pleeaz) 6>>6) w 621.#
Rdqp) rda frracrnlc rl rda lrdaz `lc`azcp hqirnwia wzljiahp fcb hqirnwia
fcpazp# Rda hfraznfi nculiuab np at`aabncoi~ `lhwiat fcb clr auaz~rdnco `fc ja
znrrac fjlqr rdapa rlwn`p# F mqbn`nlqp paia`rnlc dfp jaac hfba fcb rda lzk np
przq`rqzab nc f f~ rdfr wqrp jlrd rda `acrzfi wzljiah fcb nrp fcpaz nc f cqhjaz le
zaiaufcr `lcratrp# Fipl) rda rdapnp `fc lci~ f`dnaua nrp fcpazp unf f `nz`qnrlqp zlqra
ja`fqpa rdaza np rda ljprf`ia le `zafrnco fc fbavqfra zafbnco le Dqppazip wdnilplwd~#
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6#5 @lcpavqac`ap le dazhacaqrn` przfraonap fp fc fcpaz
Rda `lcpavqac`a le rdnp lzk np rl `zafra f paie(zaeiatnua rqzc `lc`azcnco dfr fza
f``awrfjia rdalzarn`fi `lc`azcp fcb hfccazp le ncrazwzarnco nc wp~`dlrdazfw~# Nr np
wlpnrab rdfr fc~ rdalz~ fppqhap rdzaa ka~ dazhacaqrn` przfraonap#
6 Nr jainauap nr kclp dl rda hncb lzkp# Rda fcpaz wzleeazab np rdfr `lcp`nlqpcapp
np wfzr le f ifzoaz dlia le `lcrahwlzfz~ ~ar dnprlzn`fii~(nceiqac`ab fcb eqrqza(
lznacrab `qirqzfi inea#
: Nr fppqhap nr kclp dl lca wazplcp hncb zaifrap rl lrdazp hncbp nc oacazfi# Rda
fcpaz np rdfr ahwfrd~ f`dnauap rdnp zaifrnlcpdnw# Rda fcpaz jail np rdfr dfr
fwwafzp np f `locnpab lrdaz rl f `locnpab paie#
0 Nr `fc dfua fc f``lqcr le dl hafcnco atnprp nc zaifrnlc rl hlza rdfc lca wazplc#
Rda fcpaz np rdfr ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ `l(l``qzp nrd fii hafcnco#
Rdapa zaifrnlcp caab rl ja hfba atwin`nr ne clrdnco aipa# Ezlh pq`d f wlpnrnlc nr
ja`lhap wlppnjia rl fppazr f cqhjaz le `znrn`nphp fcb wzlunba fc firazcfrnua#
_dac Ezaqbp `lc`iqpnlcp fza fwwzfnpab ezlh Dqppazip wazpwa`rnua) rda
`lcpavqac`a np rdfr `lcrahwlzfz~ wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdncknco lc rdapa hfrrazp np
`dfiiacoab# Wzf`rn`a) pqwazunpnlc fcb zapafz`d fza fppqhab rl ja japr f`dnauab rdzlqod
dfunco f `iafz rdalzarn`fi hlbai rdfr oqnbap rdapa f`rnunrnap# Elz Ezaqb) rda ljma`r le
dnp cfrqzfi p`nac`a le rda qc`lcp`nlqp np elzauaz ncfbhnppnjia rl `lcp`nlqp $6>77f) w
562.# Rda auacrqfi `lc`iqpnlc np rdfr rl noclza `lcp`nlqp hafcnco) fcb rda `lcp`nlqp
pacpa le rda lrdaz nc wp~`dlilo~ fcb rdazfw~) np rl jarzf~ zfrnlcfi wznc`nwiap rdzlqod
efqir~ `incn`fi zafplcnco#
Rl `fii lcapaie f wp~`dlrdazfwnpr np rl atracb rda wlppnjninr~ le wp~`dlilon`fi
daiw fcb qcbazprfcbnco# Mqpr rda ef`r le leeaznco pappnlcp zfnpap rda wzlhnpa le daiw nc
f clc(pwa`nen` f~# F``lzbncoi~) `lc`awrp pdlqib lzk# Rda~ pdlqib pazua rdanz
eqc`rnlc fcb ncbn`fra plhardnco rdfr `fc ja bnprncoqnpdab# Rdnp rdapnp fnhp rl ja paie(
zaeiatnua nc `lcpnbaznco dl rdaza np f wif`a elz pl`nfi zafinr~ fcb rda lzib nc
rdazfw~p qcbazprfcbnco le nrpaie#
Rda eliilnco ufiqa przq`rqzap rda rdapnp nc zaifrnlc rl rda hfccaz le fcpaznco
nrp vqaprnlc= nr np fppqhab rdfr rda zapafz`d fcb bauailwhacr le rdazfw~ `lc`azcp rda
wlppnjninr~ le ofncnco f hlza f``qzfra qcbazprfcbnco le rda wdaclhacf le rda
rdazfwaqrn` zaifrnlcpdnw# Rda ufiqa rdfr bznuap rda rdapnp np rda dlwa le ofncnco f hlza
f``qzfra wlzrzf~fi le nhwlzrfcr vqfinrfrnua ef`rlzp nc rdazfw~# Rdapa nc`iqba f barfniab
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`lcpnbazfrnlc le rda zliap wif~ab j~ ncrazpqjma`rnua zaifrnlcp fcb hafcncoeqi
hlrnufrnlcp# Qirnhfrai~) nr hf~ ja wlppnjia rl qcbazprfcb rda zaifrnlc jaraac `inacrp
fcb rdazfwnprp fcb `dfcoap nc pq``appeqi rdazfw~#
Rda bnprnc`rnlcp hfba luaz rda catr rl @dfwrazp pdl dl rdaza fza eqzrdaz
qc`iafz ncrazwzarfrnua `lcratrp rdfr Ezaqb pqwwinab rdazaj~ hfknco f cqhjaz le
`lceqpab oqnbaincap elz ncrazwzarnco wp~`dlilon`fi zafinr~ le `inacrp fcb rda
zaifrnlcpdnw nrd rdah# Fc~ eqrqza rdncknco `lc`azcnco qc`lcp`nlqp ncracrnlcfinr~ rl
qc`lcp`nlqp ljma`rp pdlqib wzl`aab nrd `fqrnlc ja`fqpa nr np f bneen`qir zaonlc rl
rdalznpa# Rl el`qp lc ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc) rdfr zaeazp rl `lcp`nlqp atwaznac`ap le
lrdazp) np hlza frrfncfjia#
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Wfzr Lca
Lc rda za`anuab npblh le rzfcpeazac`a
@dfwraz :
Ezaqbp qcbazprfcbnco le rzfcpeazac`a
Fnh= Rdnp @dfwraz ncrzlbq`ap Ezaqbp qcbazprfcbncop le rda wdaclhacf `lc`azcnco
rda lrdaz# Nr hfkap `iafz rda zfcoa le wdaclhacf rdfr `fc ja ncrazwzarab fp rzfcpeazac`a
fcb dl Ezaqb ncrazwzarab dqhfc zaifrnlcp# Nr wlncrp lqr rda hfmlz wzljiah fppl`nfrab
nrd bnprncoqnpdnco rzfcpeazac`a fcb hacrnlcp plha `znrn`nphp le nr j~ wzaunlqp
znrazp# Rzfcpeazac`a np fwwzfnpab fp f r~wa le `lc`awrqfinpfrnlc rdfr hfwp rda razzfnc
le rda ac`lqcraz jaraac `inacrp fcb rdazfwnprp# Rdnp fnh np `lcrncqab nc @dfwrazp 0)
66 fcb 6:# Nr np pdlc dl Ezaqb rqzcab ff~ ezlh `lcpnbazfrnlc le rda `lcp`nlqp
atwaznac`ap le `inacrp ja`fqpa nr np jainauab rl ja pqwazen`nfi# Rdaza fza f hqirnrqba le
uln`ap `lc`azcnco rda ncrazwzarfrnlc le ncrazpqjma`rnunr~ fp rzfcpeazac`a fcb `lqcraz(
rzfcpeazac`a# Ne rdapa uln`ap aza rl ja atwzappab nc rdnp @dfwraz) rdaza lqib ja f
`f`lwdlc~#
Rdnp @dfwraz enzpr baencap rda Ezaqbnfc wn`rqza le rda lrdaz) fcb rda zaifrnlc le
`inacrp rl rdanz rdazfwnpr fp rzfcpeazac`a) rdanz wfpr lrdazp# Nr np fzoqab rdfr rdazfwnprp
fcb `inacrp fza ncrazwzarnco rda wdaclhacf le janco nrd fc~ lrdaz wazplc) rdzlqod
l``qw~nco f dazhacaqrn` ufcrfoa wlncr# Nr np `ifnhab rdfr rda eliilnco lzbncop fza
avqnufiacr# Qirnhfrai~ dfr np janco fzoqab elz np qcbazprfcbnco rzfcpeazac`a fp fc
ncrazwzarfrnua jainae `lc`azcnco rda dfjnrp le ncrazpqjma`rnua pr~ia fcb hfccazp le
wp~`dlilon`fi ncrazwzarfrnlc elz fii wazplcp# Rda catr rl @dfwrazp pdl dl Ezaqb
`lceifrab fcb `lcratrqfinpab dnp bnprnc`rnlcp nc f~p rdfr dncbaz wzf`rn`a zfrdaz rdfc
wazhnrrnco nr rl frracb rl aunbacr lz fzoqfji~ mqprnenab bnprnc`rnlcp# Ja`fqpa Ezaqb
jainauab rdfr dnp ncrazwzarfrnlc le `inacrp wzlunbab `qzfrnua paie(kcliaboa $6>0?b.)
wp~`dl(fcfi~pnp wzlhlrap zfrnlcfi paie(`lcrzli fp f `qza# Rdaza dfua jaac barfniab
`lhwfznplcp le Ezaqb fcb Dqppazi lc rda qc`lcp`nlqp $Hnpdfzf) 6>>7) Paajldh)
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6>>:.# Rda barfnip fza lhnrrab elz zafplcp le pwf`a# Rdaza np f caab rl ja pqza jaelza
qpnco lqz nhhabnfra pacpa le rda `inacr) rda lrdaz le rdazfw~#
:#6 Ncrzlbq`nco rda el`qp lc rzfcpeazac`a
_dfr np janco `dfiiacoab pdlqib ja hfba `iafz# _dfr np ncuaprnofrab np rda pwa`nen`
cfrqza le Ezaqbp wlpnrnlc jainauap rdalz~ hlza rdfc ljpazufjia auacrp $pa`rnlc 67#6.#
Nr auacrqfii~ rzfcpwnzap rdfr nr np f elzh le nbafinph fcb zafinph# Rda nbafinph np lca le
rda qc`lcp`nlqp fcb np ljrfncab j~ bncr le ncrazwzarfrnlc# Nr `ldfjnrp nrd f cfrqzfi
zafinph rdfr wif`ap nrp efnrd nc caqzlilo~) auliqrnlcfz~ wp~`dlilo~) jnlilo~ fcb
wd~pn`p# Pl lc rda lca dfcb) ncraiia`rqfi nceazac`a wzlbq`ap ncraiia`rqfi acb wzlbq`rp#
_dnipr lc rda lrdaz dfcb) rdaza np fif~p rda f`rqfi ncrazf`rnlc) nc dn`d `inacr fcb
rdazfwnpr wfzrn`nwfra# Rda qpa le nceazac`a np `ldazacr fcb bqa rl rda dazhacaqrn`
prfc`a fblwrab# Rda `fpa np hfba elz qcbazprfcbnco rda qc`lcp`nlqp lci~ fp rda
wzlbq`r le nceazac`a# Rda atwaznacrnfi pacpap le lrdaz walwia fznpa f``lzbnco rl
ahwfrd~) rda hacrfi wzl`app le ahwfrdn` wzapacrnfrnlc# _dfr fza fr prfka fza rda
mqprnen`frnlcp elz jainaep `lc`azcnco wp~`dlilon`fi zafinr~#
F``lzbncoi~) rda lzrdlblt hafcp le wzlunbnco rda `qza np rdfr qcbazprfcbnco
rzfcpeazac`a iafbp rl nrp `lcrzli# Ezaqb qpab rda razh rzfcpeazac`a rl hafc f rzfcpeaz
le ahlrnlc lz nhfoa) ezlh f efhni~ enoqza rl rdazfwnprp# Elz za`anuab npblh) rl
pacpap fjlqr lrdaz walwia `fc ja bnprncoqnpdab# Jlrd f rzfcpeazac`a atwaznac`a fcb f
zafi(inea atwaznac`a# Nc fcfi~pnp) fp nc zafi inea) fii zaifrnlcpdnwp dfua f pqjri~ bqfi
cfrqza) $Oqcrznw) 6>?1) w 5?.# Rda vqlrfrnlc np nc fozaahacr nrd Ezaqb jqr blap clr
`lhwzadacb rda `lhwiat wlppnjninrnap le ncrazf`rnlcp) daza rdaza np nceiqac`a jaraac
rl walwia# Wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ firazp fcb hfkap kclc hafcnco fcb hafcnco(
`lcprnrqrnua wzl`appap# Rda wzl`app le `qza lz zaprlzfrnlc rdzlqod paie(kcliaboa
nculiuap rda ncrazf`rnlc le=
$6. _lzknco rdzlqod bnprlzrab waz`awrnlcp le rda fcfi~pr $fcb wfrnacr.
fp lib ljma`rp $rzfcpeazac`a fcb `lqcrazrzfcpeazac`a zapliqrnlc.; $:.
atwaznac`nco rda fcfi~pr $fcb wfrnacr. fp ca lz bneeazacr ljma`rp $zafi
jnifrazfi zaifrnlcpdnw.; $0. ncrazcfin}nco j~ hafcp le ncrzlma`rnlc fcb
nbacrnen`frnlc hafcncoeqi wd~pn`fi fcb wp~`dlilon`fi `dfzf`raznprn`p le
rda fcfi~pr) fp aii fp rda rdazfwaqrn` bnfiloqa) nc`iqbnco hqrqfii~
fzznuab fr ncpnodrp#
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Oiq`kphfc) 6>>0) w 6?>#
Oiq`kphfc wzlunbap fc luazuna le rda oacazfi wzl`appap rdzlqod dn`d
wp~`dlb~cfhn` rdazfw~ np oacazfii~ qcbazprllb rl dfua nrp `qzfrnua aeea`r#
Rda rzafrhacr le Ezaqb jail np rl wq}}ia luaz dnp ahwdfpap# Rda fppapphacr
jail el`qpap lc rda pacpa rdfr ka~ pacrac`ap hfka nrd zapwa`r rl lrdaz ka~ ef`arp le
rdnp lzk# Rda dazhacaqrn` przfrao~ np rl qcbazprfcb dnh fofncpr rda jf`kozlqcb le rda
przlcoapr rdahap nc dnp lc znrnco# Wlppnji~ Ezaqbp hlpr baencnrnua f``lqcr le
rzfcpeazac`a fp Ljpazufrnlcp lcRzfcpeazac`a Ilua) $6>61f.# Dnp jainaep fza zawafrab
nc ia`rqza :? le Rda Ncrzlbq`rlz~ Ia`rqzap $6>65) w 22:.# Jqr ja`fqpa le rda hfc~
rnprp fcb rqzcp nc rda bauailwhacr le Ezaqbp rdlqodr luaz rda ~afzp 64>1 rl 6>04)
rdaza np f wzljiah nc nbacrne~nco dn`d fza rda hlpr pfinacr rdahap# Rda rf`k rfkac np
rl qcbazprfcb wzf`rn`a fcb rda wzapac`a le lrdaz wazplcp# Pl `dfwraz pnt leFc Lqrinca
le Wp~`dl(Fcfi~pnp $6>27f. wzapacrp nrpaie fp f pqnrfji~ hfrqza za`fw le rda hfmlz
wlncrp rdfr da dfb hfba nc lrdaz lzkp# Nc luazuna) rdaza fza enua hfnc wlncrp
`lc`azcnco rzfcpeazac`a#
Enzpr le fii) nr np ca`appfz~ rl qcbazprfcb rdfr Ezaqbp `qza np rl nc`zafpa paie(
qcbazprfcbnco) wfzrn`qifzi~ le rda zlia le rda qc`lcp`nlqp) fcb pl nc`zafpa ezaa nii nc
rda bnza`rnlc le ofncnco ozafraz pfrnpef`rnlcp nc lzk) ilua fcb pat# Bapwnra rda hfc~
`lcprzfncrp lc pq`d# Ezaqbp fnh fp rl wzlunba bnza`rnlc j~ pnernco rdzlqod rda hfpp
le hfraznfi ( rdlqodrp) nbafp) za`liia`rnlcp ( dn`d fza fizafb~ pqjma`r rl rda nceiqac`a
le rda qc`lcp`nlqp) dn`d fza lerac nrp bnza`r baznufrnuap) fcb dn`d rdqp wqr qp nc f
wlpnrnlc rl `lcma`rqza dnp zawzappab qc`lcp`nlqp hfraznfi fcb rl atracb) j~ rda
ncelzhfrnlc a onua dnh) dnp aolp kcliaboa le dnp qc`lcp`nlqp) $6>27f) w 6?2.#
Rdnp fp f zawarnrnlc le f wzaunlqp `lhhnrhacr= Ne rda frrf`dhacr rdzlqod
rzfcpeazac`a dfp ozlc ncrl plhardnco fr fii pazun`afjia) rda rzafrhacr np fjia rl
wzauacr rda wfrnacr ezlh ata`qrnco fc~ le rda hlza nhwlzrfcr zawarnrnua f`rnlcp fcb rl
qrnin}a dnp ncracrnlc rl bl pl nc prfrqcfp`acbn fp hfraznfi elz rda rdazfwaqrn` lzk)
$6>62o) w 610.# Rdnp hafcp wzlunbnco `inacrp nrd fc lzbazab wzl`app le lzknco
rdzlqod rdanz hahlznap) rdlqodrp fcb eaaincop zfrdaz rdfc f`rnco lc rdah nrdlqr
qcbazprfcbnco#
Rda bnfoclpnp np rdfr rda wzapac`a le rda wfpr wazpnprp nc fc qc`lcp`nlqp
nceiqac`a lc fbqirdllb# Ilua fcb dfra ezlh `dnibdllb) lz plha lrdaz ncrazpqjma`rnua
bneen`qir~) ja`lhap oacazfinpab# Ezaqb zlra rdfr dac a `lha cafz rl f wfrdloacn`
`lhwiat) rda wlzrnlc le rdfr `lhwiat dn`d np `fwfjia le rzfcpeazac`a np enzpr wqpdab
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elzfzb ncrl `lcp`nlqpcapp fcb baeacbab nrd ozafrapr ljprncf`~ Rdapa
`nz`qhprfc`ap racb rlfzbp f pnrqfrnlc nc dn`d encfii~ auaz~ `lcein`r dfp rl ja elqodr
lqr nc rda pwdaza le rzfcpeazac`a rda ncracpnr~ fcb wazpnprac`a le rda rzfcpeazac`a fza
fc aeea`r fcb fc atwzappnlc le rda zapnprfc`a) $6>6:j) w 672.# Rda wzloclpnp np rl
wzlunba rda aol rda ezaablh rl `dllpa lca f~ lz rda lrdaz# Rdazfw~ `fcclr wzauacr
rda wlppnjninr~ le hlzjnb zaf`rnlcp rl rdazfwaqrn` frrahwrp# Jqr nr jainauap nr `fc
wzlhlra ezaa nii#
Enua ka~ zawarnrnlcp nc rda Lqrinca fza rfkac fp baencnrnua `dfzf`raznprn`p le
rzfcpeazac`a# Rda lzbncop le rda Lqrinca fza lhnrrab nc wzaeazac`a elz prfrnco rdanz
enzpr hfrqza fwwafzfc`a nc Ezaqbp wzaunlqp znrncop#
6# Lerac wlpnrnua rzfcpeazac`a acpqap nc rdfr rda rdazfwnpr np daib nc f dnod zaofzb jqr
firazcfrnlcp le ilua fcb dfra) lz lrdaz hlza `lhwiat eaaincop fcb jadfunlqzp) hf~ ja
eair j~ `inacrp# Rda wfzr wif~ab j~ zapnprfc`a nc rzfcpeazac`a(ilua np qcvqaprnlcfjia
fcb uaz~ `lcpnbazfjia# Cauazrdaiapp rda zapnprfc`a bnb clr) feraz fii) `zafra rdnp ilua; nr
encbp nr zafb~ rl dfcb) hfkap qpa le nr fcb foozfufrap nrp hfcneaprfrnlcp) $6>61f) w
654.#
:# Ja`fqpa le f racbac`~ rl wzaeaz dfiiq`ncfrlz~ lz nhfoncfz~ pfrnpef`rnlcp rl zafi
lcap) `inacrp hnp(ahwfrdnpa rdazfwnprp nc pnocnen`fcr f~p zaifrab rl rda `fqpa le rdanz
wzljiahp nc `dnibdllb# Rda dfiiq`ncfrlz~ elz`a le rzfcpeazac`a iafbp rl hnpelzrqca#
Rzfcpeazac`a np wzlulkab j~ rda fcfi~rn` pnrqfrnlc; pa`lcbi~) nr np ozafri~ ncracpnenab
j~ rda zapnprfc`a) dn`d blhncfrap rda pnrqfrnlc; fcb rdnzbi~) nr l``qzp dac nr np
if`knco rl f dnod baozaa nc f zaofzb elz zafinr~) $w 654(>.# Ezaqb atwifncab dnhpaie
nrd f harfwdlz le wzncrnco#
af`d ncbnunbqfi dfp f`vqnzab f pwa`nen` hardlb le dnp lc nc dnp
`lcbq`r le dnp azlrn` inea ( rdfr np) nc rda wza`lcbnrnlcp rl efiinco nc ilua
dn`d da if~p blc) nc rda ncprnc`rp da pfrnpenap fcb rda fnhp da parp
dnhpaie nc rda `lqzpa le nr# Rdnp wzlbq`ap dfr hnodr ja bap`znjab fp f
prazalr~wa wifra $lz pauazfi pq`d.) dn`d np `lcprfcri~ zawafrab (
`lcprfcri~ zawzncrab fezapd ( nc rda `lqzpa le rda wazplcp inea) pl efz fp
atrazcfi `nz`qhprfc`ap fcb rda cfrqza le rda ilua(ljma`rp f``appnjia rl
dnh wazhnr) fcb dn`d np `azrfnci~ clr acrnzai~ ncpqp`awrnjia rl `dfcoa
nc rda ef`a le za`acr atwaznac`ap#
6>6:j) w >>(677#
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Nc rda fjlua) Ezaqb `lcca`rab dnp rdlqodrp lc rda `lcprnrqrnua wlaz le patqfinr~ rl
rda wzapac`a le prazalr~wap ezlh ncefc`~ `lc`azcnco dfr np) lz dfr np clr) rda
wza`lcbnrnlcp rl ja nc fc~ zaifrnlcpdnw) nc`iqbnco rda rdazfwaqrn` lca#
Rda wza`npa zaifrnlc le rda injnbncfi nhwqipap rl rzfcpeazac`a np clr `iafz# Jqr
ne rzfcpeazac`a np bznuac j~ rda injnbl) rdac Ezaqb `iafzi~ rdlqodr rdfr entfrnlcp nc rda
eil le patqfinr~ fcb nrp lznacrfrnlc) wif~ab f zlia nc rda bauailwhacr le wp~`dlilon`fi
wzljiahp# F wlzrnlc le rda injnbncfi nhwqipap fza clr bnza`rab rlfzbp zafinr~ jqr
dfua
jaac daib qw nc rda `lqzpa le bauailwhacr; nr dfp jaac kawr ff~
ezlh rda `lcp`nlqp wazplcfinr~ fcb ezlh zafinr~) fcb dfp jaac anrdaz
wzauacrab ezlh eqzrdaz atwfcpnlc at`awr nc wdfcrfp~ lz dfp zahfncab
dlii~ nc rda qc`lcp`nlqp pl nr np qckclc rl rda wazplcfinr~p
`lcp`nlqpcapp# Ne plhalcap caab elz ilua np clr acrnzai~ pfrnpenab j~
zafinr~) da np jlqcb rl fwwzlf`d auaz~ ca wazplc dlh da haarp nrd
injnbncfi fcrn`nwfrlz~ nbafp
w 677#
Ezaqb `lhwiarab rda fjlua zahfzk j~ prfrnco rdfr jlrd rda `lcp`nlqp fcb rda
qc`lcp`nlqp `lcprnrqra zaifrnlcp nrd lrdazp# Da `ilpab rda wfwaz j~ prfrnco rdfr
rzfcpeazac`a wif~p f hfmlz zlia nc ncrazpqjma`rnunr~# Wp~`dl(fcfi~pnp `lc`azcp f
przqooia fjlqr ncraiia`r fcb ncprnc`rqfi inea) jaraac qcbazprfcbnco fcb paaknco rl
f`r) [rdfrX np wif~ab lqr fihlpr at`iqpnuai~ nc rda wdaclhaclc le rzfcpeazac`a rda
un`rlz~ dlpa atwzappnlc np rda wazhfcacr `qza le rda caqzlpnp) $w 674.#
0# Rda `acrzfi rdazfwaqrn` rfpk np rl dfcbia rzfcpeazac`a pknieqii~ j~ wza(ahwrnco hnp(
qcbazprfcbnco j~ `inacrp# Nr np rda fcfi~prp rfpk `lcprfcri~ rl rafz rda wfrnacr lqr le
dnp hacf`nco niiqpnlc fcb rl pdl dnh fofnc fcb fofnc rdfr dfr da rfkap rl ja ca
zafi inea np f zaeia`rnlc le rda wfpr# Fcb iapr da pdlqib efii ncrl f prfra nc dn`d da np
ncf``appnjia rl fii aunbac`a) rda fcfi~pr rfkap `fza rdfr canrdaz rda ilua clz rda dlprninr~
zaf`d fc atrzaha danodr @fzaeqi dfcbinco le rda rzfcpeazac`a np fp f zqia zn`di~
zafzbab) $6>27f) w 6??.# Ezaqb np `iafz nc zavqaprnco rdfr `inacrp ja rqzcab rlfzb
plha aunbac`a pl rdfr rda~ hf~ `lha rl firaz rdanz jainaep fcb dfua rdanz ahwfrdnap
ja`lha iapp niiqplz~# @inacrp pdlqib ja onuac rda lwwlzrqcnr~ rl hfka pacpa le
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rdahpaiuap# _dac rda~ `fcclr bl pl) rdanz bneen`qirnap pdlqib ja ncrazwzarab rl rdah $w
6?4) @dfwraz 0.#
2# Rdazfw~ nc`iqbap bnhncnpdnco nhwzlwaz f`rnlcp fcb zawarnrnlcp le `inacrp fcb
ac`lqzfonco wzlwaz zahahjaznco fcb paie(qcbazprfcbnco# Rzfcpeazac`a pdlp nrpaie nc
rda zaifrnlcpdnw fp f f~ le zahahjaznco) $6>62o) w 617.) lci~ f wna`a le
zawarnrnlc) $w 616.# Ezaqb hfba nr `iafz dfr da fcrab rl f`dnaua#
Elz rda nbafi zahahjaznco le dfr dfp jaac elzolrrac dn`d l``qzp nc
d~wclpnp `lzzapwlcbp rl f prfra nc dn`d zapnprfc`a dfp jaac wqr
`lhwiarai~ lc lca pnba# Ne rda wfrnacr prfzrp dnp rzafrhacr qcbaz rda
fqpwn`ap le f hnib fcb qcwzlclqc`ab wlpnrnua rzfcpeazac`a nr hfkap nr
wlppnjia fr enzpr elz dnh rl qcafzrd dnp hahlznap mqpr fp da lqib qcbaz
d~wclpnp) fcb bqznco rdnp rnha dnp wfrdlilon`fi p~hwrlhp rdahpaiuap
fza vqnap`acr# Jqr ne) fp rda fcfi~pnp wzl`aabp) rda rzfcpeazac`a ja`lhap
dlprnia lz qcbqi~ ncracpa fcb rdazaelza nc caab le zawzappnlc)
zahahjaznco fr lc`a onuap f~ rl f`rnco lqr# Ezlh rdac lcfzbp rda
zapnprfc`ap barazhnca rda pavqac`a le rda hfraznfi dn`d np rl ja
zawafrab#
Lw `nr#
Rda fjlua hfkap f el`qp lc rda wfpr nc rdazfw~ daza wfpr rdlqodrp) eaaincop
fcb clcuazjfi f`rnlcp fza mqboab fp `fqpfrnua le `qzzacr lcap#
1# Rda aprfjinpdhacr le rzfcpeazac`a acfjiap rda `qza le `inacrp# Rda ofncnco le
ncraiia`rqfi fcb ahlrnlcfi ncpnodr elz `inacrp np `qzfrnua ja`fqpa rda rdazfwnprp
rzfcpeazac`a ncrazwzarfrnlcp) dfr fza prfrab fp d~wlrdapap le `fqpa fcb aeea`r) acfjia
rdaza rl ja f `qza nc ahlrnlc) rdlqodr fcb zaifrnlcpdnw#
Rda hfnc ncprzqhacr) dlauaz) elz `qzjnco rda wfrnacrp `lhwqipnlc rl
zawafr fcb elz rqzcnco nr ncrl f hlrnua elz zahahjaznco inap nc rda
dfcbinco le rda rzfcpeazac`a Rda rzfcpeazac`a rdqp `zafrap fc
ncrazhabnfra zaonlc jaraac niicapp fcb zafi inea rdzlqod dn`d rda
rzfcpnrnlc ezlh rda lca rl rda lrdaz np hfba#
w 612#
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Rdapa enua wlncrp ncbn`fra rdfr `inacrp pdlqib ja zaofzbab fp elzhnco zaifrnlcpdnwp nrd
rdazfwnprp nc bnprlzrab f~p# Rda hfccaz le rdnp bnprlzrnlc np pnocnen`fcr fcb nrp
qcbazprfcbnco np f hfmlz rdazfwaqrn` rlli#
Nr dfp rl ja clrab rdfr rzfcpeazac`a np clr lca jadfunlqz) feea`r lz hnprfkac
ncrazpqjma`rnua qcbazprfcbnco# Zfrdaz) nr np fc ncencnra par le atwaznac`ap rdfr `lc`azc
oacazfinpfrnlc) ncfwwzlwznfra atwaznac`a fcb f`rnlc) nrd zapwa`r rl rda `qzzacr
ncrazpqjma`rnua pnrqfrnlc ja`fqpa le rda dnprlznap le `inacrp# Jqr rda dazhacaqrn`
wzljiah nc bnprncoqnpdnco baencnrnua pacpap nc rda qpa le rzfcpeazac`a) nrdnc Ezaqbp
za(lzofcnpfrnlcp fcb bauailwhacrp le rdlqodr) np clr acrnzai~ fjpliuab j~ rda enua
baencnrnua fppazrnlcp prfrab fjlua# _dac f eqii fppapphacr np `lcrahwifrab) rdaza np rda
vqaprnlc le dl rl `lhwfza rzfcpeazac`a) nc nrp `dzlclilon`fi bauailwhacr) nrd
zapwa`r rl `iqprazp le `lc`awrqfi lwwlpnrnlcp fcb rda zarqzc le zawafrnco rdahap# Elz
ncprfc`a) rzfcpeazac`a `lqib ja `lcratrqfinpab nrd zapwa`r rl rda `lhhacrp lc rda
luazifwwnco fcb `l(l``qzznco rdahap le rda a`lclhn`) rlwlozfwdn` fcb b~cfhn`
wazpwa`rnuap rdfr `lhwznpa harfwp~`dlilo~) lz `lcratrqfinpab nrdnc rda harfwd~pn`fi
`lhhnrhacr rl cfrqzfi p`nac`a# Rdaza fza rdzaa eqzrdaz nhwlzrfcr `lcratrp elz
qcbazprfcbnco rzfcpeazac`a $6. le rda bauailwhacrfi $oacarn` lz labnwfi rdalz~.; $:.
rda przq`rqzfi zaelzhqifrnlc plharnhap `fiiab rda pa`lcb rlwlozfwd~) $Rda Aol fcb
rda Nb) 6>:0j.; fcb $0.) rda `ilpa zaifrnlc le rdalz~ fcb wzf`rn`a# Fii rdzaa fza
nhwlzrfcr wazpwa`rnuap nc Ezaqb prqbnap# Rdnp @dfwraz clrap rda enzpr l``qzzac`a le
rzfcpeazac`a $pa`rnlc :#:. fcb nrp hfrqza baencnrnlcp fp fwwafznco nc rda lzkp le 6>62
lcfzbp $fp fjlua.#
Jqr f `znrn`fi rqzc np hfba `lc`azcnco rzfcpeazac`ap ca`appfz~ `dfzf`raznprn`
$pa`rnlc :#2.) iafbnco rl rda nbacrnen`frnlc le wzljiahfrn` fpwa`rp le rda `lc`awr) nrp
hfccaz le zaeazac`a fcb dac`a qc`azrfncr~ `lc`azcnco nrp zlia# Iar qp illk `ilpai~ fr
rda ncdaznrfc`a wfppab blc rl rdlpa dl jainaua nc ncrazwzarnco rzfcpeazac`a#
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:#: Rda enzpr l``qzzac`ap
Rdnp pa`rnlc if~p lqr rda jnzrd fcb bauailwhacr le rda `lc`awr le rzfcpeazac`a# _dfr
rzfcpeazac`a zaeazp rl np clr rda pfha fp ahwfrdnpnco `inacrp) oarrnco f `lcp`nlqp pacpa
le rdah fcb rdanz wazpwa`rnua lc ljma`rp nc rda lzib# Rzfcpeazac`a `lc`azcp f
bneeazacr el`qp# Nr np nceazznco dl `inacrp nc`lzza`ri~ qcbazprfcb rdazfwnprp fcb dl
`inacrp dfua nc`lzza`ri~ oacazfinpab lrdaz walwia luaz rdanz ineapwfc# Nc Ezaqbp afzi~
frrahwrp rl qcbazprfcb rda f~ nc dn`d `inacrp ja`lha frrf`dab rl rdanz rdazfwnprp) da
fzoqab rdfr eaaincop elz wfzacrp fcb efhni~ oar rzfcpeazzab rl rdazfwnprp# Rda dnprlz~ le
rda `lc`awr le rzfcpeazac`a jaoncp nc rda ~afzp 6447 rl 644: dac Ezaqbp pacnlz
`liiafoqa fr rda rnha) Jzaqaz) pf f ~lqco lhfc zaeazzab rl fp Fccf L# Fccf
pqeeazab plha dfiiq`ncfrnlcp nrd eqzrdaz bnppl`nfrnua) wdljn` fcb d~prazn`fi
p~hwrlhp# Jail) nr np fzoqab rdfr fc nhwlzrfcr `lcratr elz qcbazprfcbnco rda
bauailwhacr le rzfcpeazac`a np Fccf fcb Jzaqazp rdazfwaqrn` zaifrnlcpdnw# Rda
qirnhfra jzafkblc le rdnp zaifrnlcpdnw np fipl pnocnen`fcr ja`fqpa) feraz fii) nr fp
hafcr rl ja rdazfwaqrn` elz daz $Aiiacjazoaz) 6>?7) ww 247(245.#
Fccf fp f jznodr) fcb wlracrnfii~ acazoarn` fcb `fwfjia racr~(lca ~afz lib)
dl eair dazpaie rl ja f`qrai~ filca# Pda inuab nrd daz hlrdaz nc f wqznrfcn`fi Manpd
efhni~ rdfr zaprzn`rab daz hljninr~ pl rdfr pda fp hfnci~ dlqpajlqcb# Jzaqaz unpnrab
daz fwwzltnhfrai~ rn`a f aak fr dlha fcb elqcb da `lqib zainaua daz le rda
baiqpnlcfi fcb dfiiq`ncfrlz~ p~hwrlhp j~ d~wclrnpnco daz) rl hfka daz eaai `fih) fcb
zavqaprnco daz rl rfik fjlqr dfr fp jlrdaznco daz# Rdqp) Fccf L `lcrznjqrab rl rda
jnzrd le rda rfiknco `qza#
Dlauaz) Jzaqaz rllk Fccf rl unpnr dnp efhni~ fcb ncrzlbq`ab daz rl dnp lc
bfqodraz fcb oacazfii~ ja`fha luaz `ilpa nrd Fccf) dl jaofc rl zai~ lc dnh f ozafr
bafi# Fp clrab j~ Zlf}ac) Jzaqaz dfb clr dfb pqeen`nacr bnprfc`a rl za`locn}a rda
qcnuazpfi cfrqza le rda qcatwa`rab wdaclhaclc da `lcezlcrab nc rda `fpa le Fccf L
Ezaqb) lc rda lrdaz dfcb) `llii~ waz`anuab rdfr Jzaqaz dfb `lha qw fofncpr
plhardnco rdfr np cauaz fjpacr ( dnp wfrnacrp rzfcpeazac`a lcrl daz wd~pn`nfc) $6>?2)
w ?4.#
_dac Jzaqazp nea ja`fha wzaocfcr fcb da rlib Fccf fjlqr rdnp) Fccf rll
wzl`ifnhab rdfr pda fp wzaocfcr fcb `fzz~nco f `dnib le Jzaqazp# Lc dafznco rdnp)
Jzaqaz d~wclrnpab daz lca encfi rnha fcb nhhabnfrai~ iaer rda pappnlc) iafunco rda
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dfwiapp Fccf rl fka qw fcb encb rdfr Jzaqaz dfb iaer elz f rl aak dlinbf~ nrd dnp
nea fcb rdfr rda rdazfw~ fp luaz#
Ezaqb fipl atwaznac`ab rdnp r~wa le auacr# Da rll dfb dfb f pnhnifz atwaznac`a
rdfr dfb fr enzpr) hfba cl pacpa rl dnh# _dfr dfwwacab jaraac f eahfia `inacr fcb
Ezaqb fp rdfr pda pqbbaci~ eiqco
daz fzhp fzlqcb dnp ca`k nc f rzfcpwlzr le feea`rnlc) fcb da atwifncab
dnp zafplcp elz zaofzbnco pq`d qcrlfzb l``qzzac`ap fp wfzr le rda
rzfcpeazac`a wdaclhacf `dfzf`raznprn` le `azrfnc r~wap le d~praznf# Rdnp
paahp rl dfua dfb f `fihnco aeea`r lc Jzaqaz) dl aunbacri~ dfb rfkac
dnp lc atwaznac`a le rda kncb hlza wazplcfii~ fcb wazdfwp auac
zawzlf`dab dnhpaie elz ncbnp`zarnlc nc rda dfcbinco le dnp wfrnacr#
Mlcap) 6>10) w :17#
Fr enzpr) nr fp plhardnco le f h~praz~ fp rl d~ `inacrp rllk pq`d fc ncrazapr nc Ezaqb
fcb rdfr rdanz ahlrnlcfi frrf`dhacr rl dnh fp) da rdlqodr) at`appnuai~ luaz(wlpnrnua
lz luaz(caofrnua#
Ezlh f `lcrahwlzfz~ wazpwa`rnua) rda wzljiah np `iafz# Jzaqaz ofua Fccf rll
hq`d frracrnlc le f plzr rdfr acfjiab daz rl eaai at`appnuai~ `ilpa rl dnh# Rdac
pqbbaci~) dac rda olnco olr rlqod) Fccf fp bqhwab nrdlqr fc atwifcfrnlc# Ezlh
f `lcrahwlzfz~ wazpwa`rnua) Jzaqaz wzlunbab f r~wa le `fza rdfr fp qcwzleappnlcfi nc
rdfr nr fp rll `ilpa# Da hfba f pa`lcb hnprfka le `incn`fi mqboahacr dac da
razhncfrab rda rdazfw~ nrdlqr fzcnco) nc f hfccaz rdfr fp fc f`qra zama`rnlc
fofncpr rda jf`kozlqcb le rda wzaunlqp luaz(efhninfznr~# @lcpavqacri~ elz Ezaqb)
pnrqfrnlcp daza `inacrp pdlab ncf``qzfra frrf`dhacr rl rdazfwnprp aza jainauab rl ja
aunbac`a le rda wzapac`a le f hacrfi wzl`app rdfr np `fqpfrnua le rda qcplin`nrab ilua)
dfra lz lrdaz ncfwwzlwznfra pacpa le rdazfwnprp# Jzaqaz fcb Ezaqb zafb rdnp wdaclhaclc
nc f pwa`nen` f~# Rdzlqod rdanz frrahwr rl `zafra f cfrqzfi p`nac`a le rda qc`lcp`nlqp)
rda atwifcfrnlc rda~ `fha qw nrd fp rdfr `inacrp bnp`lcca`r rda ilua $lz dfra. rdfr
rda~ hnodr dfua ncuaprab) japar}qco) nc rdanz efrdaz lz hlrdaz) elz ncprfc`a) fcb rdfr
walwia oacazfii~ `fc rzfcpeaz rdfr pacpa rl fclrdaz wazplc# Rdazaelza) Ezaqb rdlqodr
rdapa aza ncprfc`ap rdfr ncbn`frab rda qc`lcp`nlqp `fqpa le f `lcp`nlqp aeea`r#
Nc Ezaqbp afzi~ lzk) rzfcpeazac`a fp fipl qpab rl baenca f d~wlrdapnpab
wzl`app nrdnc lca wazplcp qc`lcp`nlqp) le hluahacrp le wp~`dlilon`fi acazo~#
Fiiaoabi~) f efqir~ `lcca`rnlc np hfba jaraac f bnprzappnco feea`r lz hafcnco) rdfr
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`lhap ezlh `dnibdllb) fcb np hnprfkaci~ fbbab rl rdlpa dl fza lzknco rl
qcbazprfcb `inacrp fcb daiw rdah qcbazprfcb rdahpaiuap# Ezaqb zlra rdfr
rda lznonc le f wfzrn`qifz d~prazn`fi p~hwrlh if~ nc f npd) dn`d pda
dfb dfb hfc~ ~afzp afzinaz fcb dfb fr lc`a zaiaofrab rl rda qc`lcp`nlqp
Feraz N dfb bnp`luazab rda ljprf`ia fcb zahluab nr) rda lzk
wzl`aabab eqzrdaz; fcb il fcb jadlib& rda npd rdfr dfb pl hq`d
eznodracab rda wfrnacr hfba nrp fwwafzfc`a fp rda catr le daz wfrdloacn`
za`liia`rnlcp###
Jzaqaz fcb Ezaqb) 64>1b) w 07:(0#
Rda cfrqza le rdnp `fqpfi `lcca`rnlc lwazfrap ezlh rda plqz`a blhfnc le rda wfpr fcb np
hfncrfncab nc rda qc`lcp`nlqp ( ezlh dac`a nr `lcrznjqrap rl rda rfzoar blhfnc le
wzapacr ncrazpqjma`rnua auacrp# Rdnp `fqpfrnlc le hafcnco) feea`r fcb jadfunlqz
lwazfrap ezlh f plqz`a rdfr `fcclr ja waz`anuab fcb `fc lci~ ja nbacrnenab rdzlqod
janco fzhab nrd `lc`awrp rdfr zaifra `lcp`nlqp wzlbq`rp rl rdanz plqz`a# Nc Prqbnap lc
D~praznf) Ezaqb zlra=
Rdaza paahp rl ja f ca`appnr~ elz jznconco wp~`dn`fi wdaclhacf le
dn`d lca ja`lhap `lcp`nlqp ncrl `fqpfi `lcca`rnlc nrd lrdaz
`lcp`nlqp hfraznfi# Nc `fpap nc dn`d rzqa `fqpfrnlc aufbap `lcp`nlqp
waz`awrnlc lca blap clr dapnrfra rl hfka fclrdaz `lcca`rnlc) dn`d lca
jainauap firdlqod nr np efipa# Nr np `iafz rdfr f pwinr nc rda `lcracr le
`lcp`nlqpcapp hqpr ozafri~ ef`ninrfra rda l``qzzac`a le efipa
`lcca`rnlcp le rdnp kncb#
w 5?) ec 6#
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