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What’s Hot in Child Development?
2nd Children Matter Conference3 April 2009/Mount Royal CollegeCalgary, Alberta
Kyle D. Pruett, M.D.Yale University School of Medicine
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Your neighborhoods Today’s family profile
33% kids with breadwinner dads/stay home moms…40% marriages end in divorce…single mom households up by 300%...60% moms with preschoolers working…63% kids under 5 in care
Media TV, Radio, Print, DVD/VHS, Computers, Video
Games, DVRs, Handhelds… Sesame is about parent/child interactions,
discovery, whole child curriculum & Electric Company is back!
PTA, PBS Roper poll 2006
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More surprises… Moms spend as much time with their kids as 40
yrs ago…how? Dad time in child/house care sharply up (56%)
why this matters so much to child outcomes The 43% work/stay home dilemma for moms Rise of co-parenting So parents are changing; older, more vigilant,
over-worked multi-taskers with fewer kids…more competent? And what’s up with dads?
Russell Sage Foundation 2006
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Evidence that Men Respond to Children
physical response to colicky infant touch and smell recognition spontaneous speech patterns hormones and fatherhood:
- testosterone: drops 33% for 1 mo. at birth
- estrogen: inc. 1 mo. prior/ 3 mos. post birth- prolactin: inc. 20% for 3 wks. post birth
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Evidence that Children Respond to Men
differential response to mother/father at 6 weeks -Yogman
increased clarity of behavioral cues to father
by toddlerhood, use more advanced speech with fathers
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Distinguishing Maternal/Paternal Behaviors
Preference for activation/stimulation vs. soothing
Unpredictable vs. predictable/regulating style Preparation for place in the world vs.
relationships Discipline: ‘real world’ vs. relational Frustration tolerance vs. facilitating Respect vs. gatekeeping
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“Show Your Love”
Sam Kauffmann Boston College, School of Film
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Child Outcomes of Involved ‘Fathering’
Behavioral Reduced contact with juvenile justice Delay in initial sexual activity, reduced teen pregnancy Reduced rate of subsequent divorce Less reliance on aggressive conflict resolutionEducational Higher grade completion and income Math competence in girls Verbal strength in boys and girls (literacy)Emotional Greater problem-solving competence, and stress tolerance Greater empathy, moral sensitivity and reduced gender
stereotyping Pruett, KD Fatherneed (2001)
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Parents/Teachers/Kids: Quality of Relationships (NICHD/Pianta)
Quality means sensitivity, not cognitive stimulation
Children hang around a lot; 5:1 pre-K, 9:1 by third grade
So, quality matters, especially in promoting relationships and cognition – but quality of what?
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How kids learn - really
Canadian/American Academy of Pediatrics: Play is “the thing”!
In USA/NCLB: Play is a “four letter word”
Kind of play? Sociodramatic play: largely child-
directed make-believe that involves roles, objects, events with language, feeling and social interaction
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‘But aren’t academics/skill drills more important for learning than play?’
No credible science for earlier/faster/better The opposite is true, according to Rebecca
Marcon’s Toddlers Meanwhile, 71% teachers see over-testing
vs. 17% parents…cheating on the rise UK backing out after 7 yrs of high-stakes
testing Germany has abandoned ‘kindergarten
reform’
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…who said it?
“Imagination is more important than knowledge itself”
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Albert Einstein
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Academics vs. learning for Life Loss of free time, harried lifestyles
predispose to burnout, not competence -stress, depression, anxiety on rise
So… about those C&AAP guidelines: “True toy” revival, undirected play Balance extracurricular (esp. for other parents’
kids!)* Read together/parallel (Scholastic) Social/emotional enrichment protects the brain * Yale study proves benefits to grades, peer relationships,
confidence -J. Mahoney, SRCD
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Should we worry?
Last two decades, children have lost 8 hours unstructured/spontaneous play/wk
30,000 schools have replaced recess/arts/music with academics (why? -parents and US/NCLB)
C&AAP ‘deeply concerned (2007) about the reduction in time for socio-dramatic play in preschools and kindergartens’ 34% KGs have no recess ‘02, 38% ‘08
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academics vs. play
Which provides more readiness-building opportunities?
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Literacy’s best chance-Marcon, U. of N. Florida
6 yr follow-up of 183 urban pre-K children in 3 different preschool models 1)academic/curriculum driven 2)child-initiated/developmentally driven learning 3)mixed
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Outcome: after third grade - no difference; after fourth…
academic/curriculum driven group had lower
grades than child-initiated/developmental play group
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Kathy Hirsch-Pasek (Temple University)…
Builds on Marcon’s toddlers’, but focus is on overall readiness
Academic preschools vs. developmental/play oriented preschools
And by 4th grade...
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Outcomes…
Zero advantage in math and reading Higher levels of test anxiety Reduced creativity More negatively disposed to school
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…and that academic push? There is a predominantly negative
correlation between skill pushing and academic performance
…and a strong positive correlation between social/emotional play emphasis and academic competence from late elementary grades on
“global warming is to the environment as the erosion of play in childhood is to human imagination/creativity” -Alliance for Childhood
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Media and “educare” 87% parents feel media usage will help kids
succeed in school (Job #1) 83% under 6rs use screen media…61% babies
watch 90 mins…90% 4-6rs watch 125 mins. 1/3 under 6rs TV in bedrm, another 1/3-24/7 83% under 6rs have computer at home, most
with internet (more DVD, video usage) not so fast…
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New era media advantages for quality learning? Parents are big fans (84%) of I.T. teaching,
but there are limits to its usefulness… U. W. study of DVD time and vocabulary
growth For every hour 8-16 month olds watched
‘Baby Einstein’ or ‘Brainy Baby’, they understood 8 fewer words
Reading/ telling stories to same age infants, inc vocabulary by 3 words
Journal of Pediatrics, Zimmerman, Aug 2007
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Tube changes for better/worse
66% say kids imitate positive behaviors, 45% aggressive behaviors, esp. older boys
Age compression, branding of childhood, movie rating slippage
Young brain makes no distinction between real and televised violence
Kaiser Family Foundation Media Family Poll 2006
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Long Scientific Trail Piaget proved that ‘all knowledge
comes from action’; esp. interaction with the physical environment-not flash cards
Vygotsky: play is primary/essential context for cognitive development Child learns from playing others Use of objects in play sets stage for
abstract thinking (banana as phone), reading and writing
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Einstein and What’s Hot…
Not everything that can be studied matters, nor can everything that matters be studied…
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Resources
Zerotothree.org Allianceforchildhood.org canadianCRC.com Developingchild.harvard.edu Mediaed.org