Download - Where Does The Water Come From ?
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Where Does Where Does The Water The Water
Come From ?Come From ?
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Soil ZoneSoil ZoneSand and Gravel Sand and Gravel
AquiferAquifer
Limestone or Limestone or Granite AquiferGranite Aquifer
Sandstone Sandstone AquiferAquifer
Examples of Variation in Groundwater Examples of Variation in Groundwater QualityQuality
Examples of Variation in Groundwater Examples of Variation in Groundwater QualityQuality
Well # 1 Well # 2 Well # 3
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25
20
15
10
5
0
Fre
qu
ency
%
Irrigation Water Alkalinity concentrations Irrigation Water Alkalinity concentrations (ppm CaCO(ppm CaCO33) from Florida) from Florida
<40
40–8
0
80-2
0
120-
160
160-
200
200-
240
240-
280
280-
320
320-
360
360-
400
>40
0
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The Goal Is To The Goal Is To Achieve A Achieve A
Stable Medium Stable Medium pH Over TimepH Over Time
The Goal Is To The Goal Is To Achieve A Achieve A
Stable Medium Stable Medium pH Over TimepH Over Time
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Plant Growth CyclePlant Growth Cycle
Poinsettia Growth Over Time
0
5
10
15
20
0 3 6 9 12 15
Weeks After Potting
Plan
t Dry
Wt (
g) Active GrowthActive GrowthEst
ab
lish
men
tEst
ab
lish
men
t
Matu
reM
atu
re
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pH affects the solubility of fertilizers, pH affects the solubility of fertilizers, and the efficacy of pesticides and and the efficacy of pesticides and growth regulators.growth regulators.
the higher the water pH the less the higher the water pH the less soluble these materials aresoluble these materials are
pH pH pH pH
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pH DriftpH Drift
Alkaline WaterAlkaline Water
pHpH
NHNH44++ fertilizers fertilizers
TimeTime
8.58.58.08.07.57.57.07.06.56.56.06.05.55.55.05.04.54.5
““Optimum” RangeOptimum” Range
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A measure of water’s ability to A measure of water’s ability to neutralize acids – a buffering abilityneutralize acids – a buffering ability
Mostly carbonates and Mostly carbonates and bicarbonates – associated with Ca bicarbonates – associated with Ca and Mg (limestone) and Mg (limestone)
May cause pH to rise in media May cause pH to rise in media over time, especially in small over time, especially in small containerscontainers
AlkalinityAlkalinityAlkalinityAlkalinity
Note: Alkalinity “controls” pHNote: Alkalinity “controls” pHMust know alkalinity to Must know alkalinity to
manage pHmanage pH
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Expressed in ppm, mg/L, meq/LExpressed in ppm, mg/L, meq/L
Expressed as CaCOExpressed as CaCO3 3 or HCOor HCO33--
AlkalinityAlkalinityAlkalinityAlkalinity
Irrigation water should have Irrigation water should have an alkalinity of less than 100ppm; an alkalinity of less than 100ppm; if higher than 150 ppm, if higher than 150 ppm, acidification is neededacidification is needed
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CaMg(COCaMg(CO33))22
Dolomitic Dolomitic
limestonelimestone
CaCa2+2+ + Mg + Mg2+2+ + 2CO + 2CO332-2-
HardnessHardness
AlkalinityAlkalinity
Hardness and Alkalinity Generally Hardness and Alkalinity Generally Go Hand-In-Hand but They Are Go Hand-In-Hand but They Are
NOT One and the SameNOT One and the Same
You Can Use the Water Hardness You Can Use the Water Hardness to Estimate Its Alkalinityto Estimate Its Alkalinity
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Alkalinity TermsAlkalinity TermsAlkalinity TermsAlkalinity Terms
Milliequivalents Milliequivalents alkalinity alkalinity
mg/liter or mg/liter or ppm CaCOppm CaCO33 of alkalinity of alkalinity
11
22
33
44
55
mg/liter or mg/liter or ppm ppm
bicarbonate bicarbonate
5050
100100
150150
200200
250250
6060
122122
183183
244244
305305
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HH22COCO332CO2CO332- 2- + 2H + 2H ++
HH22O + COO + CO22
Substrate Substrate AcidityAcidity
AlkalinityAlkalinity
Both the alkalinity and Both the alkalinity and the acidity are neutralizedthe acidity are neutralized
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Sample ASample A Sample BSample B
pH = 9pH = 9 pH = 7pH = 7
One drop of acid to get pH 6One drop of acid to get pH 6 Ten drops of acid to get pH 6Ten drops of acid to get pH 6
The Effect of Water Alkalinity on Media The Effect of Water Alkalinity on Media pH and Acid RequirementpH and Acid Requirement
The Effect of Water Alkalinity on Media The Effect of Water Alkalinity on Media pH and Acid RequirementpH and Acid Requirement
Little or no effect on the Little or no effect on the growing medium pHgrowing medium pH
Increases growing medium Increases growing medium pHpH
Alk = 50 Alk = 50 ppmppm Alk = 300 Alk = 300 ppmppm
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Action Steps To Correct High AlkalinityAction Steps To Correct High AlkalinityAction Steps To Correct High AlkalinityAction Steps To Correct High Alkalinity
reverse osmosis
acid injection
acid fertilizer and/or
none
less lime
Alkalinity Alkalinity (ppm) (ppm)
bicarbonatebicarbonate
480480
180180
120120
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SalinitySalinitySalinity is measured by Salinity is measured by
Electro-conductivity Electro-conductivity
SalinitySalinitySalinity is measured by Salinity is measured by
Electro-conductivity Electro-conductivity
Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) – all salts Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) – all salts present in the water (1 mMho/cm=640 ppm)present in the water (1 mMho/cm=640 ppm) less than 0.75 less than 0.75 mMhomMho /cm for plugs /cm for plugs less than 1.0 less than 1.0 mMhomMho /cm for other /cm for other
greenhouse cropsgreenhouse crops less than 2.0 less than 2.0 mMhomMho /cm for other nursery /cm for other nursery
cropscrops
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Testing The Testing The Soil Solution !Soil Solution !
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Simple technique for Simple technique for measuring pH and ECmeasuring pH and EC
Charts for recording pH & ECCharts for recording pH & EC
Guidelines for cropsGuidelines for crops
Procedures to keep on trackProcedures to keep on track
Pour Thru Pour Thru MethodMethod
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6 or 8-inch saucers are adequate for 6 or 8-inch saucers are adequate for collecting the leachatecollecting the leachate
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Distilled Water Distilled Water VolumesVolumes
4 inch4 inch5 inch5 inch6 inch6 inch6.5 inch6.5 inch1 Qt1 Qt4 Qt4 Qt12 Qt12 Qt
757575757575
1001007575
150150350350
2.52.52.52.52.52.53.53.52.52.55.05.0
12.012.0
Pot SizePot Size mlml ozoz
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Flats: Use 50 ml Distilled Flats: Use 50 ml Distilled WaterWater
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EC EC ComparisonsComparisons
0 to 0.30 to 0.3
0.3 to 0.80.3 to 0.8
0.8 to 1.30.8 to 1.3
1.3 to 1.81.3 to 1.8
1.8 to 2.31.8 to 2.3
> 2.3> 2.3
1:21:2 SMESME PourThruPourThruIndicationIndication
0 to 0.80 to 0.8
0.8 to 2.00.8 to 2.0
2.0 to 3.52.0 to 3.5
3.5 to 5.03.5 to 5.0
5.0 to 6.05.0 to 6.0
> 6.0> 6.0
0 to 1.00 to 1.0
1.0 to 2.61.0 to 2.6
2.6 to 4.62.6 to 4.6
4.6 to 6.54.6 to 6.5
6.6 to 7.86.6 to 7.8
> 7.8> 7.8
Very LowVery Low
LowLow
NormalNormal
HighHigh
Very HighVery High
ExtremeExtreme
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Initial Initial ECEC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3
Irrigations
DaysHours
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Crop pH RangesCrop pH RangesFigure 2. Suggested substrate pH ranges for specific greenhouse crops grown in soilless substrate.
Species
pH Range4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0
Easter Lily
CelosiaDianthusGeraniumMarigold, African
Hydrangea (Pink)
General CropsPansyPetuniaSalviaSnapdragonVincaHydrangea (Blue)
Azalea
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0
M&M KeyManagement Decision Range(take corrective steps so the pH moves back into theacceptable range)
Target Range
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4.2
4.4
8.0
7.6
7.2
6.8
6.4
6.0
5.6
5.2
4.8
Week
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Crop _____________________________ Target pH Range _______
Starting Date (week 0) ________ Upper pH Decision Range_____
Ending Date ___________ Lower pH Decision Range_____
4.6
5.8
5.0
5.4
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
4.0
pH
Geraniums (6” pinched)
1/28
5/01
6.0 to 6.6
6.6 to 6.8
5.8 to 6.0