Download - Who ’ s Fooling Whom? The Real Drivers Behind the 2010/11 Food Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Who’s Fooling Whom?The Real Drivers Behind the 2010/11 Food Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Meghan SappSecretary General
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Food vs. Fuel?Food price spikes—2008/09, 2009/10,
2010/11Crop failures, low global cereals stocks,
increased demand for feed, increased demand for meat
Maize riotsEU REDUS RFS
Biofuels to blame?75%?!
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The Biofuels Blame Game
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Lots of questions, even more assumptions, but few answers.
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The study269 price series of six staple crops
cassavamaizemilletricesorghumand wheat
20 African food marketsWhat’s the impact on African food prices during
the spikes?
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Where’s the price transmission?Consumed locally:
SorghumMaize CassavaMillet
Imports:Wheat—EU, Australia, US, Canada,
ArgentinaRice—Thailand
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Results
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So how do you blame biofuels for food insecurity in Africa?
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Causes of food insecurityUnderinvestment in agricultureLack of market accessLack of storagePostharvest lossesEU/US agricultural subsidiesRising oil pricesLack of energy access
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What food insecurity looks like
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Under-investment in agriculture
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Under-investment in agriculture
“A 1% gain in GDP originating from agriculture will generate a 6% increase in overall expenditure of the poorest 10% of the population; in contrast a 1% gain in GDP originating from non-agricultural sectors creates zero growth” (Conway and Wilson. 2013).
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Proportion of income spent on food
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Lack of storageWithout storage:
Surpluses spoil and go to wasteInability to hold supplies back from
market until prices are higherMarkets flood in times of surplus, no
ability to store stock during times of poor crops
With storage:Communities better able to manage
stocks Farmers get better pricesCrops retain nutrition levels
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Postharvest lossesFAO defines “postharvest losses” as a
measurable quantitative and qualitative loss in a given product. These losses can happen in any of the post-harvest phases, which are identified as harvest, handling, threshing, drying, storage, packaging and transport.
OECD countries: losses occur largely at the consumption stage
Africa: most losses are due to poor processing, handling and storage. FAO estimates postharvest grain losses in SSA reach about US$4 billion a year.
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Postharvest lossesFAO study: Global food losses and wastefor cereals: roughly 25% for root crops and fruits and vegetables: roughly 30% for oilseeds: 40-50%for meat and dairy: 20% fish losses: 30%
Leads to:Low farmer incomeHigher food prices by removing food from supply
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EU and US agricultural subsidies
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EU and US agricultural subsidies
Direct farmer subsidies and crop supportsSubsidised insuranceDumpingNon-tariff trade barriers
Leads to:Between US$50 billion and US$64 billion
in lost agricultural earnings per yearLower small farmer income by 10%-15%Decline in sugar exports to 54% from 71%
during 1980-2000
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Rising oil prices
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Lack of energy access
Source: FAO
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Finding solutions
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Finding solutions
EducationOwnership and financeAgro-Ecological ZoningReducing postharvest lossesIntegrated food and energy systems
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EducationKnowledge feedback loop
AgricultureIncreased yieldsHigher returnsMore income to spend on education and health
Health and sanitationHealthy people make better farmersKnowledge reduces disease transmissionHealth directly impacts agricultural yields
Educated women have better access to financial decision makingWomen typically responsible for food; men
typically responsible for cash crops
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Ownership and finance
Linked to educationMicro-financeMicro-insuranceLand tenureImproved roles for women
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Agro-Ecological Zoning
• Brazil• Sugarcane and oil palm
• Mozambique• 1:1.000.000• 1:250.000
• Senegal• FGV• Not yet implemented
• Opportunities to improve land tenure, increase investor confidence, reduce food insecurity risks
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Reducing postharvest losses
World Bank:Better management along the PH chainPest and storage managementInstitutional arrangement for better marketingSupport for technological improvements and adoption of better practices
Introduction of technologies to reduce PHLStorageProcessingPowered by bioenergy from crop waste
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Integrated food and energy systems
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Thank you for your attention.
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