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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 1: Science of Psychology
Essential Task 1-4: Differentiate types of Research with regard to purpose, strengths and weaknesses-Descriptive Research: Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation and Surveys-Correlational Research-Experimental Research
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We are here
The Science of Psychology
Approaches to Psych
Growth of Psych
Research Methods Statistics
Descriptive Correlation Experiment
Case Study
Survey
Naturalistic Observation
Descriptive Inferential
Ethics
Sampling
Central Tendency Variance
Careers
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Essential Task 1-4:
• Hypothesis vs. Theory• Types of Research
– Descriptive• Purpose• Strengths and Weaknesses• 1. Case Studies• 2. Surveys• 3. Naturalistic Observation
– Correlational• Purpose• Strengths and Weaknesses
– Experimental• Purpose• Strengths and Weaknesses
Outline
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Hypothesis is a testable prediction that lets us accept,
reject or revise a theory.
If families do not stress gender differences then there will be
fewer sex differences in siblings.
Hypothesis
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Theory is an EXPLANATION based on evidence that PREDICTS behaviors or events.A Theory must:1. Fit the known facts2. Predict new discoveries3. Be falsifiable4. be simple. The simpler the better – Occam’s Razor
Theory
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Start with observations
• Observe and describe the world with descriptive research
• Form a hypothesis from your observations
• Test your hypothesis.• Re-test your hypothesis• Then test it gain.• If it holds up you have a theory
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1. Observe the physiological reactions to fear
1. Pupils dilate
2. Flushing
3. Breathing increases
4. Heart beat increases
5. Sphincters release
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1. Form Hypothesis from your observations
If humans have a physiological reaction to a stimulus, they will experience an emotion. (James-Lange Theory of Emotion)
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Descriptive Research
• Purpose – To describe what is in reality• Strengths
– Certain descriptive research methods can be quick– You can generalize (apply to more than just those from
which you sampled) your findings with some descriptive research methods
• Weaknesses– Can’t help you predict – Can’t give you cause and effect– Each descriptive research method has their own
weaknesses as well
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3 Types of Descriptive Research
1. Naturalistic Observation2. Survey3. Case Studies
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Correlational Research
• Purpose – to show relationship between two variables. •Strength – If you know how they are related you can predict outcomes.•Weakness – Correlation is not causation.
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Experimental Research
• Purpose – to establish cause and effect relationships between variables.
• Strength – You find out if one variable (IV) causes a change in another variable (DV)
• Weakness – Confounding variables, experimenter bias, etc.
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