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Why here?
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Kingdom of Axum [300-700]
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Berbers
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Gold-Salt Trade
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Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
Ghana Empire [4c-11c]
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Salt
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Mali Empire [13c-15c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Why here?
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Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”
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Marketplace near the Niger River
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Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
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Benin Empire [15c-19c]
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Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)
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Benin Bronze Leopard
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BantuMigration
s:
1000 BCE
To
500 CE
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Islamic
Invasions
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African Trade [15c-17c]
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IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRawMaterials
Source forRawMaterials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropeanNationalism
MissionaryActivityMissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization
EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.OpportunitiesSoc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasonsHumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacismEuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’sBurden”
“WhiteMan’sBurden”
SocialDarwinismSocialDarwinism
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European Explorers in Africa
19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
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The “White Man’s Burden”?
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Dealing with animism
http://www.gosocialstudiesgo.com/african-animism#!__african-animism
belief that nature has soul: the belief that things in nature, e.g. trees, mountains, and the sky, have souls or consciousness
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King Leopold II: The Belgian Congo (r. 1865 – 1909)
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Harvesting Rubber
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5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
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Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo
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Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Another point of view?
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Africa
1890
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Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
How to control the colonies? Used rival tribe to help control regions
Separate traditional tribes and cultures
Lock economies into “one commodity” systems i.e.. cash crops and raw materials
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Africa
in
1914