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Andrew Lihhttp://andrewlih.comTwitter: Fuzheado Email: [email protected]
Video Co-‐creation in Collaborative Online Communities
Wikisym 2013August 5, 2013
Associate professorAmerican UniversitySchool of Communication
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Wikipedia and Video statusVideo patternsExperiments
Guidelines,Wikipedia portalIdeas
by bored-now@flickr, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution NC License
Overview
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Andrew [email protected]
Twitter: Fuzheado
article view sourcediscussion history
HOW A BUNCH OF NOBODIES CREATED THE WORLD’S
GREATEST ENCYCLOPEDIA“Imagine a world in which every single person
on the planet is given free access to the sum of
all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.”
—Jimmy Wales
With more than 2,000,000 individual articles on
everything from Aa! (a Japanese pop group) to
Zzyzx, California, written by an army of volunteer
contributors, Wikipedia is the #8 site on the World
Wide Web. Created (and corrected) by anyone with
access to a computer, this impressive assemblage
of knowledge is growing at an astonishing rate of
more than 30,000,000 words a month. Now for the
first time, a Wikipedia insider tells the story of how
it all happened—from the first glimmer of an idea to
the global phenomenon it’s become.
Andrew Lih has been an administrator (a trusted
user who is granted access to technical features)
at Wikipedia for more than four years, as well as a
regular host of the weekly Wikipedia podcast. In The
Wikipedia Revolution, he details the site’s inception
in 2001, its evolution, and its remarkable growth,
while also explaining its larger cultural repercussions.
Wikipedia is not just a website; it’s a global commu-
nity of contributors who have banded together out of
a shared passion for making knowledge free.
Featuring a Foreword by Wikipedia founder Jimmy
Wales and an Afterword that is itself a Wikipedia
creation.
U.S. $24.99
ANDREW LIH was an academic in new media and
journalism for ten years, at Columbia University
and Hong Kong University. He has been a com-
mentator on new media, technology, and journal-
ism issues on CNN, MSNBC, and NPR. Lih is
based in Beijing.
Become a part of The Wikipedia Revolution yourself,
and try your hand at editing the last chapter at: http://
www.wikipediarevolution.com/wiki/Main_Page
Jacket design by Ervin Serrano
Jacket photographs: globe by Frank Whitney/Jupiterimages;
puzzle by Shutterstock
Author photograph by Mei Fong
3/09
Prin
ted
in U
SA ©
200
9 H
yper
ion
Wikipedia RevolutionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the book. For the different, similar terms related to Wikipedia, see
Wikipedia (terminology).
For Wikipedia’s non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see Wikipedia:About.
Wikipedia Revolution (pronunciation ) is the story of the free,[1] multilingual ency-
clopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. The website’s name
is a portmanteau of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites) and
encyclopedia. Wikipedia’s 10 million articles have been written collaboratively by volun-
teers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone who can
access the Wikipedia website.[2] Launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger,[3] it
is currently the largest and most popular[1] general reference work on the Internet.[4][5][6]
The Wikipedia Revolution traces Wikipedia’s phenomenal success back to its roots, and
profiles the people who have contributed to its stated mission of giving every single person
free access to the sum of all human knowledge.
THE WIKIPEDIA REVOLUTION
ANDREW LIH
How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the W
orld’s Greatest Encyclopedia
ISBN: 978-1-4013-0371-6
ANDREW L IH
From the Introduction to The Wikipedia Revolution by Wikipedia founder, Jimmy Wales
By now, it’s hard not to use the Internet without experiencing Wikipedia in
searches and surfing. It has become an incredibly useful Internet resource in
many languages. Yet when you use Wikipedia, you may not understand the
philosophy behind it.
This book tells the story of how Wikipedia began and evolved from a traditional
encyclopedia into the intricate global community that it is today.
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What I do
• Weekly roundtable on PBS MediaShift podcast
• Technology features for KCET in Los Angeles
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Video @ Wikimania
• Multimedia roundtable - Wednesday, 10 am. Fabrice Florin, WMF[[Submissions/Multimedia_Roundtable]]
• Towards a more visual encyclopedia - Saturday, 1130am. Andrew Lih
• Wiki TV - Sunday, 200pm. Manuel Schneider
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CHM• Computer History Museum curation
advising - Wikipedia exhibit 2014
• Edit this Museum Exhibit @ Wikimania - Friday, 4pm.
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Wikipedia video status
Potential for great video storytellingHow many videos in Wikipedia
articles?
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Wikipedia video status
Of 4.x million articles, around 4,000Only 0.1%
Only 0.03% of high quality
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Wikipedia video status
Articles on [[soccer]] and [[dance]] -‐ NO VIDEO
Britannica and Encarta are/were better in these areas
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Ward CunninghamThis file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License
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Citizen GlobalVideo co-‐creation using mobile app
“Footage call” to the crowdLow quality submissions
Low visual literacy
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Citizen Global
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Reading/writing text
Reading Writing
Easy
Hard
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Video creation
Watch video Produce video
Easy
Hard
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Video experimentsMTV UNfiltered (1993-‐1998)Teens and Hi-‐8 camcordersVery low signal/noise ratio
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Common mistakes
• “Uncle Murray” video
• Nauseating kids party style; painting the walls
• Bad framing
• Poor pans, zooms, tilts that fail to halt
• Badly lit scenes, backlight
• Too many wide shots, no closeups
• Not walking out of frame (Let my people go!)
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Desirable habits
• Hold a shot, treat it like a still camera
• Linger: create > 10 second long clips
• Panning: start steady, end steady
• Hands off the zoom
• Have sequences and alternatives in mind
• Meaningful, useful B-roll
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JournalismCommon problem: teaching video
storytelling
Solution: BBC 5 shot methodWall Street Journal, NY Times
That’s a pattern!
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SolutionWikis started out to share programming patterns
How about video patterns?Provide templates/direction for
content creators
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News Language
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Video GrammarThe Daily Show
TV TropesCommunity (TV show)
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Video GrammarInterview
B-‐roll -‐ secondary footageCutaway
Line of actionRule of thirds
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BBC 5 Shot methodPattern pioneered by Michael
Rosenblum, NYT Television, NY1, BBC, CurrentTV
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Five Shot methodCloseup on handsCloseup on face
Wide shotOver the shoulderUnusual/side shot
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25
Example: Venice Pier Gets its Fill
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Closeup of the hands
Closeup of the face
Wide shot
Over the shoulder
Unusual/alternative
WHAT!is!being!done?!Mystery!is!good:!half!the!frame!should!be!hands
WHO!is!doing!it?!Show*TWO*EYES,*not*a*profile*shot
WHERE!is!it!being!done?!Respect*the*LINE*OF*ACTION
HOW!is!it!done?!Combine*into*POVClike*shot
WHAT*ELSE!should!viewer!know?
1
2
3
4
5
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Five Shot basicsStart with best shot
Get audience to ask questions
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Why it worksEngages audience
Lighten cognitive load with good continuity
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Why it worksSequence always cuts together
Usable B-‐roll all the timeMystery closeups draw viewers in
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MethodCompels shooters to get closeProvides known game plan
Frees brain for story decisionsWeb video demands closeups
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Wikipedia video statusHow do we use this to get more video
in Wikipedia?
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Wiki Makes VideoSpring video contest
(Renamed from Lights Camera Wiki)Challenge for low-‐hanging fruit topicsTrain Wikimedians on video literacy/
shooting
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Tiers of Video(Chet Rhodes, WaPost)
Tier 1 -‐ one-‐take, raw videoTier 2 -‐ light productionTier 3 -‐ heavy production
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Tier 1Serbian dessert
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Tier 2Berlin Wall
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Tier 2Chris Burden
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Tier 3Tie Dye
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Tier 3Airstream
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Tier 3Spring roll
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Tier 3Internet Archive, Brewster Kahle
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Patterns
FoodFinished dishIngredients
PrepCookingFinal dish
Static objectsCloseupWide shotDetail
Interesting/unusualFinale
HumanHandsFaceWideOTS
Unusual
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Wiki Makes Video participationClip -‐ existing archivesShoot -‐ original content
Suggest -‐ recommendations
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ChallengesVideo standards...
Open source standards WebM and Ogg Theora not widely used
No collaborative editingStorage of intermediate work?
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Video StandardsPatent encumbered/proprietary
Open source/open standard
Codec/container AVCHD, MPEG-‐2, MPEG-‐4, Xvid, AVI, MOV
Ogg Theora, WebM (VP6) -‐ Google
Embedding Flash HTML5
Availability Out-‐of-‐the-‐box commercial support (Apple, Microsoft, Samsung, Sony, Panasonic, et al)
Limited codec support (iOS especially), plugins needed. Chrome built-‐in
Ubiquity Widespread, both professionals and amateurs
Limited, mostly open source communities
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Articles UpgradedSandbag
Contact lensAfrican penguin
LonganSpace shuttleAirstream
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Wiki Makes VideoDefine sample video patternsIdentify topic areas for video
Train novices on shooting/editingTutorial on uploading/embedding
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Video PatternsFive shot pattern (BBC)
Food pattern (ingredients, prep, product)
Monuments pattern
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Prime topicsArt/dance/sport -‐ bodies in motion
Food -‐ cross-‐culturalMonuments/architecture -‐ WLM
Wildcard
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IssuesBest way to get high participation?Best way to describe patterns?
Over-‐instruction is a riskBest way to track progress, tag?
Best way to judge?
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IssuesVideo still a “singleton” effort
Wikimedia Foundation had a video initiative (circa 2009)
Partnered with Kaltura for web-‐based collaborative editing: effort stalled
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IssuesLegal problem: freedom of panorama, right of publicity
Probably should do model release forms for all human subjects
Public art copyright confusion (ownership, display, et al)
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Future workNational Geographic 2.0
Generic XML-‐based “storyboard” language for patterns
Mobile appCollaborative editing, storing
intermediate workPartners?
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Future workApps and software-‐assisted
workflows
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Examples for Citizen JournalismCNN iReportRawporterVideolicious
Wikinews/Wikipedia
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Examples for video appsVine
Instagram videoViddy
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Case: VideoliciousRequesting user-‐generated videos
for lifestyle brandsUnfortunately, text-‐heavy
descriptions
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58
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59
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60
#FAILToo much text instructionWouldn’t a visual system be desirable?
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Case: RawporterCrowdsourced videojournalism
#FAILUnclear on what styles of video footage desired by news organizations.Clip-‐based, not story-‐based.
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MaterialsField checklistshttp://andrewlih.com/blog
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ChallengeChecklist-‐based, two-‐handed operation
can be cumbersome
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Evolution
Paper book
Text/Photo
Audio/Video
Media capture, analysis, transmission
•
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eucharius_R%C3%B6%C3%9Flin_Rosgarten_Titel.jpg
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Evolution
Paper book E-‐textbook
Text/Photo
Audio/Video
Media capture, analysis, transmission
• •
•
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eucharius_R%C3%B6%C3%9Flin_Rosgarten_Titel.jpg
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Evolution
Paper book E-‐textbook E-‐workbook
Text/Photo
Audio/Video
Media capture, analysis, transmission
• • •
• •
•
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eucharius_R%C3%B6%C3%9Flin_Rosgarten_Titel.jpg
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Instead of paper instruction...Build the 5 shot method into device
iPad screen ridiculously big, sotake advantage of its UI space
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Prototype interfacesShot list, instruction and camera
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Prototype interfacesAnalysis, checklist, camera location
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Prototype interfacesStoryboard of shots neededProvide instruction/analysis
54321
Hands Face OTSWide Unusual
Closeup on faceWHO is doing it? • Frame with rule of thirds • Give “talk space” in front of eyes/nose. • Can cut off top of head, but not the chin. • SHOW TWO EYES!
2
FRAMING
EYES
NOSEROOM
e-workbook
REC
Analyze
Module: BBC 5 Shot
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Interested PartiesVericorder
iPhone hardware/software
Five shot materials used in video training at:
Notre Dame University, West Virginia University, WTOP in Washington DC
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Android?Investigating Open Data Kit
(Apache license)
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