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WiMAX Enabling a world of broadband wireless opportunities
Ing. Armando RegusciMVD Telcom 2006
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Agenda
Introduction
Wimax – Key Technologies
802.16e Performance & Apps
WiMAX Standardization Overview
Conclusions
Market Drivers
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WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
-Wireless Broadband Access
- IP/Ethernet based
- Point-to-Multipoint Microwave : up to 15km
- Non Line of Sight
- Cellular coverage design
- Standard-based : IEEE 802.16
- Cost-effective
- Supported by more than 380 industry players to make it interoperable
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Agenda
Market Drivers
Wimax – Key Technologies
802.16e Performance & Apps
WiMAX Standardization Overview
Conclusions
Introduction
All rights reserved © 2006, Alcatel
How is access evolving?
It is going Broadband It is going Wireless
ÑIncreasing demand for multimedia data hungry applications
Ñ Fixed triple play is a reality
ÑMultiple types of usage: professional, entertainment, radio &TV
Broadband Wireless Access
Ñ Access to services everywhere with every terminals
Ñ Means to address copper-less areas
Ñ End-user’s readiness to pay “mobile” premium
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Differentiated and advanced features for high end user
Differentiated and advanced features for high end user
Business drivers:Offer the ideal solution for the end users
Mobile TV§ Few Broadcast channels and 100+ Unicast channels
for unlimited usage
Mobile Gaming§ Full interactivity, low latency for both server-based or
peer-to-peer gamers§ Leveraging the location + presence + speed info to
enhance level of game
High Speed Internet§ Peak rate: 8 Mbps DL, 256 Kbps UL, unlimited volume
Data…VoIP: A strong telecommunications industry trend
Video…
+ High Speed Internet / Data …
Always on
Voice …
Mobility
Affordable voice and internet services for low income usersAffordable voice and internet services for low income users
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WiMAX 16e empowers operators to address two main end users markets
Next Billion users
Ñ Combine BB connectivity and voice enabled services (VoIP)
Ñ Kiosk, residential and nomadic
Enable new mass market
Convergence on WiMAX 802.16e
Next generation Mobile Broadband users
“End-user is expecting low cost voice andinternet connectivity”
“Operators want to address untapped customer base”
“User is ready to pay premium for a new breed of applications”
“ Operators want to get more value from existing customer base
ÑBroadband in the pocket (e.g. mobile office, gaming)
ÑMobile IPTV in addition to Voice, Data, Video
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Seamless Services… Make it transparent
Seamless Broadband Experience
At HomeAt Home On the MoveOn the MoveOn the PauseOn the Pause At the OfficeAt the Office
Broadband Wireline Broadband Wireless Broadband Mobile
IPTelephony
InteractiveTV
VideoTelephony
NetSurfing
OnlineGaming
MobileInteractive
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WiMAX terminal roadmap – drastic price drop & Affordability as effect of standardization
2006
50$
2007 2008 2009
100$
150$
200$
250$
Yearly sales (k units)
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Pricerange
x
x
x
PCMCIA
x
Low Cost CPEEmbedded
Multi-users CPE
Simple CPE
Outdoor CPE
2 phones4 PC
WiFi
1 phone1 PC
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Fixed On the pause
Fixed operators expansion(integration in Fixed Networks)
Beyo
nd
3G
Full IP
RA
N A
pp
roa
ch
Full Mobile
Mobile operators expansion(integration in Mobile Networks)
Fixe
d op
erat
ors
Mob
ile o
pera
torsDSL
2G/EDGE
3G/HSDPAWiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX WiMAX
Operators strategic moves
New Entrants / ISPs
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WiMAX
Speed/user
UMTS/FDDEDGE/GPRS
WiFi
FibrexDSLWired
Satellite
High-end PDALaptop
“Fixed” “On the move””On the pause”
Very High
High
Medium
Global coverageHot spots
TDDTD-SCDMA*
Hot zones
HSDPA
”Always on”
Make the right technology choice
Mobility
Complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs
PDA with phone Phone
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Alcatel 9100 WiMAX solutionImproved cell capacity and coverage
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Data rate [Kbps]
EDGE900 (200 KHz)
HSDPA FDD (5 MHz)
UMTS TDD (5 MHz)
CDMA2000 EV-DO
WiMAX (5 MHz)
WiMAX (10 MHz)
Throughput per Sector
AveragePeak
WiMAX provides High Peak and Average Throughput
andSeveral Mbps at cell edge
WiMAX re-use existing 2G/3G sites in urban areas.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
EDGE 900
EDGE 1800
HSDPA FDD (2GHz)
UMTS TDD (2GHz)
UMTS TDD (3.5GHz)
CDMA 2000 (2GHz)
WiMAX PCMCIA (3.5GHz)
WiMAX RG (3.5GHz)
WiMAX PCMCIA (2.5GHz)
WiMAX RG (2.5GHz)
Range (km)
5MHz
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Agenda
Market Drivers
WiMAX Standardization Overview
Conclusions
Wimax 802.16e – Key Technologies
802.16e Performance & Apps
Introduction
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TDD vs. FDD
TDD is preferred by Alcatel for WiMAX due to:§ Efficient handling of asymmetric traffic§ Compliant with non-paired spectrum or paired spectrum§ Simpler duplexing circuit in CPE / BS§ TDD is selected for WiMAX 16e products§ Channel reciprocity for AAS
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Time Framef
t
Ch
an
nel
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
f
t
Time FrameCh
an
nel 1
Ch
an
nel 2
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink UplinkDownlink UplinkDownlink Uplink Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
Time Framef
t
Ch
an
nel
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
f
t
Time FrameCh
an
nel 1
Ch
an
nel 2
TDD
FDD
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IntroductionOFDM(A)
OFDM is the solution for very high data rate transmission§ Robustness to multi-path / selective fading environmentsü Signal is transmitted on orthogonal narrow-band sub-carriersü Robustness is preserved when BW is increased (SOFDMA)
§ Low complexity modulator / demodulator (iFFT/FFT) and equalizer§ Flexible allocation (sub-channelling / OFDMA)§ Spectrum efficiency: Modulation scheme and power adjustable per
sub-channel
Data Subcarriers Pilot SubcarriersDC Subcarrier
Guard band Guard band
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IntroductionOFDM: Why ?
ISI
Inter Symbol Interference
§ Function ofü Symbol durationü Delay spread
ISIt
→ Mobile/NLOS environment
§ Multipath§ High delay spread
t
+
t
High data rates
§ Short symbol durationü Ts = 1/BW
§ 16 QAM, 64 QAM, …
OFDM makes possible radio transmission of large BW signalsin NLOS environment
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IntroductionOFDM principle
Seri
al to
pa
rall
el
Modulator
~ f1
Modulator
~ f2
Modulator
~ f3
+
§ High data rate§ Short bit duration
§ Lower data rate§ Longer symbol duration
§ fn=n.∆f§ Orthogonal subcarriers
OFDM = Transmission of high number of orthogonal narrow band signals in parallel
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)Principles
§ set of modulation/coding schemesü QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMü distributed over one sector:
– SINR distribution– automatic selection mechanisms QPSK
16QAM64QAM
§ Maximum throughput per sectorü Highest modulation schemeü Lowest coding protection
§ Mean throughput offered per sectorü Contribution of different modulationsü Average over the area
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cov
erag
e pr
obab
ility
(%
)
QPS
K 1/
2
QPS
K 3/
4
16-Q
AM 1
/2
16-Q
AM 3
/4
64-Q
AM 2
/3
64-Q
AM 3
/4
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802.16e advanced featuresSOFDMA
SOFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access
§ Additional flexibility in resource allocationü Especially small packets (VoIP)
§ Range extension in DL and ULü Sub-Channeling is by nature
§ No preamble in UL ü Pilot for each allocation blocks
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
OFDM
SOFDMA
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IEEE 802.16e SOFDMA OFDMA: Additional Flexibility in Resource Allocation
QPS
K 1
/2
QPS
K 3
/4
16Q
AM
1/2
16Q
AM
3/4
64Q
AM
2/3
64Q
AM
3/4
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Efficiency UL G729 - 20 ms framing
16d (Average 48%)16e (Average 94%)
QPS
K 1
/2
QPS
K 3
/4
16Q
AM
1/2
16Q
AM
3/4
64Q
AM
2/3
64Q
AM
3/4
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Efficiency DL G729 - 20 ms framing
16d (Average: 74%)16e (Average: 94%)
G729 – 20 ms: 78 Bytes / Packet
For VoIP Applications: . Max 50% efficiency with 802.16d (OFDM). ~ 95% efficiency with 802.16e (SOFDMA)
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Sub-ChannellingPrinciple
+ 3,3 dB
# Sub-channels: 8
Sub-channels: 1
+ 9 dB5 MHz
#Sub-channels: 17
x 2,125 x 8
Link Budget
UL data rate @ cell edge
AssumptionsPUSC mode
5 MHz
Reminder+3dB in LKB
-35% sites
Trade-off Coverage / UL data rate @ cell edge
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IEEE 802.16e SOFDMAScalability: Key Benefits
SOFDMA: Scalable OFDMA§ Number of FFT points is adapted to channel bandwidth ü Similar robustness to multi-path for higher bandwidth ü Same range when bandwidth is increased
x2
BW
2xBW 2xBW
=
BWOFDM SOFDMA
Sites: + 35%Tg: / 2
Sites: =Tg: =
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From day one in A9100 Alcatel solution
§ Coverage Enhancement
ü beam forming array gain
§ Interference Reduction
ü explicit interference cancellation
ü general side lobes suppression
§ Capacity Increase
ü enhanced distribution of SINR
802.16e advanced features Beamforming
QPS
K 1
/2
QPS
K 3
/4
16Q
AM
1/2
16Q
AM
3/4
64Q
AM
2/3
64 Q
AM
3/4
No AASAAS
93 91
7464
4337
7769
4840
2418
0102030405060708090
100
Better link quality and
coverage probability with
beamforming
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Beamforming Coverage Enhancement
2,13
1,39
1
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Num
ber o
f site
s (r
atio
)
1 2 4
Number of antennas M
Number of sites vs. number of antenna elements
100 sites with 4-element AAS leads to 213 sites without AAS. +110 % site in single antenna mode
Gains• DL: 20.log10(M)• UL: 10.log10(M)
§Four antenna elementlinear array gain:
Uplink: + 6dB Downlink: + 12dB
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Smart Antenna – MIMO
Preferred Application Scenarios§ Independent fading channels§ Strong fading and large angular spread of multi-paths§ Typical scenario: BS has a lower
height than surrounding reflectorsü Micro-cellular and hot zones
Antenna System requirements§ Antenna spacing: > coherence distance (several λ)
– Alternative: use of cross polarised antennasü At Tx and Rx (MIMO schemes)
Techniques§ Spatial Diversity: Diversity combining or STCü Improved link quality§ Spatial Multiplexingü Maximised data rate and system capacity
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WiMAX Network Architecture
OMC-R
WAC
BS
Outdoor
Indoor
INTERNETINTERNET
AAAserver
BillingCenter
NGNVoIP
WiMAX RAN
Base Station
WiMAXAccess Control
Authentication policyAuthorization policyAccountingProxying policy (Roaming)
Session Border Controller
Services
PSTNPLMN
MGW
Router withHA function
Access ControlAuthentication, Authorization, AccountingCACTraffic routingMobility Management
HA
SIP Controller
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The Proxy Mobile IP approach
Inter AC handover is based on Proxy MIP
§ In Proxy MIP the MIP client is in the network and not in the Mobile Station (MS). Except this difference, PMIP is MIP (as defined in RFC 3344)
§ From the Home Agent (HA) standpoint there is NO difference between PMIP and CMIP
§ Why PMIP ?
ü No requirement on the MS (MS does not need to host a MIP client)
– Depending on the MS type (laptop, PDA…) it is not always possible to installa MIP client
ü Having a MIP client on the MS…
– Does not provide any advantage to manage mobility within the Wimax network
– Could be an advantage to manage inter-technology handover. But requires that the MIP client in the MS be at the OS level (shared among all physical layers). And this is not the case today.
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Alcatel WiMAX 802.16Multi-layer mobility
Intra WAC handoverü Handover between base stations
keeping the same Access Controller (WAC) as anchor point (AC). No change of Mobile IP foreign Agent.
Inter WAC handoverü Handover between base stations
leading to a change of Access Controller (WAC). Requires a binding update with the Home Agent (HA)
802.16e
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
HA
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
BS
BS
BS
Corporate
IMS
Internet
intra WAC
inter WAC
Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent
802.16e
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
HA
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
BSBS
BSBS
BSBS
Corporate
IMS
Internet
intra WAC
inter WAC
Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent
Session disruption during handover is between 90 and 110 ms§ Allows to provide seamless handover for non real-time applications
§ VoIP user can experience a short « cut »
Near future implementations will provide optimization for full mobility : sub 50ms
MIP is defined in RFC 3344
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Quality of Service
WiMAX Solution to provide QoS mechanisms for the air interface§ UGS : Unsolicited Grand Service§ BE : Best Effort§ nrt/rtPS : non Real/Real Time Polling services
QoS ensured in Network through usual IP/MPLS networks methods.
QoS Over the Air is triggered from the network§ Use of Core Session Border Gate (P-CSCF function)§ PDF function in WAC§ CAC Over the Air in the BS
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Flexible authentication methods for every type of operator
WAC
WAC
WiMAXAccess
Mobile Core NetworkApplications Head End
AAA
AAA
Fixed Core NetworkApplications Head End
HLR/HSS
§ AAA framework to support different authentication methodsü PKM-EAP for user
authentication (TLS, TTLS, SIM,..)
ü CHAP/EAP-TTLS for secured and simple password based authentication
ü PKM-RSA for device authentication
§ Encapsulationü PKMv2 key hierarchy for
enhanced protection of control messages
ü AES support for strongest cryptographic algorithm option
WiMAX user authentication architecture