Download - WORD-FORMATION PROCESS
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WORD-FORMATION PROCESS
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Previous Chapter:
Discussion of how words are structured
In order to discuss it, already existed words are studied.
However, there are also new constructions, new combinations of words.
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This Chapter:DerivationCompundingOnomatopoeiaConversionBorrowingCoinageSemantic changeMetaphorical extensionClippingBlendingAcronymsBackformationMultiple processes
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Derivation
Creation of a new lexical item (i.e. word form which would be found in a dictionary)
Sür- : 100Gör- : 70
(Aksan, 1987: 27-30)
Tut- : 65(Aksan, 1996: 45-46)
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Derivation
4 Possibilities of derivation (Table 6.1)
● denominal nominal (noun from noun)● deverbal nominal (noun from verb)● denominal verbal (verb from noun)● deverbal verbal (verb from verb)
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Derivation
Some prefix examples in Turkish:
anormalantipatikdeformedezavantajdeşifrediskalifiyehipotezotopsiparagrafprovareaksiyon
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Reduplication
Copying some part of the underlying stem to various extent
● Partial reduplication: insertion of /p/,/m/,/s/,/r/
● Full reduplication: copying the entire stem
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Some formal features● grammatical: hızlı hızlı yürüdü* Hızlı hızlı tren● phonological:Sound alternations: Sıkı fıkıInternal vowel alternation: çar çurExtenders: fır fır, zırıl zırılDoublets: with /m/Arı marı, sarı marı● semantically:Synonymous words: sorgu sualNear synonyms: delik deşikAntonymous words: ileri geri● morphologically: bilmiş bilmiş konuştu
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Compounding
Two free morphemes from different or same word classes to express a single meaning
Types of compounding:● nominal● verbal● adjectival
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Compounding
Nominal compounds:
● Noun noun pairings
noun noun + 3rd poss: çocuk sandalyesinoun noun (bare): taş binanoun + case noun (1 bare+1 cased):
şekerden evadjective + noun: karaağaç, palabıyıknoun + verb: imambayıldı
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Compounding
Verbal compounds:N/Adj + VStem
Ex: kitap okumak, banyo yapmak
V + V (double verb construction)
subordinative coordinative(converb of the no verb is subordinatedlexical verb (yapa) to another (ağladı durdu)followed by a post verb (dur)
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Compounding
Adjectival compounds:
Nouns with 3rd person singular possessive marking followed by an adjective
Ex: gözü pek, karnı tok
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Onomatopoeia
Sounds of the nature inspire creation of new words
Ex: hırıldamak, cıvıldamak
Others: çat, fır, pat, tık, güm, şır etc.
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Conversion
Shift from one word class to another without any other addition or reduction in the word
Ex: acı: verb & adj ağrı: verb & noun
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Borrowing
Taking words from other languages
Ex: check-up, sweatshirt
A special type of borrowing:
loan-translation or calque: word-for-word translation
Ex: bilgi toplumu, uzaktan kumandaKapak kızı (cover girl), yuvarlak masa toplantısı (round table meeting)
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Coinage
Creating previously non-existent roots in language
Ex: selpak, aygaz
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Semantic changeBroadening, narrowing or a complete change of the word’s meaning
Ex: alan / dirilmek
Reversals: from positive to negative (semantic degradation) or vice versa (semantic elevation)
Ex: alçak / çocuk
A special case: Eponymy: Conversion of the proper nouns into common nouns
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Metaphorical extension
Using an existing word to refer to an object with similar properties of its referent
Ex: çeşme● using nature for colours: camgöbeği, vişneçürüğü● idioms: öküz altında buzağı aramak, içine kurt düşmek● human features: sinir küpü, yapışkan, pişkin● appearance: fındıkkurdu, çam yarması
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Clipping
Reduction process that shortens a long word
Ex: otomobil => oto
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Blending
compounding + clipping
Ex: Avrupa & Asya => Avrasya
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Acronyms
Forming a new construction by using the first letters of the words
Ex: BBC: British Broadcasting CorporationNASA: National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationASAP: As Soon As PossibleP.S: Post ScriptKISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid (advice often given to speakers and writers)
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Backformation
It is not a productive word formation process in Turkish
Ex: Expected is simple from complex as below:ilet- > iletiş- > iletişim
However,iletişim > iletiş
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Multiple processes
Using more than one word formation to form new words
Ex: düşe kalka bitirdik => derivation & reduplicationlaser: light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiationradarfax...