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Internet of ThingsVision and the Technology BehindConnecting the Real, Virtual and Digital Worlds
Copyright 2009 O. Vermesan, SINTEF
Dr. O. VermesanSINTEF, Norway
The Future InternetInternet of Services | Internet of Things | Internet of MediaInternational Workshop - 10-11 September, Oslo, Norway
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Future InternetSociety
SocietySociety
Future Internet
IoTIoT IoMIoM IoSIoS IoEIoE
IoT Internet of ThingsIoM Internet of MediaIoS Internet of Services
IoE Internet of Enterprises
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In the IoT, things are expected to become activeparticipants in business, information and social processeswhere they are enabled to interact and communicateamong themselves and with the environment byexchanging data and information sensed about the
environment, while reacting autonomously to thereal/physical world events and influencing it by runningprocesses that trigger actions and create services with orwithout direct human intervention.
Internet of Things
Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, CERP-IoT 2010
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Interfaces in the form of services facilitate interactions withthese smart things over the Internet, query and changetheir state and any information associated with them, takinginto account security and privacy issues.
Internet of Things
Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, CERP-IoT 2010
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Connect objects and devices to repositories and networks using simple,and cost effective systems of item identification so data about things
can be collected and processed. Ability to detect changes in the physical and environmental status ofthings, using sensor technologies.
Internet of Things
Devolving information processing capabilities to the edges of thenetwork using embedded intelligence in the things.Miniaturization and use of nanotechnology so smaller and smaller
things will have the ability to interact and connect.
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Internet of ThingsConnecting:
Anytime A nytime Anyplace A nyplace Anything A nything
Anyone A nyone Any service A ny service Any network A ny network
Convergence
ContentCollections
Communication
ComputingConnectivity
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Smart Systems on Tags
Sense
Communicate
Actuate
I d e n t i f y
I n t e r a c t
I n t e
r f a c e
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Smart Systems on Tags
Scalability , modularity , extensibility andinteroperability among heterogeneous thingsand their environments are key designrequirements for the Internet of Things.
Identification TechnologyInternet of Things Architecture TechnologyCommunication TechnologyNetwork TechnologySoftware, Services and AlgorithmsHardwareData and Signal Processing TechnologyDiscovery and Search Engine Technologies
Relationship Network Management TechnologiesPower and Energy Storage TechnologiesSecurity and Privacy TechnologiesStandardisation
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Things AttributesThings can initiate communicationThings can communicate with other things,
computing devices and with peopleThings can be real world entities or virtual entitiesThings have identity; there are means for
automatically identifying themThings may have sensors attached, thus they can
interact with their environmentThings can collaborate to create groups or networksThings can do many tasks autonomouslyThings are involved in the information exchange
between real/physical, digital and virtual worldsThings can selectively evolve and propagateinformation
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Things AttributesThings would be competing with other things onresources, services and subject to selective pressures
Things can create, manage and destroy other thingsThings can use services that act as interfaces to
thingsThings respect the privacy, security and safety of
other things or people with which they interactThings use protocols to communicate with each other
and the infrastructureThings can negotiate, understand and adapt to their
environment
Things can extract patterns from the environment or tolearn from other thingsThings are environmentally safeThings can take decisions through their reasoning
capabilities
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Ubiquitous Sensor Network Any place, any thing using wireless tags/nodes- Ubiquitous
Sensing ID and environmental information- Sensor Real time monitoring and control using a- Network
Closed loop control
Neuro-stimulators
On-Body
In-Home
Ad-hoc Sensor Adaptive Wireless
In-bodyMEMS Sensors
DynamicArm
Sensor Node
RFID Node
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Wireless Systems CharacteristicsWireless
Limited bandwidth, high latency
Variable link quality and link asymmetry due tonoise, interference, disconnectionsEasier snooping
Signal and protocol processing
MobilityDetermine variability in system design parameters:Connectivity, bandwidth, security domains, locationawareness
Protocol processing
PortabilityLimited capacities (battery, CPU, I/O, storage,dimensions)
Energy efficient signal and protocol processing Source: Momenta neck-worn PC
Source: Momenta
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Smart Wireless SystemsBeyond RF ID - Functionality
Multi AntennasOn Chip Antenna OCA
Coil on Chip (HF)Printed antennasEmbedded antennasMultiple antenna substrates3D structures
Integrated CircuitMicro/Nanoelectronics/Polymer
Multi RF Front EndsHF/UHF/MW/Radar
Memory
EEPROM/FRAM/Polymer ID 128 bits + other type IDMulti Communication ProtocolsUWBDigital Processing
Security
DisplaysBi-stableFlexible
Transparent
Sensors/Actuators
MEMS/NEMSSensors on ChipMolecular sensors
AssemblyPower Generation
RFSolar Harvesting (vibration, temp, etc.)Batteries printed/polymer
Fuel cells
Source: Siemens
Source: University of Washington
Source: Toshiba
Combined flexible contact lens withan imprinted electronic circuit
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Semiconductor technology scaling gives rise to three keychallenges:
Challenge of scalabilitythe need to extend communications and processing to large data,over heterogeneous channels
Challenge of adaptation
the need to reuse and retarget both hardware and softwareChallenge of integration
the need to more optimally exploit heterogeneous componenttechnologies with respect to cost, performance, energy tradeoffs
Fundamental technology constraints :Energy (limitations of batteries, sensors)Bandwidth (limited speed of semiconductor devices)Non-scalability of analog circuitsScaling of on- and off-chip interconnects
Challenges and Constraints
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IoT and Cloud ComputingComputing paradigm where data and services reside inmassively scalable data centers and can be ubiquitouslyaccessed from any connected device over the Internet.Physical location and underlying infrastructure details aretransparent to users
A nytime, A nywhere access to IT resources delivereddynamically as a service
Virtual Scalable Efficient Flexible
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IoT and Cloud Computing
Computers
WirelessInteracting
Devices
RFID
UltrasoundRTLS MobilePhones
DataData
Applicat ions Appl ications
DataData
App lications Applicat ionsDataData
Applicat ions Appl ications
DataData
App li cati ons App lic atio ns
DataData
Appl icat ion s Appl icat ion s
DataData
Appl icat ion s App lic atio ns
CloudCloud
WirelessSensor
Networks
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Real virtual and digital worlds
Source: University of Tokyo -Virtual-reality system
Bridging the real, virtualand digital worlds by using
wireless connectivity.
WirelessWirelessConnectivityConnectivity
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Real virtual and digital worldsConnecting real, virtual and digital worldsThe challenge:
Linking smart wireless identifiable devices and RFID data withvirtual worlds software programs
Transfer positions of real persons and real things into the
virtual world.Enable the smart wireless devices to trigger actions in thereal world.
Source: Dell
Residents can go to the virtual factory,customize their Dell and purchase, andtheir PC arrives at their real-life door.
Connecting virtual reality with real world commerce"
Connecting Consumers Virtual Lives with Their Real World Needs
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Real virtual and digital worldsPhysical world embedded with:
RFID, smart wireless identifiabledevices, novel materials, processingunits.MEMS, NEMS, micro/nano robots,computational particles
Wired and wireless networks
Ubiquitous smart/intelligentthings/objects
Things capable of computing andcommunicatingThings able to be connected toeverythingSmart things behaving with certainintelligence
Ubiquitous intelligenceBeing a ubiquitous existenceResiding in everyday objects,environments, etc.Man-made and natural things
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Wireless Smart System Applications Automotives
AeronauticsInformation and Telecommunication (ITC)Medical Technologies
Logistics and object mobility and management
Chrysler
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Real virtual and digital home
Source: Intel
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RFID in the Office and BuildingsSensor data collectionExploit moving nodesExploit network codingfor efficiency
Intelligent BuildingsRFID Integration
Intelligent BuildingsRFID Integration
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WSN RFID in Oil and Gas Industry
Source: StatoilHydro
Wireless instrumentation for Installations in remote and hostile areas
Temporary installationsEase of scalabilityRedundant data collection for productionoptimization
RFID and WSN for PersonnelEquipmentContainersDrilling toolsMonitoringMaintenance
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Roads Bridges and RFIDStrain Sensing System Using13.56MHz passive-type Sensor-Integrated RFID.The system, measures the changesand deformation caused by varioustypes of deterioration and loading onthe structure, without using a
battery.Embedded RFID sensor that isintegrated within the concreteMeasurements at a strain resolution
level of approximately 10X10-6.Using a thermistor, the systemsimultaneously measurestemperature and can account for
deformation caused by temperature. Source: Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
Measures the sensor (white taping area on steel) fromRFID tag (in blue) with a portable reader/writer withcontrol PC
Efficient maintenance and management of roads, bridgesand public housing. Concrete and steel structuresmonitoring due to everyday traffic, wind and earth
pressure and earthquakes
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Real virtual and digital healthcare
Source: CARDIONET
Mobile cardiac telemetry monitoring platform24/7/365 patient freedom to go anywhere at anytime
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RFID
Real Time Location SystemsIntelligent long range active RFID systems toidentify, locate and track assets at a distance of upto 100m and to deliver superior real time visibility indynamic, demanding environments.Long range (100m) RFID tag not with read/writecapability, and 360 visibility of wireless regardlessof tag orientation.Features:
Sensor location layout mapPlanned number of readers and access point antennasPlacement of active RFID Tags on the assets.
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Future Internet
New things
Knowledge Integration
Society
New business
New social networks
New servicesNew communication