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WORLD GEOGRAPHY
December 9, 2014
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Today
Unit 10 (Human Environment)
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Unit 10: Human Environment
Key aspects:
- How the Earth’s environment has changed over time
- How humans have impacted Earth’s environment
- Major factors contributing to environmental change today
- How humans are responding to environmental change
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How Earth’s Environment has changed
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Plate Tectonics
Division of the Earth’s crust into plates, which are in motion
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Recent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
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Mount Toba, Indonesia
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Volcanic Eruptions
1 billion years ago- Mass depletions: Loss of diversity from failure of new species to appear
- Mass extinctions: 3 over last half-billion years
Fragmentation of Pangaea- 160–180 million years ago
- Pacific Ring of Fire as last remnant of these eruptions
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Pangea (“super continent”)
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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Glaciations
Pleistocene (less than 2 million years ago) marked by:
- Glaciations: Permanent ice stable and growing
- Interglaciation: Warming spell in which ice recedes
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Glaciations
Emergence of humans (homo sapiens) during interglacial between 120,000 and 100,000 years ago
Most recent glaciation: Wisconsin Glaciation
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Wisconsin Glaciation
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Recent Glacial History
Holocene: Interglaciation that began 18,000 years ago.
“Little Ice Age”
- A minor glaciation that began in the early 1300s
- Growing glaciers
- Effects on agricultural production
- Abandonment of Greenland and Iceland by Europeans
- Abandonment of Chung Ho’s voyages
- Black Death (bubonic plague)
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Warming Phase
Eruption of Tambora (1815) on Sumatra (Indonesia)
- Local pollution of land and water by ash and acid
- Ash and dust in atmosphere
- Cooling of temperatures worldwide: “Year without summer” (1816)
- Food shortages
Warming since about 1850
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Human Impact on the Environment
Altering ecosystems
- All humans (over time) altering environments
- Impact greater with growth in population
Environmental stress
- Cutting forests, emitting pollutants, spilling oil
- Burying toxic waste, dumping garbage in oceans
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Water
A renewable resource (replenished as used)
Water shortages: Depletion of water in aquifers (porous, water-holding rocks) at a rapid rate
Causes of shortages
- Growing population
- Large population concentrations near small supplies
- Agricultural and industrial use
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Hydrological Cycle
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Precipitation Distribution
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Desalination plants
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The Dying Aral Sea
Effects of climatic cycles and human interference
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The Dying Aral Sea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbSkRS8Ih7o
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Water & Israeli-Palestinian Relations
Israel’s major water resources
- Jordan River
- Aquifer under West Bank
30 percent of flow to Sea of Galilee from Golan Heights
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AtmosphereA thin layer of air lying directly above the lands and oceans
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AtmosphereA thin layer of air lying directly above the lands and oceans
Natural impacts (volcanic eruptions)
Human impacts
- Global warming
- Acid rain
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The Land
Deforestation:
- Effect on oxygen cycle
- Biodiversity and habitats
- Pollution
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The Land - Deforestation
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The Land - Deforestation
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The Land - Deforestation
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The Land - Deforestation
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The Land
Soil erosion:
- Soil not having enough time to rebound
- Farmers not efficiently/properly using soil (increased demand)
- Livestock destroying vegetation
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The Land – Soil Erosion
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The Land – Soil Erosion
Approx. 9600 km2 of cropland lost to soil erosion each year
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Next Class
- Continue Unit 10 (Human Environment)