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WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Oct. 24, 2014
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Today
Unit 5 – Language (continued)
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Unit 5 - Language
- Languages and the role they play in culture
- Language distribution
- Diffusion of language
- Language and places
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Language and culture
- Language contains much of cultural identity:
“Visibility”
Place of origin
Names of people, places, and things
Arts (e.g. music, literature)
PERCEPTION (to a degree, at least)
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Language and culture
Example: Place names in the U.S. vs. China
U.S. - often indicative of the ethnic groups that originally settled in the area
e.g. San Francisco (Spanish) Williamsburg (German)
China (Mandarin) – Often determined by geographic location
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What constitutes a language?
- Mutual intelligibility
- Standardized languages
- Dialects
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Mutual Intelligibility
Criterion for a language: Speakers can understand each other
Problems
- Measuring “mutual intelligibility”
- Standard languages and government impact on what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”
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Mutual Intelligibility
Criterion for a language: Speakers can understand each other
Problems
- Measuring “mutual intelligibility”
e.g. Mandarin Chinese vs. Cantonese Chinese vs. Standard written Chinese
- more than 8 dialects of Chinese
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Mutual Intelligibility
Criterion for a language: Speakers can understand each other
Problems
- Standard languages and government impact on what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”
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DialectVariant of standard language by ethnicity or region:
- Vocabulary- Syntax- Cadence, pace- Pronunciation
Scottish dialect: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5XyecKONu8
BRP: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIv0_LVT6JQ&list=PL6F15F2789687007F
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Dialect
Creates the question of what the “true” language is.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXGuCaApR7U
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Dialect
Isogloss: A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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Dialect
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Dialect
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Dialect
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Dialect
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Dialect
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Standardized language
“One that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught.” (p. 172)
e.g. Beijing Mandarin
BRP (British Received Pronunciation)
Parisian French
Korean spoken in Seoul
- Essentially, decided through power
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Language distribution- Language formation
- Historical languages (Proto-Indo European)
Languages of Europe and Africa (next class)
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Language distribution
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Language formationLinkages among languages marked by sound shifts, slight changes in a word across languages over time
“Milk” = lacte in Latin leche in Spanish lait in French latta in Italian
“I’m hungry” = J'ai faim (French) Ho fame (Italian) Tengo hambre (Spanish)
http://ielanguages.com/romance_phrases.html
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Language formation
Language divergence: Breakup of a language into dialects and then new languages from lack of interaction among speakers
e.g. Latin Romance languages
- French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian
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Language formation
Language convergence: When peoples with different languages have consistent interaction and their languages blend into one
e.g. Old English + Norman French
= Middle English
(which eventually developed into modern English)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYsD4DPg4ls
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Study of historical languages
Backward reconstruction: Tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language
• Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language• Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction)
Proto-Indo European: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jlcV7DYL3o#t=532
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Historical linkages among languages
• Indo-European language family
• Proto-Indo-European language
• Nostratic Language (ancient ancestor of Proto-Indo-European Language)
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Origins of Proto-Indo European
Renfrew Hypothesis: Began in the Fertile Crescent, and then:
- Europe’s languages from Anatolia
- North Africa and Arabia’s languages from the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent
- Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages from the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent
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Agriculture Theory
With increased food supply and population, migration of speakers from the hearth of
Indo-European languages into Europe
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Dispersal Hypothesis• From the hearth eastward into present-day Iran
• Around the Caspian• Into Europe
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Proto-Indo European translator
http://indo-european.info/dictionary-translator/