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World History
Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution
Causes:Increasing populationChildren were a high % of total population.
Growth also contributed to migration.
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Industrial Revolution
Agricultural (revolution) #2
New food & forage cropsOnly the wealthy could afford new crops, new farming methods ---Enclosure
Result: Unemployed farmers
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Industrial Revolution
Trade/InventionsIncreased demand led to increased production
Added craftsmen to workshops & used Putting-out system.
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Industrial Revolution
Economic & population growth
Desire to use new ideasMining & metal industries
Largest merchant marine
Fluid social structure
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Industrial Revolution
Britain also had:Good water transportation system
Unified marketHighly developed commercial sector
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Industrial Revolution
Continental Europe experienced similar circumstances but delayed due to war, lack of markets, management skills, & no desire to experiment with new technologies.
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Industrial Revolution
Mass production – potteryDemand created for porcelain.
1759 Josiah Wedgewood used division of labor & molds rather than potters wheel to mass produce @ low cost.
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Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny – 1764Water frame – 1769 and invented by Richard Arkwright.
Mule – 1785 Samuel Crompton – better, faster.
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Industrial Revolution
Mechanization led to efficiency and lower prices.
Cotton became America’s most valuable crop developed for export to England.
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Industrial Revolution
In the 18th century a series of inventions including coke and puddling made it possible for the British to produce large amounts of cheap iron.
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Industrial Revolution
Increased production & lower cost led people to use iron for many things including bridge building and construction of the Crystal Palace.
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Industrial Revolution
Interchangeable parts – adopted in firearms, farm equipment & sewing machine industries in the 19th century.
American system of manufactures.
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Industrial Revolution
Between 1702-1713 Thomas Newcomen developed a crude steam engine used to pump water out of coal mines.
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Industrial Revolution
1769 – James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine. Provided power allowing factories to be built where no other sources of power were located.
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Industrial Revolution
1780s – steam engine used to power riverboats in France & America.
1830s – more efficient engines used for oceangoing vessels
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Industrial Revolution
Trevithick/Stephenson build lighter, more powerful steam engines to power locomotives & replaced horses.
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Industrial Revolution
1825-1845 Britain & railway mania.
1840s & 1850s in the U.S.Railways connect country & mid-west to agricultural development & in Europe trigger industrialization.
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Industrial Revolution
1837 – Wheatstone & Cook’s five needle telegraph in England.
Also in 1837 – Morse Code; system of dashes and dots in the United States.
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Industrial Revolution
Rapid growth in cities & urban areas resulted in overcrowding, pollution, and disease for the poor.
Reforms did not occur until the mid-19th century.
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Industrial Revolution
Deforestation con’t.Industrialization provided substitutes for wood.
New transportation systems changed rural life.
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Industrial Revolution
Most jobs offered were for unskilled labor.
Increased rate of child labor; restricted by the British in mid-19th century.
New labor source: the Irish
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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution increased demand for cotton, sugar & coffee, and prolonged slavery in the U.S. & Caribbean and extended slavery to Brazil.
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Industrial Revolution
Disparities in income .Worker’s standards of living did not improve until 1850s.
Beneficiaries: middle class
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Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith – laissez faire The Wealth of Nations 1776Gov’t. shouldn’t interfere in the business realm.
Bentham/List: gov’t needs to manage economy & social problems.
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Industrial Revolution
Malthus/Ricardo: poverty of working class was due to over-population & should be addressed through restraint, not the government.
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Industrial Revolution
Positivism: scientific method solves social problems.
Fourier – ideal society has no capitalists.
Robert Owen - prosperity for all. Served as an example for reforms.
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Industrial Revolution
Protests and reforms move from individual resistance to collective action, including unions. British legislation included Factory Act, Mines Act, & repeal of Corn Laws.
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Industrial Revolution
Russia: no middle class. They were afraid of using Western ideas. Imported industrial goods & exported grain & timber. Fell behind Europe.
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Industrial Revolution
Egypt undertook industrialization program funded by wheat & cotton exports & protected by high tariffs on imports. Became dependent on the British instead of the Ottomans.
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Industrial Revolution
Machines forced Indian spinners out of business
India became an importer of British goods & exporter of raw materials.
Britain did nothing to encourage Indian industry.
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CONCLUSION
Between 1760 & 1851 new technologies greatly increased humans’ control over nature & transformed the environment.
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CONCLUSION
Increased disparities between individuals & societies, brought changes in work & family life.
Society was slow to address abuses.
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CONCLUSION
By the 1850s the Industrial Revolution had spread to Western Europe & the U.S. & was contributing to a shift in the historic balance of power between Europe & China.