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World of The Cell
Chapter 4
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How big is a cell?• The smallest “cell” is a ________• Mycoplasmas (very small bacteria are barely bigger)• Bacteria are just bigger than a single organelle of a animal cell• Plant and animal cells are bigger, you can see them with a
______ __________but not the naked eye!
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Why can’t cells be huge?• All entrances and exits are
controlled by the ______ _______________– which is responsible for
_______, _______ ________ etc for the cell
• Upper limit_______ _______ _________– If the cell is too big it needs
too much stuff done and the membrane can’t keep up… Just like baby-sitting
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But not too small…• Lower limit: Holding the
vitals– A cell can’t get too small
because it must be able to hold _____, and other _________ otherwise it can’t function
• First seen by _______ ________… looked through the FIRST compound microscope (which he invented)– described the cells in cork…
plant cells
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How do we even know• What the eye cannot see itself we make tools to see…
• Light Microscope: Uses a series of lights and mirrors to magnify and object, it can magnify an object _____ times without losing __________
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ways to see really small stuff…• Electron Microscope:
Use highly charged __________ to create images of very small things (much smaller than a cell) Can magnify up to ________ times– _________: runs
electrons along the surface of a object… doesn’t destroy it
– __________: sends electrons crashing through it… destroys the specimen
** either one the specimen must be long dead
SEM of a bug that was found on a daddy long legs
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All cells by way of the Animal cell
• The animal cell is the flagship cell… all other cells can be described easily in relationship to it
• So… we will start with the animal cell
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Animal Cell Statistics
• Animal cells is ____________ (True Nucleus) • Because of it’s large size (for a cell) it divides
its daily responsibility among its parts (_______________) – Like animals divide jobs among organs/ organ
systems
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Broken into 3 categories1. Plasma Membrane2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm
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Plasma membrane• Protective
covering of the cell
• Made of a _____________ _________
• Also contains ____________/ intercalated proteins that serve various functions
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Inside the membrane
• The lipids do not make up the whole membrane.
• There are important proteins with various jobs intercalated or ___________ within the lipids
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Fig. 4.4, p. 53
one layerof lipidsone layerof lipids
membraneprotein
extracellularenvironment
cytoplasm
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Membrane Specialization: Junctions
• Tight junctions: so tight that they bind the cells together like __________ sheets– ie. Small intestine to keep food from leaking out
• Desmosomes: __________ junctions that keep cells from falling apart– ie. Skin cells
• Gap Junctions: allow _____________ between cells– Especially in nerve cells and developing tissue
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Fig. 4.23, p. 67adhering junction
free surface ofepithelial tissue
different kinds oftight junctions
gap junction
basement membrane(extracellular matrix)
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Nucleus• Holder and protector of
genetic information• ________________:
outer covering• ___________: Ribosome
assembly• ___________: The
DNA/protein association within the nucleus
• Chromosomes: densely packed chromatin during ________ _______ ________ _ ___
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Cytoplasm• The rest of the cell that
includes the…– __________: the working
components of the cell… kind of like your organs
– Inclusions: the ______ ____ ________that come in and out of the cytoplasm
– ________ they exist in: the gel- like coating _______ the __________ and nucleus
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Ribosomes
• Dark staining organelles made of protein and ______
• _________________ ________________
• Sometimes attach to the ER, making it _______ ER
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Endoplasmic reticulum
• The cells ‘circulatory system’ that accounts for ______ of the cells membranes
• Rough ER: membrane factory/ ________ producer
• Smooth ER: ________ synthesis/breakdown
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Golgi Apparatus
• Also known as the golgi body
• Near the nucleus• The protein traffic
director, takes proteins _____ the ___________and _____ them to where they belong (in secretory vesicles)
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BIG PICTURE BREAK• The _________makes
_________that are ___________ to the Golgi (in transport vesicles), where they are _________ and sent out of the cell (_________ vesicles) or float within the cell to kill off invaders (_______________)
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Lysosomes• Bundles of digestive enzymes packaged by the Golgi
• digest _____ _______, invaders or _______ (phagocytosis)
• Can kill the cell itself if it lacks essential things such as oxygen, or vitamin A
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf
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Peroxisomes• __________dangerously
reactive free radicals in the body
• First they convert them to H2O2 and then to H20
• Abundant in ______ and _________ cells
• Replicate through ___________, not produced by the Golgi
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Mitochondria• POWERHOUSE• _______ _________ bound
organelle… probably originally a free living prokaryote… it ____ _____ ______ ____ _______
• The membrane of mitochondria is the site of the electron transport chain ____ ______ _____ _____
• Busy cells have many mitochondria
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Cytoskeleton• Protein structure that extends though
the cytoplasm acting as the cells skeletal/ muscular system– Intermediate filaments: strong and
stable. Form ____________ (anchor junctions)
– _____________: motility and shape change (actin and myosin)
– Microtubules: overall shape and organelle arrangement (_______ _________ _____ _____________)
• Naturally clear but can be stained with fluorescent markers.– Their presence/ absence/ structure has
proved useful in identifying _____ and ________ of cells
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are shown in red, microtubules in green, and the nuclei are in blue.
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Centrioles
• Made of __________ these form the spindle fibers responsible for chromosome partitioning during cell division
• Also aid in the formation of _______ and _______
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Cilia and Flagella• Cilia and flagella are formed
when ____________ push out against the cell membrane forming a projection
• _______ move things along the surface of the cell– I.e. cilia move particles along
and out of the lungs
• _______ propel the cell itself– Human sperm move via
flagella
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Contractile Vacuole
– Some cells use contractile vacuoles for ______ and ___________
– Paramecium (one celled animal) uses contractile vacuoles for both
– _____ ____ _______… protecting it from exploding it… when it pushes out the water it propels it forward
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What’s different in a Plant Cell?• There are 3 additional structural features that
Plant cells need1. _______ ______2. ___________3. ______ _______
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Central Vacuole
• Storage facility created from the merging of smaller vesicles that can promote growth
• Stores – ______ (helps w/ growth/ movement)– Vital chemicals (food)– _______ ______– ________ to protect a plant from being eaten!
• It can also act as a ______ _________getting rid of foreign invaders
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Chloroplasts• Plants are ________
____________: meaning they make their own food
• Do so from sunlight in a complex process called _____________
• Chloroplasts are the ________ ____ ________ for photosynthesis
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More on Chloroplasts• Between inner and outer
membrane is the intermembrane space…
• ______ _________ (membrane) and all contain ________
• ______________ is where photosynthesis takes place… ________ in structures called granum
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Cell Wall: protective covering• Plant cells need to be extra
strong… helps them deal with ______ _____ ________ and other stresses
• Helps circulate water and nutrients
• Made of ________ , pectin and ________… all strong structural carbohydrates
• Render plant cells motionless• _______ __________shared
by neighboring cells to increase adhesion
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Prokaryotes: how they’re different• No true nucleus– Contain there DNA in circular
bundles called ________ or in bundles in a ‘nucleoid region’
• Have _________ to help make proteins
• Have a membrane and a ________ ____ _____… help maintain shape.
• _________… even more covering that help the prokaryote ‘stick’
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Prokaryotic anatomy
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Prokaryotes: what they do
• Many prokaryotes live off of other cells (__________)
• Need help adhering… capsule and pili– Pili are ______ _________that
anchor the prokaryote into its host
• Need to find something to mooch off of in the first place… _________
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BioFilmsOften live together and work together to colonize areas. These associations are called _________.
One common type of biofilm is that that exists on your teeth and solidifies as plaque