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World War I The War to End All Wars 1914 - 1918
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Causes of the War Web of Alliances
Triple Alliance▪ Germany – Austria / Hungary – Italy
Triple Entente▪ France – England – Russia
Problem – Borders not aligned geographically Militarism
Arms Race Large Standing Armies Inferior view of opposing Countries Detailed Battle Plans
▪ Schlieffen Plan (Germany)▪ Plan 17 (France)
Imperialism Competition for resources
Rise of Nationalism Intense Rivalries Competition for Resources Territorial Disputes
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The Spark! The Balkans
Austro/Hungarian Empire holds Bosnia Ethnically Slavic (As are Russians and Serbs)
The assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austro-Hungry sparked the start of the war between Austria and Serbia. Black Hand Society (Serbs) responsible Austria gives Serbia an Ultimatum
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A Disastrous Chain of Events
June 28th – August 4th 1914▪ Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand▪ Austro-Hung declares war on Serbia▪ Russia vows to Protect Serbia▪ Germany vows to protect Austro-Hung▪ Russia mobilizes to German/Polish Boarder▪ Germany fears attack and attacks Russia▪ France allies with Russia based on old treaty▪ Germany invades France through Belgium and
Luxemburg ▪ Britain declares war on Germany for invasion
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“A Jolly Little War” Millions rush off to war expecting to be home for Christmas.
Nations Take Sides Allies
▪ France-Great Britain-Russia-U.S.-Japan Central Powers
▪ Germany-Austria/Hungary-Italy-Ottoman Empire
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The Battle Plans for Victory?
Schlieffen Plan Germany’s problem was fighting a war on two fronts Germany’s plan was to invade France through
Belgium and defeat France quickly then turn to the Eastern Front and defeat Russia
Plan 17 Frances plan to invade Germany across the open
plain of Alsace-Lorraine with bicycles and horses.
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When Battle Plans FailStalemate
Plans Fail Plans are based on false assumptions of enemy
strength Plan 17 fails, German defenses are much to
strong Schlieffen invasion starts well, ends bad
Belgium and France do not have the infrastructure to support German advance Battle of the Marne
▪ 600 taxi cabs rush French & British forces to the battle
▪ Hold line 40 miles from Paris▪ Stalemate on the Western Front
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Western Front
Trench Warfare on French-German Boarder 500 miles of Trench from
North Sea to the Alps 1 – 10 miles across Battles
▪ Verdun, Marne, Somme Valley
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Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare Troops are forced by new weapons into trenches for
protection 3ft to 10 ft trenches 100 – 1000yds. apart Land in middle is called “No Mans Land” System of attack – counter attack Fortified by machine guns, gas, artillery and cement made it
difficult for troops to advance, this causes a stalemate.
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Trench Warfare
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World War I Weapons Tank
Armor protection, mobile gun, unreliable in WWI Submarine
German U-Boat, Torpedoes, Shipping Blockades Poison Gas
Mustard Gas & Chlorine, Choked-Blinded & Killed Machine Gun
Caused Trench warfare, Two men could operate Air Plane
Air recon., Bombing, Dog Fighting
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Flamethrowers
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Grenades
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Machine Guns
US Browning M1917
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Pistols
German Luger US Colt
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Gas Warfare
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Tanks British “Little Willie”
Tank French Renault Light
Tank
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Tanks
British Mark IV German A7V
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Artillery German Krupp RR
Gun
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Artillery
German “Big Bertha”
US “Calamity Jane
Howitzer
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Submarines/U-boats
German U-Boats
UC
44
Class
U-boat:
1) Aft torpedo tubes
2) Electric
motor
3)
Main engine
4) Control room
5)
Mine tubes
6) Forward torpedo tubes
7) Crew quarters
UC
44
Class
U-boat:
1) Aft torpedo tubes
2) Electric
motor
3)
Main engine
4) Control room
5)
Mine tubes
6) Forward torpedo tubes
7) Crew quarters
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Zeppelins
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Zeppelin Bombs
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USS Texas
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US Floating Mine
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US Destroyer dropping depth charges
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Planes
Plane dropping torpedo
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Baron Manfred von RichtofenThe Red Baron
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Death & Destruction Pictures
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Truly Global War Imperial Interest
Countries needed to protect territory they had in Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
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Asian Conflicts
Japan Take German land in
China Take German South
Pacific Islands. India
1.3 Million Indians Fight for Great Britain, their Imperial Rulers.
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America get involved!
Lusitania Sinking: A civilian trading ship carrying 11 US civilians is sunk by a German U-boat.
Zimmerman telegram: Germany sends a note to Mexico to persuade them to attack America, US discovers the note.
The US declares war on Germany and joins the war effort about a year before the war ends.
US never plays a major role in the war.
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Lusitania Sinking
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Armistice! November 11th 1918
European Tragedy The Lost Generation
37% of European Males between 18-24 Died
Deaths▪ Germany 2.1 Million▪ France 2 Million▪ Russia 1.7 Million▪ Austro-Hung. 1.5 Million▪ Italy 500,000
332 Billion in Economic Losses
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A Flawed Peace
Treaty of Versailles France and Britain impose harsh penalties on
Germany▪ German must take full responsibility for war▪ Pay 33 Billion to allies▪ Restrictions on German Army and Navy -
100,000 Soldiers▪ Took traditional German Lands
US President Woodrow Wilson- Wilson’s Fourteen Point Plan Rejected as to forgiving to Germans Point 14 a League of Nations accepted by
Europe
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Europe after WWI
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World War I Legacy“The War to End All Wars” ?
10 Million Killed 332 Billion in Economic Lose Europe
War torn economies and Cities Lost generation Germany has hatred for European Powers German Economic Depression
▪ Leads to Hitler’s Rise and WWII Italians feel slighted by concessions Russian Collapses Leads to Revolution
▪ Rise of Communism – Lenin - Stalin World
U.S. Industrial Boom▪ Europe lost many industrial centers ▪ Red Scare / Fear of Socialism
Changing borders in Asia and Africa Japan feels slighted as Europe takes territory
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Credits / Works Cited
BBC. World War One: The western front 1914-1918 animation. Retrieved April 20, 2009 fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtml
Ilvlian Romania (Producer). (2008, July 7) WW1 Chemical Attack. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R31m6hEctIw&NR=1
HAFU Video (Producer). (2008, October 17). Classic World War One Fighters. Retrieved April 21, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2ARkEiaSJk
Killtron (Producer). (2006, July 28) World War One – Tanks. Retrieved April 21, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHIp-hyXKWc
New Vicaar (Producer). (2009, Jan 16) Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed-i7zWgqZo&feature=PlayList&p=78EA397BCFA3F76F&index=0&playnext=1
Sonic Bomb (Producer). (2008, June 5) WW1 in Colour HD. Retrieved April 20, 2009 ffrom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsBUXTgt-YE&feature=related