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WORM
DISSECTION
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NAMING
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
ANIMALIA
Annelida
“little rings”
OLIGOCHAETA
“few bristles”
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SETA (plural: setae)
http://www.pgjr.alpine.k12.ut.us/science/whitaker/Animal_Kingdom/Earthworm/Earthworm.html
BRISTLES on VENTRAL surface
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SETAE- Provide traction
http://www.dof.virginia.gov/images/anim-worm-crawl.gif
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Segmentation
Compartments allow
individual parts to
move independently
Damage insurance
If one section is
damaged, others can
still function
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
BIODIDAC
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WHICH END IS WHICH?
CLITELLUM = ring
• Doesn’t go all the way around
• Closest to anterior end
• Makes mucous for reproduction
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2 opening digestive system
MOUTH ANUS
Prostomium covers/protects mouth opening senses light and dark/chemicals (food)
Images from: http://www.pgjr.alpine.k12.ut.us/science/whitaker/Animal_Kingdom/Earthworm/Earthworm.html
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
PROSTOMIUM
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL
CAMOUFLAGE
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101-104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html
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CUTICLE (non-cellular protective layer)
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/lum/cuticle.html
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/lum/cuticle.html
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Earthworms are hermaphrodites
HAVE BOTH MALE & FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS in same worm
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
OVARY – makes eggs
TESTES- makes sperm
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
MALE GENITAL PORE- releases sperm to give away
FEMALE GENITAL PORE- releases eggs
OPENINGS to SEMINAL RECEPTACLES- receive
sperm from other worms when trade
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
SPERM GROOVE- carries sperm from
MALE GENITAL PORE down to
CLITELLUM
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Earthworms are HERMAPHRODITES
BUT. . . DON’T fertilize themselves!
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
Produce a
COCOON
made of MUCOUS
and CHITIN
(tough carbohydrate)
Baby worms hatch
after a few weeks
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Images from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy5.html
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
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LOOK INSIDE
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COELOM
= space around organs
http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/lum/vessel.html
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
EUCOELOMATES
“true” coelom
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/annelidbodyxs.gif
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SEPTUM (pl. SEPTA)
Dividing walls separate coelom into compartments
Fluid in coelom provides support = HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
(water skeleton)
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
NEPHRIDIUM
pl. NEPHRIDIA EXCRETORY TUBULES
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/excretory.html
Collect & excrete
NITROGEN
WASTE
Osmoregulation
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SEMINAL VESICLES
STORE SPERM TO GIVE AWAY
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SEMINAL
RECEPTACLES
store sperm received
from other worms
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal©2005
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CLOSED circulatory system
DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL
VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL
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DORSAL BLOOD VESSEL
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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Image by Riedell/Vanderwal
5 AORTIC ARCHES act as “heart”
to pump blood
Image by Riedell/Vanderwal ©2005
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Image from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy6.html
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INTERNAL STRUCTURES
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
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CROP-stores food waiting to be digested
GIZZARD- grind and mash food
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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INTESTINE- absorbs nutrients
WORMS HAVE ADAPTATIONS for eating “SOIL”
1. REALLY LONG INTESTINE-
so food spends long time passing through
2. TYPHLOSOLE-
ridge inside increases surface area for more absorption
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TYPHLOSOLE Ridge inside intestine
It increases
surface area so
more nutrients
are absorbed
http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/images/worm2.jpg
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SEGMENTED WORMS
Return nutrients to soil by decomposing dead leaves and organic matter
Burrowing allows air and water to penetrate to roots
Tunnels loosen soil so roots can grow more easily
Earthworms play an important role in soil fertility
“intestines of the earth”
-Aristotle
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UNDERNEATH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
VENTRAL NERVE CORD
(nerves usually white)
VENTRAL BLOOD VESSEL
(usually dark)
Image by: Riedell/Vanderwal © 2005
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REMEMBER embryo orientation is flipped
in vertebrates and invertebrates!
Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
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Most INVERTEBRATES have a DORSAL HEART
and a VENTRAL NERVE CORD
ALL VERTEBRATES have a DORSAL NERVE CORD and a VENTRAL HEART.
BODY PLANS are also flipped!
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GANGLIA= nerve center
If in located in head and acting as “brain”
= CEREBRAL GANGLIA
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101-104/tutorials/animals/earthworm.html
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Animal%20Diversity/Protostomes/mollusks.htm#Chelicerates%20(subphylum%20Chelicerata
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Image from: http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/anatomy/anatomy8.html