Download - Worms & Mollusks
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Worms & Mollusks
Mrs. Wetzel Biology
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Review• 5 kingdoms
- Prokaryotes *- Protista *- Fungi *- Plants * - Animals
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Review• Animal Kingdom
– Invertebrates• Porifera *• Cnidarians *• Worms• Molluska• Arthropods• Echinoderms
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Review• Vertebrates
– Fish– Amphibians– Reptiles– Mammals
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Worms
• Three Phyla of worms– Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms– Nematoda
• Round worms– Annelida
• Segmented worms
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Platyhelminthes• Flat worms
–Flatworms are soft flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems.
–They are the simplest animals to have three germ layers, bilateral symmetry and cephalization
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Platyhelminthes• Examples of
flatworms are– Planaria– Flukes– Tapeworms
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Platyhelminthes• Respiration,
circulation, excretion all depend on diffusion.
• Flame cells are specialized to remove waste
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Platyhelminthes• Response-
– Platyhelminthes have a collection of nerve cells near the head called ganglion. They are not complex enough to be called a brain.
– Eyespot is also found on flatworms. It is used for detecting light
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Platyhelminthes• Movement- Flatworms move using
cilia found on epidermal cells, or by twisting in the water
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Platyhelminthes• Classification-
– Turbellarians- free living in water
– Bottom dwellers eat decaying material on the bottom
– Most famous = planaria
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Platyhelminthes• Classification
– Trematodes- parasitic– Most famous = flukes
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Fluke Life Cycle
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Platyhelminthes/Flukes • Schistosomiasis- rampant in areas
with poor sewage systems (pee/ poo where you drink/ bathe)
• Schistosomiasis eggs accumulate in the blood vessels clogging heart & causing tissue decay
• * Parasitic flat worms have a slightly thicker coating that protects them from being digested by their host= tegument
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Schistosomiasis
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Platyhelminthes• Classification- Cestoda aka
Tapeworm• Live inside the intestine of the host• Attach with the scolex
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Nematoda• Nematodes= Roundworms
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Nematoda• Feeding- many are free living
carnivores that can live in moist soil, some are marine
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Nematoda• Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion
– There is NO internal transport system, they depend on diffusion for transporting cellular metabolic waste such as ammonia.
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Nematoda• Response= Ganglia same as
flatworms (platyhelminthes)
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Nematoda• Reproduction= Sexual
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TrichinosisAdult worms live and mate in the
intestine of the host- eggs are released and burrow into the intestinal wall. The larva then travel into the bloodstream and organs causing pain. The life cycle is complete when something ingests the muscle infected with tissue infected with eggs
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Filarial Worms• Elephantiasis is cause when a large
number of filarial worms block the passage of fluids within the lymph vessels of a part of the body
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Ascarid Worms• Ascaris matures in the intestine of the
host reaching up to 50 cm. The Ascaris causes severe malnutrition in more than 1 billion people worldwide
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Hookworms• Hookworms live in the soil and enter
the body through an exposed foot. They then borrow into the bloodstream where they set up shop sucking the blood of their host causing weakness and poor growth
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Phylum Annelida• Segmented worms
– Animals with segmented bodies and a true coelom lined with mesoderm
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Phylum Annelida• Feeding and digestion- feeding
varies• Annelids pull food into the pharynx it
is then stored in the crop then eventually pushed down into a gizzard where it is ground up and digested
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Phylum Annelida• Annelids have a closed circulatory
system! Blood is circulated through a series of blood vessels
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Phylum Annelida• Respiration- Marine annelids breath
through gills• Terrestrial annelids have very moist
skin which allows for gas exchange on the epidermis.
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Phylum Annelida• Excretion-
– Solid waste is passed through the anus– Liquid waste is filtered from the blood
by nephridia
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Phylum annelida• Movement
– Longitudinal Muscles & circulatory muscles contract alternately allowing the worm to move
– Marine annelids have parapodia= paddles
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Phylum Annelida• Reproduction
– Sexual– Asexual– Hermaphrodites- worms rarely fertilize
themselves. Usually two worms will attach at each others clitellum and drop off some sperm. When eggs are ready to be fertilized the stored sperm from the other worm will be used. The thicken clitellum will then slip off of the worms body with the fertilized eggs and create a cocoon
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Phylum Annelida• Classification
– Oligochaetes- earth worms– Hirudinea Leeches- external parasites– Polychaeta- marine worms
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Phylum Molluska• One of the oldest and most diverse
Phyla• Soft bodies animals with an internal
or external shell
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Phylum Molluska• Body Plan- usually soft bodies
animals with an internal or external shell– Shell– Visceral Mass– Mantle Cavity– Foot
• Molluska and annelids are closely related as their larva is similar
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Phylum Molluska• Feeding- herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritivores,
parasites – Snails & Slugs eat using their radula – looks like a big tongue– Octopi can produce toxins to poison their prey and then pull
them into their jaws using their tentacles
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Phylum Molluska• Respiration- • Aquatic Mollusks breath using gills• Terrestrial animals breath through
gas exchange over the mantle cavity
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Phylum Molluska• Circulation- open circulatory system-
organs are bathed with blood in sinuses
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Phylum Molluska• Excretion- Nephridia removes
ammonia
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Phylum Molluska• Response- Varies greatly
– Bivalves- pretty simple small ganglia– Gastropods- small antennae that can
sense their environment – Cephalopods- Highly developed brain
• Can remember things• Reward & Punishment
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Phylum Molluska• Movement- varies
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Phylumn Molluska• Reproduction-
– Sexual– Asexual– Hermaphrodites
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Phylum Molluska• Classification
- Bivalves; Clams, mussels, oysters- Gastropods; Snails, slugs- Cephalopods; Octopus, squid, nautilus.
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Gastropods
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Bivalves
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