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Writing Grants That Writing Grants That Excite ReviewersExcite Reviewers
&&Funding Sources & Funding Sources &
Strategies for Applied Strategies for Applied ResearchResearch
Kathryn M. Meurs, DVM, PhDDiplomate ACVIM (Cardiology)
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Discussion OutlineDiscussion OutlineDesigning a project that interests YOU!
Developing the Hypothesis
Findiing an agency that may be interested
Writing: Background/Methods/Instruction
Finalize and Send it off!
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Design a project that Design a project that interests YOU! interests YOU!
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Choosing a projectChoosing a projectFirst and foremost, it is IMPERATIVE that
YOU believe (and really like) your research! Reviewers pick up on subtle signs that
indicate that you have concerns about the project
Good grant writing requires a bit of salesmanship-if you do not believe in the project it will be hard to “sell it to reviewer”
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Choosing a projectChoosing a project
Good grant writing requires a substantial amount of time and effortReading background materialDeveloping the hypothesisWriting the methodology
Never develop a grant unless you will be incredibly excited to have the opportunity to perform the research-it may get funded and then you will need
to do the work!
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Choosing a projectChoosing a project
It may not always be possible to specifically define the area that you will be working in We often work in an area defined by our
mentor
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Choosing a projectChoosing a projectHowever, you can identify the areas
of your specialty that fascinate you the mostWork to build your research,
experiences and publications in YOUR niche as much as possible
Reviewers will look at your CV to see if you are beginning to build your career around the area of research you are proposing
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Grant DevelopmentGrant Development
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Grant DevelopmentGrant Development
1. Finding time to write a grant2. Identifying the Question/Hypothesis
that you would like to answer3. Identifying a funding agency that
might be interested in the area of research
4. Writing -Background/Methodology/Budget
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Finding Time to Write a Finding Time to Write a GrantGrant
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Time ManagementGood grantsmanship requires a fair
amount of time (developing the hypothesis, reading about background and methods, calculating the budget etc)
Start early!! Because………
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Unforeseen issues!There are many unforeseen obstacles
that may develop as you go forwardPower calculations indicating you would
need to study 5,000 horses in order to obtain statistical power
Determination that a key reagent needed for an assay has been discontinued
You want to have plenty of time to be able to be flexible !!
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Exhaustion!Mental fatigue- you want the grant to
read well and the reviewer to sense your passion and enthusiasm
When you are writing the grant at 3am, 24 hours before the grant is due, it is hard to be enthusiastic
Mistakes will be (and have been) made!
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Red Tape!
University Grant and Development agencies require that any extramural grant be signed by department heads, deans and university officials. They may need time to approve the
budget, ok reductions in overhead %, etcThe University may require that the
COMPLETED grant be in their office 1-7 days BEFORE the grant is actually due
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No matter how successful procrastination has worked in other areas of your career (cramming for exams etc) …………..
IT WILL NOT WORK WELL WITH IT WILL NOT WORK WELL WITH GRANT WRITING GRANT WRITING
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Time ManagementTime Management
Ideally, plan to set aside a small amount of time (2hours) 4-5 times /week for at least a month before due (longer if NIH level)This will help prevent the grant fatigue
that occurs from being forced to do a lot all at once
This time slot should be put ON YOUR SCHEDULE
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CLEARLY, this IS very challenging when balancing a clinic load Clinician scientists need to start even
farther in advance so that they can use their off clinic opportunities
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Clinician scientists are Clinician scientists are EXCEPTIONAL individuals !EXCEPTIONAL individuals !
They use their unique clinical skills to ID important clinical research problems
They use their unique research skills to solve important clinical issues
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They are members of an They are members of an ELITE and small group of ELITE and small group of
individuals who can individuals who can actually move veterinary actually move veterinary
medicine forwardmedicine forward
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However, Clinician However, Clinician scientists have to be just scientists have to be just
a little better than the a little better than the average person at time average person at time
management management
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Now that you have scheduled time to work on
your grant, you can develop you your Plan of
Action
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Your Writing Plan of Your Writing Plan of ActionAction
1. HypothesisSpecific Aims
2. Identify a funding agency that fitsCarefully review instructions for issues
that need to be addressed early!3. Background/Methods/Budget4. Compliance Concerns
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Identify the Hypothesis that you would like to
prove/disprove
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Hypothesis
The Hypothesis is one of the most CRUCIAL parts of the grant
This should be the FIRST part of the grant that you work on
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis should be a tentative explanation for the scientific problem that you will test with further investigation
Always list at least 1 Hypothesis (1-3 is appropriate) even if the grant instructions do not specifically state it
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Developing your Developing your HypothesisHypothesis
Begin with a broad subject/ideaExample- Evaluation of the etiologies of
cardiomyopathy Immerse yourself in the topic--- read
past literature- make notes to yourself (index cards?) about interesting ideas, approaches to the problem
Start writing down some more specific ideas about possible ways to investigate this
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Developing your Developing your HypothesisHypothesis
Leave ideas alone for a few daysReturn to study, read some more
Note that all of the above took time!
Develop a list of the possible questions you would like to pursueIs cardiomyopathy inherited?
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Developing the Developing the HypothesisHypothesis
Focus your list to 1, maybe 2 possible, provable, tentative explanations for your problem that you can testDilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in
the Doberman pinscherMost grants should have 1-3 concise,
well written Hypotheses
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Developing the Developing the HypothesisHypothesis
If you have more than one Hypothesis, they should be related in subject as the the subject or theme of the grant If the title is “Etiologies of cardiomyopathy
in the dog” the following might be consideredH1: Dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in the
Doberman pinscherH2: Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by a
nutritional selenium deficiency in the Doberman pinscher
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Developing the Developing the HypothesisHypothesis
However, multiple hypothesis should NEVER be dependent on each otherFor example, this would be a BAD pair of
hypothesis H1: Dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in
the Doberman pinscherH2: Dilated cardiomyopathy is an autsomal
dominant trait in the Doberman pinscherBecause if H1 is disproven (if it is not
inherited) there is no point in completing H2
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Developing the Developing the HypothesisHypothesis
Be sure that you will be able to PROVE/DISPROVE the Hypothesis
As you develop your methodology, return frequently to the Hypothesis to make sure what you are planning will prove/disprove the Hypothesis
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Developing the Developing the HypothesisHypothesis
Ask someone else to read it (especially if this is not exactly their area) to see if it makes sense to them
Good H do not develop overnight– anticipate that it will take some time to write and rewrite many times
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Specific AimsSpecific Aims
Each hypothesis should have at least one (2-3 is fine) specific aim that states the major experiment that will be done to test hypothesis
H1: Dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in the Doberman pinscher
Aim 1: Perform outcross breeding studies with affected Doberman pinschers
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Finding a grant agency Finding a grant agency that fitsthat fits
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Finding a grant agency that Finding a grant agency that fitsfits
Once you have identified your area of research and Hypothesis Start looking for funding agencies that
might be interested in funding your project
Agencies are funded by very specific resources and have very specific needs. No matter how wonderful your grant is – they will not fund it if it does not suit their needs
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Finding a grant agency that Finding a grant agency that fitsfits
For example- an agency wants to fundclinical studies that test new
treatments for laminitis
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Finding a grant agency that Finding a grant agency that fitsfits
Investigator X submits a grant with a hypothesis:
H1: TNF is elevated in horses with laminitis
The reviewers quickly discard the grant since: studies of cytokines in horses with laminitis may be helpful but are not specifically directed at TREATMENT
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Common funding agencies Common funding agencies for DVM clinician scientistsfor DVM clinician scientists
American Kennel Club-Canine Health Foundation
American Association of Feline Practioners
Grayson-Jockey Club FoundationMorris Animal FoundationNational Institutes of HealthWinn Feline Association
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Instructions & Grant Instructions & Grant FormattingFormatting
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Formatting the GrantFormatting the Grant
Each grant agency has their own, very specific guidelines. These may include page margins, forms, deadlines, letters of support, order in which the grant is put together
It is IMPERATIVE that you follow the directions EXACTLYAgencies receive many more grants than
they can fund AND reviewers that assist them are often volunteering their time and are very busy experts in the field
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Formatting the GrantFormatting the Grant
Failure to follow the exact directions --- even font size or page margins, is almost always a reason for dismissal of the grant without it being reviewed!
If you are going to take the time to write a grant, BE SURE to set aside time to properly go through the directions and guidelines
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Background/Materials Background/Materials & Methods& Methods
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Grant Development II Grant Development II
Once you have identified an agency that fits your area of interest, you can use the page limit instructions to write Background/Methods/Budget/Etc
Use the notes and references you obtained when you were developing your Hypothesis to write the Background and Methods section
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BackgroundBackground
You do not need to reference every paper ever written on a topic, HOWEVER, you do want to reference Key authors & papersThis tells the reviewers that you really
know the subject and the state of the science in this area
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BackgroundBackground
Be as current as possible. Mention landmark studies but be sure that you have done a recent survey of the literature
AVOID using textbooks and book chapters as references
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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Be sure to state all important techniques needed to do the research to prove/disprove the Hypothesis
Amount of detail provided on a technique can be varied. Common techniques or techniques that
you have published on may not need to be explained. May be ok to state “method as described” REF #
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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
However, if it is a less common technique or a new area for you: write enough detail to tell reviewer that
you are familiar with methodology
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Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Clearly state - a few possible limitations/pitfall of your approach and how to deal with them
Tells the reviewer that you know the issues may arise and you are prepared for them
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Statistical DesignStatistical Design
Always provide the reviewer with an indication of how you determined the needed number of cases, repetitions, assays, etc
Perform Power Calculations if at all possible even if you have limited pilot data
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Statistical DesignStatistical Design
Always state how the data will be analyzed
Always define what you will consider to be statistically relevant
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Budget
You can anticipate that in most cases, the reviewer will carefully scrutinize the budget
Include all needed costs, but be careful that there is no appearance that you are “padding the budget”Be as specific as possible
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Budget Budget
Be very specific with salariesThis is an area often used to expand the
budget incorrectly so it is evaluated closely!!!
Avoid vague estimates– “50% tech salary” - --instead estimate actual time it will take to pay for the work to be done (1200 hours, etc)
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Compliance
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ComplianceCompliance
Most grant agencies and university grant offices require several layers of “compliance”Animal use approval formsBiosafety, radioisotope approvalLetters of support from co-investigatorsMost of these take much more time
than expected to obtain! So start early!
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Compliance
Carefully review the grant guidelines as well as your own university guidelines to determine the needed paperwork and required timelines
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Finally….Go through one more time:Make sure hypothesis are not
dependent on each otherMake sure methods can test hypothesisMake sure you have power calcs and
assesment statsMake sure you are not exceeding page
limits, format rulesSet realistic goals for your success….
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Keys to Increase Research Keys to Increase Research FundingFunding
Factors that increase funding success*
Grantsmanship trainingAttendance at association meetings
(networking)Number of proposals submitted
(PERSEVERENCE) Research team size (faculty, post docs,
grad students, technical assistants, professional support)
*Cole,SS Research Manag Rev Vol.15,2007
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Please Don’t Give Up!