orqidea
lela cucqiriZe
klasi VIkiTxvis done – 6.1teqstis tipi – SemecnebiTi
saqarTvelos dawyebiTi ganaTlebis proeqti (G-PriEd) madlobas uxdis lela qistaurs, rezo gogias da nugzar arCe maSvils, romlebmac paata papavas xelmZRvanelobiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes am wignis momzadebaSi. gansakuTrebuli madloba qalbaton medea kakaCias (USAID)ga we uli daxmar e bisTvis.
am masalis momzadeba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis keTili nebiTa da aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT. masalebis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia SemdgenelTa jgufi da igi ar warmoadgens aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da aSS mTavrobis azrs. Ees masala momzadda aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos dawyebiTi ganaTlebis proeqtis farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan erTad.
Sesavali
albaT yvela Tqvengans aqvs Tavisi sayvareli yvavili. zogs mzesaviT yviTelgula gvirila uyvars, zogs – qoCora iasamani, zogs – erTi bewo ia, zogs – kompiuterTan qoTniT midgmuli Cxvletia da msuqana kaqtusis yvavili urCevnia yvelafers.
ra aris yvavili?
Tqven albaT ukve iciT, rom yvavili mcenaris saxecvlili ylortia. is Sedgeba gvirgvinis foTlebisgan, jamis furclebisgan, mtvrianebisgan da butkosgan. swored yvavilia mcenaris gamravlebis organo. misgan mcenaris Tesli da nayofi warmoiqmneba.
arsebobs moyvavile da aramoyvavile mcenareebi. aramoyvaviles uwodeben mcenares, romelsac yvavili ar aqvs, mag. naZvi, kviparosi da sxv. moyvaviles uwodeben mcenares, romelsac yvavili aqvs. Turme Cvens planetaze 500000mde saxeobis mcenarea gavrcelebuli. aqedan naxevarze meti yvaviliania.
yvavili, rogorc simbolo
yvavili silamazis, sinazis da siyvarulis simboloa. mas xSirad iyeneben heraldikaSi.1 yvela saxelmwifos Tavisi gerbi aqvs. gerbebi
1 `heraldika~ laTinuri sityvaa da `macnes~ niSnavs.Tavdapirvelad im mizniT warmoiSva, rom erTmaneTisgan gaerCiaT orTabrZolaSi monawileebi da Cafxutiani mebrZolebi. heraldika damxmare istoriuli disciplinaa, romelic gerbebs Seiswavlis. Tavis mxriv, gerbi memkvidreobiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania.
ვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვ ვვვვ.
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aqvs aseve qalaqebs, gvarebs, provinciebs, sxvadasxva gaerTianebebs, samefo dinastiebs.
magaliTad, maldivis gerbze gamosaxulia xuTfurcliani vardi.
safrangeTis samefos gerbSi ki gamoyenebuli iyo TeTri SroSani (lilia).
yvavils ara marto qveynebis, Tqven warmoidgineT, sportuli klubebis emblemadac ki iyenebdnen. magaliTad, yvelasTvis cnobili inglisuri safexburTo klubis, `manCester iunaitedis~ maisurebs 1908/09 wlis sezonis inglisis Tasis finalSi lankasteris wiTeli vardis emblema amSvenebda.
arsebobs omebic, romlebic swored yvavilis saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi. aseTia 30wliani samoqalaqo omi, romelic inglisis or samefo dinastias – lankasterebsa da iorkebs – Soris mimdinareobda da romelic cnobilia, rogorc `alisferi da TeTri vardebis omi~. es imitom, rom am dinastiebis samefo emblemebi alisferi da TeTri vardi iyo. swored lankasterebis alis feri vardi gamoiyena `manCester iunaitedma~.
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iciT, kidev sad gvxvdeba `alisferi da TeTri vardebis omi?~ ase daarqva mezobeli ubnis biWebTan mumrikis xelSi Casagdebad dawyebul `orTabrZolebs~ astrid lindgrenis nawarmoebis personaJma, deteqtivma kale blumkvistma. Tumca am omze rom ukeT gaigoT, jobs, kale blumkvistze dawerili wignebi waikiTxoT. garwmunebT, Zalian isiamovnebT.
bardisa Tu SroSanis garda gerbebsa Tu emblemebSi gvxvdeba sxva yvavilebic. magaliTad, barbadosis saxelmwifo gerbze gamosaxulia orqidea.
orqideaorqidea mcenareTa yvelaze didi ojaxia. garda
antarqtidisa, dedamiwis yvela kontinentze xarobs, umetesad – tropikul zonebSi, mag. bahamis kunZulebze, samxreT amerikaSi, trinidadSi, kubaSi da sxv.
bunebaSi orqideis daaxloebiT 20000 veluri saxeobaa gavrcelebuli. amas emateba 10000mde sxvadasxva saxis oqrideac, romlebic dRemde xelovnurad gamohyavT.
ramdeni wlisaa orqidea?
orqidea planetis erTerTi uZvelesi mcenarea. mas Zalian didi xnis istoria aqvs. mecnierebma orqideis yvavilis mtveri qarvaSi Cakiruli futkris zurgze aRmoaCines da mividnen daskvnamde, rom es mtveri daaxloebiT 1015 milioni wlis winandeli iyo. sxvadasxva gamokvlevaze dayrdnobiT imasac ki
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varaudoben, rom orqidea imaze adrec arsebobda, sanam dedamiwaze kontinentebi gaiyofoda. jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde meoTxe saukuneSi orqideas eTayvanebodnen CineTSi. xolo qristesSobamde 375 wels, berZenma filosofosma da erTerTma pirvelma botanikosma Teofrastma am yvavils `orqisi~ uwoda. swored antikuri periodidan vxvdebiT cnobebs orqideaze. mis warmoSobaze ki xalxSi legendebia gavrcelebuli.
legendebi
legenda 1: erTerTi berZnuli legendis Tanaxmad, kviprosis mefis vaJi, adonisi, romelic RmerTebsac ki sjobda silamaziT, qalRmerT afrodites Seuyvarda. amaze zevsi ganrisxda da erTxel, sanadirod wasulebs saSineli Weqaquxili mouvlina. adonisma da afroditem mRvimes Seafares Tavi. am dros afrodites oqros maSia gasZvra da ulamazes yvavilad, mxurvale siyvarulis simbolod, orqidead iqca. orqideis es saxeoba (Cypripedium calceolus) marTlac Zalian waagavs oqros maSias.
legenda 2: axali zelandiis aborigenebs TavianTi legenda aqvT orqideaze.
odesRac, Zalian didi xnis win, mze Cvens planetas iSviaTad stumrobda, amitom yvelaferi TovliT iyo
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varaudoben, rom orqidea imaze adrec arsebobda, sanam dedamiwaze kontinentebi gaiyofoda. jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde meoTxe saukuneSi orqideas eTayvanebodnen CineTSi. xolo qristesSobamde 375 wels, berZenma filosofosma da erTerTma pirvelma botanikosma Teofrastma am yvavils `orqisi~ uwoda. swored antikuri periodidan vxvdebiT cnobebs orqideaze. mis warmoSobaze ki xalxSi legendebia gavrcelebuli.
legendebi
legenda 1: erTerTi berZnuli legendis Tanaxmad, kviprosis mefis vaJi, adonisi, romelic RmerTebsac ki sjobda silamaziT, qalRmerT afrodites Seuyvarda. amaze zevsi ganrisxda da erTxel, sanadirod wasulebs saSineli Weqaquxili mouvlina. adonisma da afroditem mRvimes Seafares Tavi. am dros afrodites oqros maSia gasZvra da ulamazes yvavilad, mxurvale siyvarulis simbolod, orqidead iqca. orqideis es saxeoba (Cypripedium calceolus) marTlac Zalian waagavs oqros maSias.
legenda 2: axali zelandiis aborigenebs TavianTi legenda aqvT orqideaze.
odesRac, Zalian didi xnis win, mze Cvens planetas iSviaTad stumrobda, amitom yvelaferi TovliT iyo
dafaruli. zogjer mze dedamiwaze sxivs agzavnida. sxivi Tovls swrafad adnobda. Tovli niaRvrad iqceoda. ase Cndeboda zRvebi. zRvidan aorTqlebuli wyali TandaTan ufro da ufro did Rrublebs warmoqmnida. amis gamo mze dedamiwas veRar xedavda. man sxivebiT scada Rrublebis gafantva, rasac Zlieri wvima mohyva. wvimam miwaze Tovli mTlianad daadno. roca gadaiRo, caze cisartyela gamoCnda.
dedamiwaze mcxovrebma borotma sulebma cisartyelaze dadgoma moindomes. Svidfera naxevarrkalma maT simZimes ver gauZlo da daimsxvra. misi aTasobiT wvrili, feradi namsxvrevi ki miwaze Camocvivda da didebul yvavilebad, orqidead, iqca.
rogor mravldeba orqidea?
orqideis Teslebidan axali mcenare rom aRmocendes, gansakuTrebuli pirobebi sWirdeba. aRmoCnda, rom amisTvis mxolod Sesaferisi sinaTle, siTbo da teni ar aris sakmarisi. am mcenaris Tesli mxolod maSin Rvivdeba, rodesac misi dainficireba xdeba erTerTi iSviaTi saxeobis sokoTi, romelic mcenares ar azianebs.
orqideis gamravlebaSi did rols TamaSoben mwerebic, radgan swored maTi saSualebiT xdeba yva
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vilis damtverva.2 kunZul maiorkaze izrdeba ̀ futkara orqidea~, romlis yvavilebi Tavisi garegnuli ieriTa da suniT Tafls waagavs. amis gamo mamr futkrebs isini mdedr futkrebSi erevaT da xSirad stumroben xan erT, xan meore, xan mesame ̀ futkara orqideas~. motyuebul futkrebs sxeulze akruli mtvris tomsikebi da mtveri erTi yvavilidan meoreze gadaaqvT.
`futkara orqideis~ garda sxva orqideebsac Taviseburi `xafangebi~ aqvT mwerebis misazidad.
magaliTad, orqidea falenopsisi (Phalaenopsis) pepelas waagavs. is Tavisi garegnobiT ityuebs pep lebs da Tavs amtverianebinebs.
zogi orqidea mwerebs Tavisi mot kbo surneliT izidavs, zogi – leSis suniT da a.S.
orqideebsa da maTi dammtverianebel mwerebs Soris am unikalur urTierTkavSirs Tanaevolucias uwodeben.
rodis Seajvares pirvelad orqidea?
mebaReebi advilad ajvareben erTi saxeobisa da, Tqven warmoidgineT, sxvadasxva saxeobis orqideebsac ki, ris Sedegadac am yvavilis uamravi axali hibridi3 iqmneba. maTi umetesoba bolo 100 weliwadSia miRebuli.
2 damtverva – mcenaris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis moxvedra butkos dingze. yvavilovan mcenareTa sqesobrivi gamravlebis forma.
3 hibridi – ori sxvadasxva genotipis mqone mSobliuri ujredis Sej varebis Sedegad miRebuli organizmi.
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vilis damtverva.2 kunZul maiorkaze izrdeba ̀ futkara orqidea~, romlis yvavilebi Tavisi garegnuli ieriTa da suniT Tafls waagavs. amis gamo mamr futkrebs isini mdedr futkrebSi erevaT da xSirad stumroben xan erT, xan meore, xan mesame ̀ futkara orqideas~. motyuebul futkrebs sxeulze akruli mtvris tomsikebi da mtveri erTi yvavilidan meoreze gadaaqvT.
`futkara orqideis~ garda sxva orqideebsac Taviseburi `xafangebi~ aqvT mwerebis misazidad.
magaliTad, orqidea falenopsisi (Phalaenopsis) pepelas waagavs. is Tavisi garegnobiT ityuebs pep lebs da Tavs amtverianebinebs.
zogi orqidea mwerebs Tavisi mot kbo surneliT izidavs, zogi – leSis suniT da a.S.
orqideebsa da maTi dammtverianebel mwerebs Soris am unikalur urTierTkavSirs Tanaevolucias uwodeben.
rodis Seajvares pirvelad orqidea?
mebaReebi advilad ajvareben erTi saxeobisa da, Tqven warmoidgineT, sxvadasxva saxeobis orqideebsac ki, ris Sedegadac am yvavilis uamravi axali hibridi3 iqmneba. maTi umetesoba bolo 100 weliwadSia miRebuli.
2 damtverva – mcenaris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis moxvedra butkos dingze. yvavilovan mcenareTa sqesobrivi gamravlebis forma.
3 hibridi – ori sxvadasxva genotipis mqone mSobliuri ujredis Sej varebis Sedegad miRebuli organizmi.
orqideebis saxeobebs Soris pirveli xelovnuri damtverva (Sejvareba) britanelma mebaRem jon dominim ganaxorciela da 1856 wels miiRo kidec orqideis pirveli xelovnuri hibridi – kalante domini (Calanthe dominii).
dReisaTvis seleqcionerebma4 orqideebis bunebrivze meti xelovnuri saxeoba gamoiyvanes. isini axladmiRebul mcenares Teslidan zrdian da Semdeg ramdenime weli elodebian mis gayvavilebas.
garda kerZo seleqcionerebisa, msoflioSi arsebobs didi firmebic, romlebic swored am yvavilis gamravlebasa da misi axali jiSebis gamoyvanaze zrunaven.
zrdasruli orqideis misaRebad xuTi, zogierTi jiSisTvis ki aTi welia saWiro. amitom, msoflio bazarze am yvavilis fasic maRalia.
raSi iyeneben orqideas?
jer kidev Zveli Cineli, romaeli, berZeni, iaponeli eqimebi, aseve actekebis da maias tomis mkurnalebi iyenebdnen orqideas sxvadasxva daavadebis samkurnalod. iqneboda es anTebiTi procesebi, Tavis tkivili, xvela, kanis daavadeba, revmatizmi Tu sxv.
4 seleqcioneri – is, vinc muSaobs seleqciaze. seleqcia – (laT. selectio – SerCeva) – mecniereba mcenareebisa da cxovelebis axali jiSebis Seqmnis meTodebze. genetikis erTerTi dargi.
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mas iyenebdnen sakvebadac. mZiviviT acmuli orqideis yvavilebs axmobdnen da gaWirvebis dros Wamdnen. warmoidgineT, TiTo `mZivi~ adamians mTeli dRiT anayrebda.
zulus tomis mamakacebi warmatebis misaRwevad mxarze yviTelwiTellaqebian orqideis furclebs imagrebdnen. damwvari orqideis kvamls ki SeeZlo Rameuli koSmarebis gafantva.
orqideas dRes farTod iyeneben parfiumeriaSi sxvadasxva saxis sunamoebis dasamzadeblad. misgan aseve amzadeben saxisa Tu tanis movlis saSualebebs da sxv.
orqideisgan mzaddeba weboc.
gagigiaT raime vanilis Sesaxeb?
albaT yvela Tqvengans erTxel mainc moukravs yuri am sityvisTvis dedis Tu bebiebis saubarSi. vanils kulinariaSi iyeneben. am surnelovani fxvnilis gareSe namcxvris Tu tortis gamoc xoba TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. arsebobs orqideis saxeoba: `vanilis orqidea~ (vanilla planifolia).
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is lianebis saxiT izrdeba. amis gamo plantaciebSi dracenas xeebs rgaven, an specialur sayrdenebs iyeneben, raTa lianam masze Semoxveva da asvla SeZlos.
vanils orqideis ori saxeobidan iReben.
vanilis orqideis samSoblo meqsikaa. mas mxolod meqsikaSi arsebuli futkris erTi saxeoba melipona da aseve mxolod meqsikaSi arsebu
li erTi saxeobis kolibri amtverianeben.1816 wels holandielebma vanilis orqideis gaxa
reba scades kunZul iavaze da plantaciac gaaSenes. Tumca uSedegod. mcenare xarobda, magram nayofs ar iZleoda. ase gagrZelda 18 weliwads, sanam gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar mixvdnen vanilis unayofobis mizezs. kunZul iavaze ar iyo futkris da kolibris is saxeoba, romelic orqideas amtverianebda.
vanilis plantaciebSi mtveri yvavilidan yvavilze xeliT, funjis saSualebiTac gadaaqvT. amas ZiriTadad bavSvebi akeTeben. isini dReSi 1000mde yva
vils amuSaveben. vanili sicocxlis mesame wels yvavis da isic mxolod erTi dRiT – SuadRidan Ramemde. amis Semdeg war
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moiqmneba grZeli parkebi, romlebSic wvrili Savi Teslia. nayofs damwifebamde wyveten, maSin, rodesac mas jer surneli ar aqvs. imisaTvis, rom nayofi
surnelovani gaxdes, didi Sromaa saWiro.
Tavdapirvelad parkebs 20 wamiT 80850Cmde gacxelebul wyalSi aTavseben, mere Salis qsovilSi axveven da 600C temperaturaze inaxaven.
ramdenime dRis Semdeg zustad erTi saaTiT gamoaqvT mzeze. momdevno dRes – zustad 10 wuTiT metxans umateben. Semdeg dRes – kidev zustad 10 wuTiT metxans da ase grZel deba erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
vanili TandaTan iZens motkbo, msubuq surnels, momwaro gemosa da yavisfer Seferilobas.
amis Semdeg parkebi gamoaqvT Ria adgilas, CrdilSi da manamde aSroben, sanam TeTri fena ar daedeba.
marTalia, mTeli am procesis ganmavlobaSi vanili wonis 2/3s kargavs, magram, samagierod, iZens yvela saWiro Tvisebas.
vanilis orqideis yvelaze didi plantaciebi madagaskarSi, indoneziasa da CineTSia, gvxvdeba laTinur amerikaSic.
orqideebis saerTaSoriso gamofena
orqidea Tavisi mravalferovnebis da uCveulo formebis gamo karg sakoleqcio mcenaredac iTvleba. miuxedavad maRali fasisa, koleqcionerebi mzad
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arian, nebismieri Tanxa gadaixadon, raTa kidev erTi mSvenieri orqidea Sematon TavianT koleqcias.
yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel msoflios sxvadasxva qalaqSi imarTeba orqideebis saerTaSoriso gamofena. pirvelad igi 1954 wels Catarda `britaneTis mebaReTa samefo sazogadoebis~ da `amerikis orqideis sazogadoebis~ TaosnobiT. gamofenaze Tavs iyrian mebaReebi, seleqcionerebi, botanikosebi, bunebis damcvelebi, biznesmenebi, koleqcionerebi Tu ubralod orqideis moyvarulebi. isini aTvaliereben aTasobiT sxvadasxva Seferilobisa da moyvanilobis yvavils da didi interesiT elodebian seleqcionerebis mier gamoyvanil axal saxeobebs Soris saukeTesos gamovlenas.
ratom interesdebian adamianebi orqideiT?
garda imisa, rom orqideas sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT iyeneben, is Zalian mravalferovani, ucxo da uCveulo yvavilis mqone mcenarea. SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad amoucnobic.
sainteresoa isic, rom misi Tvisebebi didad aris damokidebuli jiSze. magaliTad, erTi jiSis orqi
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dea surnels mxolod dRisiT gamoscems, meore – mxolod RamiT, mesame – dRisiT sxvagvar surnels afrqvevs, RamiT – gansxvavebuls da a.S.
orqideis yvaviloba sami kviridan sam Tvemde grZeldeba, is am mxrivac gansxvavdeba sxva yvavilebisgan. 2001 wels aRmoaCines orqidea, romelic mxolod erTxel da isic erTi RamiT yvavis.
garda silamazisa da ucnauri, mravalferovani formebisa, es yvavili mkveTri ferebiT, saocari surnelebiTa da TvisebebiT gamoirCeva.
iqneb swored am uamravi Tvisebis bralia, rom orqideiT yovelTvis gansakuTrebiT interesdebodnen da dResac interesdebian ara mxolod botanikosebi.
didi xnis win mis mosapoveblad adamianebi arafers eridebodnen: awyobdnen laSqrobebs da am laSqrobebis dros, Waobebsa da tyeebSi xSirad iRupebodnen kidec. auqcionebze es yvavilebi yvelaze Zvirad iyideboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca orqideis xelSi Casagdebad mkvlelobebic ki CaudeniaT.
mokled, orqideaze didi nadiroba iyo gamocxadebuli, ris gamoc tropikuli tyeebi TandaTan icleboda bunebis am saswaulisgan da mcenares gadaSeneba emuqreboda.
saukuneebis manZilze mebaReebi Zalian bevrs muSaobdnen, raTa, erTi mxriv, gadaerCinaT is da, meore mxriv, misi Sejvarebis, saTburebSi moyvanisa da gaxarebis teqnologia daexvewaT.
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ucnauri orqideebi
ukve gavigeT, rom orqideebs sul sxvadasxva Seferilobis da formis yvavilebi aqvT da maTi TiToeuli yvavili daxvewilobiT gamoirCeva.
Tumca arseboben ucnauri formis orqideebic.
Tu yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT, SeamCnevT, rom orqideis es yvavilebi frTagaSlil Citebs hgvanan.
sanam yvavilebs gamoiRebs, es orqidea qalis tuCebs mogvagonebs.
es – safenebSi gaxveul Cvils.
es orqidea ki ara, namdvili balerinaa. TiTqos solo partias cekvavs.
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eseni gafrenil ixvebs hgvanan. netav, sad mifrinaven?
es xelgaSlil kacunas hgavs, SeiZleba cxovelsac.
ai, eseni ki vis hgvanan, Tavad mixvdiT.
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sulac ar mikvirs, rom maT `maimun orqideebs~ uwodeben. mgoni, arc Tqven gagikvirdebaT.
am orqideis danaxvam SeiZ leba SegaSinoT kidec. tyulubralod ar Searqves mas `orqideadrakula~.
rogor movuaroT orqideas?
Tu gsurT, saxlSi orqidea gqondeT, girCevT, SeiZinoT misi saxeoba – falenopsisi (orqidea, romelic peplebs ityuebs). mas gansakuTrebuli movla ar sWirdeba da didxans yvavilobs. falenopsiss arc gamorCeuli ganaTeba sWirdeba. roca ayvavdeba, interieris gasalamazeblad SegiZliaT oTaxis siRrmeSic gadadgaT. oRond yvavilobis Semdeg aucileb lad Tavis adgilas unda daabrunoT.
orqideas ar uyvars mzis gulze yofna. is advilad itans 180Cdan 280Cmde temperaturas. 300Cze maRali temperaturis dros ki saswrafod CrdilSi, gril adgilas unda gadaitanoT. saerTod ki sasurvelia, im adgilas, sadac orqidea gaqvT, temperatura mkveT rad ar icvlebodes.
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falenopsisi daaxloebiT or kviraSi erTxel unda morwyaT. morwyva mxolod mas Semdeg unda, roca fesvebi mTlianad gauSreba. kargad gaSreba qoTnis kedlebic da qoTani simSralisgan Semsubuqdeba. unda morwyaT oTaxis temperaturis onkanis an gafiltruli wyliT. sasurvelia SuadRemde, rom misma fesvebma daRamebamde moas w ros gaSroba. albaT mixvdiT, rom falenopsisisTvis fesvebis simSrale sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.
am yvavils ar uyvars Sewuxeba, amitom iSviaTad sWirdeba gadargva, isic mxolod maSin, Tu fesvebi qoTanSi aRar eteva.