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Your Period 3 Maps are due NOW! Make sure your name is on the front page- submit it in the tray. This week’s HW/Reading Schedule● Tonight’s HW: Intro to Period 4 (610-615), Ch. 13 pp. 617-626.
Finish taking notes over today’s presentation if we don’t finish. ● Tomorrow’s HW: Ch. 13 pp. 626-635 (there will be an activity that will
be due from these pages on Wednesday- I will discuss more tomorrow)● You will receive instructions tomorrow for assignments that will be due
on Thursday and Friday. Wednesday’s and Thursday’s HW will be to complete these assignments.
● The rest of Ch. 13 (pp. 635-648) is due when you come to class on Monday 12/11.
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Do you remember this Islamic vocabulary?
● Shari’a law● Hijrah● Umma● Ulama● Baghdad House of Wisdom● Sufis● Jizya● Dhimmis● Sunni● Shi’a● Jihad (of the sword, Greater Jihad)
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Famous Sufi poems from Rumi- what do these tell you about Sufis?
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Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization
Remember, contextualization is the background information that is relevant to explaining the topic you’re analyzing. It’s the “big picture.” It’s the “back story.” Context answers the following questions:
-How did we get here?
-What was going on at the time, or before, that affected this?
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Warm-up Skill Activity: Contextualization
Your turn. With your group, on the half sheet of paper, come up with a contextualization statement in response to the following prompt:
“Compare Islamic empires in the period 1300-1500.”
*Remember, your contextualization must be lengthy, so 1-2 sentences simply will not cut it. Your contextualization needs to be at least 4-5 sentences (but probably no more than 6-7).
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Review of Islamic Empires so far:
● Under Muhammad: 622-632 ● Under the four “Rightly Guided” caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman,
Ali): 632-661● Under the Umayyad Caliphate: 661-750● Under the Abbasid Caliphate: 750-1258 (during this time, the
Islamic Empire began to fragment, especially from 750-900, with new caliphates such as the remaining Umayyad caliphate in Spain (al-Andalus), the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter, Fatima)
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The Turks
● Began as a nomadic pastoralist group west of China
● First encountered by Muslims as raiders and traders along northeastern frontiers
● Abbasids began taking in Turks as slaves- trained them as soldiers (mamelukes), used them as bodyguards-Turks were prized for their skill and loyalty
● Turks began widely converting to Islam, migrating into the weakened Abbasid Empire
mameluke
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The Seljuk Turks
● 1071- Battle of Manzikert- defeated Byzantine forces- began occupying Anatolia (Seljuk sultanate of Rum was the last remaining portion of this territory)
● Turks treated Persians well- secured their loyalty- used many as govt administrators, adopted many Persian cultural traditions
● Seljuk empire weakened after 1092, but still helped to fight Crusaders (including under Saladin, who helped recapture Jerusalem in 1187)
Saladin
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The Mongols would go on to destroy the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum.
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Remember, the Mongols took over Persia as the il-Khanate from 1256-1335.
Other Islamic caliphates to the west continued.
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The Ottoman Turks
● Most Turks saw themselves as ghazis (warriors for Islam)- formed military societies under an emir (chief commander)
● Osman (the West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans)- successful ghazi- built a Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326
● Used gunpowder- replaced archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiers; first to use cannons as weapons
● Osman’s son, Orkhan I, took the title of sultan (“overlord”, or “one with power”)- captured Adrianople
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The Ottoman Turks
● Expansion halted by Timur the Lame in the early 1400s- a rebellious warrior from Samarkand in Central Asia, he burned down Baghdad and defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402
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The Ottoman Turks
● The next four Ottoman sultans greatly expanded the empire- took Constantinople in 1453- renamed it Istanbul
● Muslims had to serve in the army; non-Muslims were exempt but still had to pay the tax (jizya)
● Treated conquered people wisely- ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan
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The Safavid Empire
● 15th century- Safavids aligned themselves with the Shi’a branch of Islam- became the state religion
● Leaders took the Persian title shah (king)● Built a powerful military● Shah Isma’il destroyed the Sunni
population of Baghdad in confrontation w/Ottomans- Ottoman leader Selim responded by executing all Shi’a in the Ottoman Empire. This culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514- Ottomans defeated Safavids, set the current Iran-Iraq border.
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The Delhi Sultanate
● 700s: warlike Muslim tribes from Central Asia created small kingdoms in India. Their leader was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan- called themselves Mughals (means “Mongols”).
● 700-1000: Several clashes between Muslims and Hindus
● 1000: Turkish armies sweep into India- destroyed many Indian cities and temples
● Delhi became the capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate. Hindus were treated as conquered people.
● Delhi was destroyed by Timur the Lame in 1398
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The Mughal Empire
● Babur inherited a kingdom in Central Asia- a boy at the time, his elders took it away and drove him south. He later raised an army and swept into India, laying the foundation for the Mughal Empire.
● Babur’s grandson, Akbar (means “Great,”) expanded the Mughal Empire’s territory, ruled India wisely from 1556-1605.
● Like the Ottomans and Safavids, equipped the military with heavy artillery. Rajputs (soldiers from regional warrior clans) were appointed as officers- why is this strategic?
● Akbar practiced religious tolerance. He also abolished the tax on Hindu pilgrims as well as the jizya. Akbar
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The Songhay Empire
● As Mali declined in the 1400s, the Songhai in the east broke away- established a new Islamic empire in West Africa- built up an army, controlled trade from the capital of Gao
● Sunni Ali- expanded the Songhay empire- captured important trade cities of Timbuktu and D’jenne
● Askia Muhammad- set up a centralized government with a bureaucracy
● 1591- Moroccan fighting force equipped with artillery invaded, ended the Songhay Empire