Download - Zionism and the Birth of Israel
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Foundation of political zionism ; TheodoreHerzl an Austrian journalist
In 1896 he published a book DerJudenstaat (The Jewish State)
Features of Jewish State:
Gradual development and building of a
state by the Jews in need of a national home
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Funding of proposed state by Jewish capital andmoney
Infrastructural development such ascommunication, farms enterprises
Organisation of an efficient army to protect thestate and development of banks and other
institution
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Herzls programmeAppealed the Jews all over to seek their cooperation
Jews should cease to be aliens
A Commission to be appointed to survey possibleterritories on which the proposed Jewish state to befounded
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Conference of Jews: BasleAug 1897 Herzl convened the first zionist Congress at
Basle, Switzerland
197 delegates attended and the World ZionistOrganisation was founded
Four measures were listed to attain the goal of aJewish state
a. Promotion of colonization of Palestine on suitableline by Jewish agricultural, industrial workers andtraders.
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Organisation and binding of all Jews using localand international institutions in the country
which they livedStrengthening the national consciousness and
awareness among the Jews
Securing consent of governments of Europe
Conference emphasized on having Jewish army,multi-lingual press, and a Jewish national fund foracquisition of land
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Result of Herzls effortIn 1904 Chamberlain died
Hence Palestine the only alternative
Herzl wrote in his journal I founded the Jewish State perhaps in 5 years, and certainly
not in 50, every one will know it
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Immigration of the Jews in PalestineBy 1904 the Jews numbered 25, 000 mainly from
Eastern Europe: Poland and Romania.
1917-1933 Most of them immigrated from Russia,David Ben Gurian , influenced by socialist ideas. Hefounded the first city Tel Aviv.
1933 onwards maximum Jews from Germany
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Colonisation of PalestineColonisation carried out systematically:
Palestine Land Development Company which
trained the workers for settlement on land.Establishment of school, institutions, theaters,
sports clubs, trade union, labour owned factories,own newspapers , land purchased from local Arab
land lords and cultivated them., establishedcooperative and collective agricultural enterprise Kibbutz
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Zionism and World War IWest Asia geo-political significanceWeizmann, a chemical scientist from Europe
managed to obtain the Balfour Declaration fromBritish colonial Secretary, Arthur James Balfour,Mark Sykes on 2 Nov. 1917
Balfour Declaration: His majestys government(Britain) view with favour the establishment with
Palestine of a national home for Jewish people,and will use their best endeavour to facilitate theachievement of this object, it being clearlyunderstood that nothing shall be done which
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may prejudice the civil and religious non-Jewishcommunities in Palestine and the rights and politicalstatus enjoyed by Jews in other countries.
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Growth ofZionism from 1919 - 1939
Paris Peace Conference, 1919- Palestine mandatedterritory of Britain in 1922
Many Jews migrated to PalestineCo-existence with the Arabs of Palestine became
difficult
Outbursts of violence, both Jews and Arabs were
killed.- called Wailing Wall incident in 1929
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Reasons for Arab backwardness
Arabs 73% population lived in rural areas out ofwhich 65,000 were nomads
Arabs agricultural methods were primitiveOnly 25% of muslims children attended schools
Jews 100% literary
Jews secured financial help from outside
Jews well organized
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Commissions set up
Shaw Commission 1929
Peel Commission in 1937tWoodhead Partition Commission in 1938
1939 White Paper Document- restricted immigrationand terminated British commitment to Zionism
Jews condemned it as monstrous document
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The Biltmore ProgrammeZionist conference held at Biltmore in New York, Ben
Gurian adopted a resolution- rejected white paper
document and favoured unlimited immigrationSuch aggressive policy brought in direct confrontation
with the Palestinians.
Significance- Jews turned to USA
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Birth ofIsrael - 1948Britain referred Palestine issue to United Nation in
Feb. 1947U.N. appointed a special CommitteeIt proposed the territory of the British mandate
west of the Jordon River to be partitioned intoArab state and Jewish state with Jerusalem underinternational control.
On 29 Nov. 1947, U.N. adopted a partition planU.S and USSR voted in favour, England abstained,
56% of Palestine territory went to Israel
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On 11 Dec. 1947 end of British Mandate14 May, 1948, the Jewish National Council proclaimed
the State of Israel at Tel Aviv.
Both US and USSR accorded recognition.
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Arab-Israel War(1948)Neighbouring states: Egypt, Syria, Jordon, Iraq and
Lebanon declared war on Israel
Israel inflicted defeat on ArabsArabs poorly equipped , and divided
King Abdullah of Jordon interested in seizing the areaof Palestine west of the River Jordon- the West Bank
Israel massacred the Arabs in Israel
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Arabs fled to neighboring areas-created refugeeproblems and miserable condition
US, Br and France guaranteed Israel Frontiers, butArab states refused the ceasefire as permanent.
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The Suez War(1956)Events leading to Sinai Crisis:
Sep 1955 Egypt announced an arms deal with
Czechoslovakia, a CommunistIn Dec. 1955 World Bank agreed to provide $20
million to build Aswan Dam in addition toAmerican loan of $56 million and Britain $14
million , Condition laid that Nasser loosened histies with the communists. Nasser did not comply
America and Britain withdrew the promised aid
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Nationalization of Suez canalNasseer nationalised the suez canal to finance the
Aswan dam.
Br and Fr objected as they were major shareholders.
Conference held at London - August 1956
Nasser formed a joint military command with Syriaand Jordon, blocked the Straits of Tiran, so hold overRed sea
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France, proposed a plan, where by Israel shouldcounterattack in the Sinai Peninsula.
Pretext to Br and Fr to reoccupy the Canal Zone toprotect it
Oct. 1956 Israel invaded the Gaza strip and theSinai Peninsula, and advanced towards the SuezCanal.
Eng and Fr issued an ultimatum demandingwithdrawal of both Israel and Egyptian forces fromthe Canal.
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On 31 Oct, Israel accepted the ultimatum, butEgypt refused.
Eng and France entered the conflict by attackingthe Egyptian bases.
Fortunately U.S and USSR demanded a ceasefireand forced Br, Fr and Israel to withdraw.
United Nations Emergency Force stationed troopson the frontier between Israel and Egypt
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Significance of the WarIsrael proved more stronger than EgyptAnti-west feeling increased among the Arabs, pan
Arabic spirit increased which culminated in theUnited Arab Republic in 1958
Nasser emerged stronger as a hero of Arabnationalism,- a leader of the Arab world
Palestine Liberation Organisation set up under
Arafat to fight for justice for the Arabs in 1964USA alarmed by the growing popularity of NasserBritish and France suffered humiliations
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The Six-Day War(1967)Arabs determination to destroy Israel, joined
hands together-Lead was taken by Iraq, Syria andEgypt.
In May 1967, Cairo Radio announced All Egypt isnow prepared to plunge into total war which willput an end to Israel.
Nasser called for the withdrawal of US EmergencyForce, received support from Saudi Arabi and Iraqand Jordon and closed the Strait of Tiran
Prime Minister Levi Eshkol of Israel appointedGeneral Moshe Dayan as Defence Minister
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Moshe ordered a surprise attack on the EgyptianAir Force followed by an attack on all fronts.
In 6 six day, Israel occupied the Gaza strip andwhole of Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of theSuez canal, the rest of Jerusalem and the WestBank from Jordon, and the Golan Heights fromSyria
By the time the UN Security Council called forcease fire, the Arabs had suffered a majorpsychological and military defeat.
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The Yom Kippur War(1973)Nasser died in 1970 Anwar Sadat, the President of
Egypt
In 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a new attack on6 October, the holiest day in theJewish Calendar.
After initial success, Israel succeeded in holdingthe territory captured in 1967, attacked Suez Canalinto Egypt, and across the Golan Heights towardsDamascus , Syria lost further 300 square miles ofterritory
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Arab oil producing states reduced supply of oil towestern powers and US resulting in oil crisis
OPEC(Organisation of Petroleum ExportingCountries) increased the oil prices causing inflationin the world.
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Egyptian-Israel PeaceSadat convinced about peace as a solution to the
problems.
Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger of US playedthe intermediary role
By the end of 1975, the Suez Canal which wasclosed since 1967 was opened
Egyptian and Syrian troops withdrew from theconfrontation positions
President Nixon visited West Asia and Sadat toWashington
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Peace treaty between Israel and Egypt :
1979
In 1977, Sadats position in Egypt was threatenedby riots and unrest due to inflation , low std ofliving.
Most of the Arab world contd to be anti- Israel
Yet Sadat announced for peace settlement withIsrael Prime minister, Begin
Inspite of opposition from the Arab league, thePeace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israelin Washington in March 1979 with Carter asintermediary.
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Terms of the TreatyIsrael promised to withdraw her troops from Sinai.
Egypt promised not to attack Israel again
Egypt guaranteed to supply oil and Israeli shipscould use the Suez Canal
Within five years self-governing authorities will beestablished in the West Bank of the Jordon, andGaza strip and Syria
Treaty condemned by PLO and most Arab States.
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In Nov. 1980 Begin announced Israel would not returnGolan Heights and West Bank.
Extremist Muslim soldiers assassinated Sadat while hewas watching a military parade in October 1981. Theybelieved that he had betrayed the Arab and Muslim .
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Invasion of Lebanon by IsraeliJune 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon and defeated PLO,
Syrian armed forces,
Followed by raids and counter raids
Resulted in Intifada- uprising in 1987 in Israeloccupied Palestine areas- because of miserableconditions, they boycotted Israel goods, attackedIsraels soldiers
Israel resorted to armed suppression of the revolt.
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Peace Between Israel and PLO1992 Rabin, the newly elected Prime Minister
believed in negotiation and concessions to achievelasting peace.
Yasser Arafat responded favourably and both flewto US agreed to sign the historic peace agreement.
By the peace accord Israel formally recognised PLOand vice versa
Israel agreed to establish self rule in Gaza strip andWest Bank
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Extremist groups of both Israel and Palestine opposedas In Palestine they wanted complete independenceand Israeli settlers in West Bank were against all
concession to the PLOYet in July 1994 Rabin and King Hussein of Jordon
signed a peace agreement ending 46 years of conflictand strained relations.
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Taba Agreement 1995Sep 1995, Rabin and Arafat signed the Taba
Agreement in WashingtonProclaimed self-rule for PalesteniansIsrael agreed to withdraw its troops from most of
the West Bank in stages over several years andhanding over both civil and security powers to thePLO
All Palestinian prisoners held by Israel would bereleased in three phasesYigal Amir, a Jewish student hostile to the
agreement assassinated Rabin on Nov 4, 1995
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Hamas, Palestinian militant group and
HizbollahHamas carried four suicide bombings in 1996
claiming 63 lives in IsraelHizbollah, militant Shiate Islamic group attacked
northern Israel from LebanonToday peace process between the Israelis and the
Palestinians had remained a distant dream.Rigid stand taken by the extremist on both side,
the terrorist activities of the Palestinian militant
group Hamas, especially the suicide bombing inIsrael killing the people and the ruthless attacksby Israeli armed forces, especially targeting theHamas leadership has strained relations.