ZULFIQAR HASAN 1
ZULFIQAR HASAN 2
What is Time value of money?Time value of money refers to the fact that the same money return has a higher present value if it is to be received early that it is to be received later.Time value of money means that the value of a sum of money received today is more than its value received after some time. Conversely, the sum of money received in future is less valuable in the future.
The time value of money is one of the most important concepts in finance. Money that the firm has in its possession today is more valuable than future payments because the money it now has can be invested and earn positive returns.Money received now can be invested to earn additional cash (interest).•Most financial decisions involve costs and benefits that are spread out over time.•Time value of money allows comparison of cash flows from different periods.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 3
Time Value Terminology• Future value (FV) is the amount an investment is worth after
one or more periods.• Present value (PV) is the current value of future cash flows of
an investment.. Another way to think of present value is to adopt a stance out on the time line in the future and look back toward time 0 to see what was the beginning amount.
• Simple interest refers to interest earned only on the original capital investment amount.
• Compound interest refers to interest earned on both the initial capital investment and on the interest reinvested from prior periods.
• Compounding is the process of finding FV• Discounting is the process of finding PV• The nominal interest rate (NIR) is the interest rate expressed
in terms of the interest payment made each period.• The effective annual interest rate (EAR) is the interest rate
expressed as if it was compounded once per year.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 4
Time Line.A horizontal line on which time zero appears at the leftmost end and future periods are marked from left to right; can be used to depict investment cash flows is called time line.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 5
ni 1PV FV
FV = Future Value
n = Number of Year (Period)
i = rate of return (interest)
m = Number of periods in a Year
(1 + i)n = future value interest factor (FVIF).
mn
m
i 1 PV FV
or
Total Compound Interest = FV – PVSimple Interest = (PV)(i)(n)Interest Difference = Compound Interest – Simple Interest
ZULFIQAR HASAN 6
FV Practice
01. What’s the FV of an initial $100 after 3 years if i = 10%?
762.30 $1
1.7623 $1000
0.12 1 $1000 FV 5
FV3 = PV(1 + i)3
= $100(1.10)3 = $133.10.
02. How much total compound interest will be taken after 03 years?.
Compound Interest = FV – PV= $133.10 - $ 100= $ 33.10
03. What will $1 000 amount to in 5 years’ time if interest is 12% per annum, compounded annually?
04. What will $1 000 amount to in 5 years’ time if interest is 12% per annum, compounded monthly?
$1816.70
1.8167 $1000
12
12% 1 $1000
m
12% 1$1000 FV
512
nm
ZULFIQAR HASAN 7
Future Value: Practice Problems
02. You deposit $1,000 now, $1,500 in one year, $2,000 in two years and $2,500 in three years in an account paying 10% interest per annum. How much do you have in the account at the end of the third year? Tips: You can solve it by: calculate the future value of each cash flow first and then total them.
$7846
01. Jane Farber places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will be in the account at the end of 5 years.
$ 1070.40
ZULFIQAR HASAN 8
Finding The Interest Rate (Rate of Return)
Problem: Abir Hasan, who recently won $ 10,000 in the lottery, wants to buy a car in 5 years. Abir estimates that the car will cost $ 16,105 at that time. What interest rate must he earn to be able to afford the car? %
).(
).(
).()(
.)(
,$
,$)(
)(,$,$
)(
.
.
10
161051
610511
610511
610511
00010
105161
10001010516
1
200
200
5
1
5
15
5
5
5
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
rPVFV t
ZULFIQAR HASAN 9
01. What’s the PV of $100 due in 3 years if i = 10%?
$75.13
310%+1
100 $
ni+1
FV =PV
02. How much would you have to deposit now to have $15,000 in 8 years if interest is 7%?
ni+1
FV =PV
mn
mi
+1
FV =PV
or
ZULFIQAR HASAN 10
What’s the PV of this stream?
0
1500
1i = 1
0%
2 3
2000 2500
13641653
1878$4 895
ZULFIQAR HASAN 11
What’s the PV of this stream?
0
100
1i = 1
0%
2 3
100 100
90.7082.27
74.62247.59
ZULFIQAR HASAN 12
Present Value of Multiple Cash Flows
You will get $1 500 in one year, $2000 in two years and $2 500 in three years in an account paying 10% interest per annum. What is the present value of these cash flows?Tips: You can solve by either:
– discounting back one year at a time; or
– calculating the present value of each cash flow first and then total them.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 13
The annual rate of interest actually paid or earned is called Effective Annual Rate (EAR).
11
m
m
iEAR
Example 01: Find out the EAR for a nominal rate of 10%, compounded semiannually?
%25.10
1025.0
11025.1
1)05.1(
1%)51(
12
%101
11
2
2
2
m
m
iEAR
ZULFIQAR HASAN 14
Example 02: Comparing EARsConsider the following interest rates quoted by three banks:Bank A: 15%, compounded daily (365 or 360 days in a year)
Bank B: 15.5%, compounded quarterlyBank C: 16%, compounded annually
16% 1 - 1
0.16 1 EAR
16.42% 1 - 4
0.155 1 EAR
16.18% 1 - 365
0.15 1 EAR
1
CBank
4
Bank B
365
ABank
Which is the best bank? For a saver, Bank B offers the best (highest) interest rate. For a borrower, Bank C offers the best (lowest) interest rate.The highest NIR (Nominal Interest Rate) is not necessarily the best.Compounding during the year can lead to a significant difference between the NIR and the EAR.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 15
Practice 01: EAR
What is the Effective Annual INTEREST rate (EAR) for a sum of money compounded at the rate of 15% pa
1. On a quarterly basis?2. On a monthly basis?3. On a weekly basis?4. On a daily basis?5. On a continuous basis?
Assume a 360 day year.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 16
Practice 02: TVM and EAR Delia Martin has $10000 that she can deposit in any of three accounts for a 3-year period. Bank A compounds interest on an annual basis, bank B compounds interest twice each year, and Bank C compounds interest each quarter. All three banks have a stated annual interest rate of 4%.
1.What amount would Ms. Martin have at the end of the third year, leaving all interest paid on deposit, in each Bank?
2.What effective annual rate (EAR) would she earn in each of the banks?
3.On the basis of your findings in parts 01 and 02, which bank should Ms. Martin deal with? Why?
4.If a fourth bank (Bank D), also with a 4% stated interest rate, compounds interest continuously, how much would Ms. Martin have at the end of the third Year? Does this alternative change your recommendation in part c? Explain why or why not.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 17
An annuity is a series of equal, periodic payments. Followings are the types of annuities:1. Ordinary Annuity:
An ordinary annuity is a series of constant cash flows that occur at the end of each period for some fixed number of periods. Examples include consumer loans and home mortgages.
2. Annuity Due: An annuity for which the cash flow occurs at the beginning of each period is called Annuity Due.
3. Perpetuity: A perpetuity is an annuity in which the cash flows continue forever.
Preparation at Home: What are the differences between Ordinary annuity and Annuity Due? Which annuity gives the higher value?
ZULFIQAR HASAN 18
Present Value of An Ordinary Annuity
The discounting term is called the present value interest factor for annuities (PVIFA).
ii 1
1 - 1
Ordinary
n
PMT PVAn
Present Value of An Annuity Due
)1(PVAn PVAn,
)1( PMT PVAn
OrdinaryDueAnnuity
ii 1
1 - 1
DueAnnuity
n
ior
i
ZULFIQAR HASAN 19
ExamplesExamples 03. What is the present value of an ordinary annuity of $100 per year at 12% per annum for three years?
$240.18 8)$100(2.401
12%1
- 1
$100 PVAn3
%12
1
Examples 04. You borrow $7 500 to buy a car and agree to repay the loan by way of equal monthly repayments over 5 years. The current interest rate is 12% per annum, compounded monthly. What is the amount of each monthly repayment?
$166.83
44.96 500 $7 PMT
0.011.01
1 - 1
PMT 500 $760
ZULFIQAR HASAN 20
Practice 03: Present Value of Annuity (from the Text)For each case in the following table, answer the following questions that Follow:
Case Amount of Annuity Interest rate YearA 2500 8% 10B 500 12% 6C 30000 20% 5D 11500 9% 8E 6000 14% 30
1. Calculate the Present value of the annuity assuming that it isa) An Ordinary annuityb) An Annuity Due
2. Compare the findings in part (a) and (b). All else being identical, which type of annuity is preferable? Explain Why?
ZULFIQAR HASAN 21
Practice 04 : Finding the Periodic Payment (PMT)
12
0.0812
0.08 1
1 - 1
m
im
i 1
1 - 1
2151
mn
PMT100000$
PMT PVAn
$955.66
Suppose you borrow $100,000 to buy a new house. If the mortgage interest rate is 8% on a 15-year mortgage, how much would your MONTHLY payments (Installment) be?
A. $950.23 B. $955.66 C. $974.39 D. $980.55
ZULFIQAR HASAN 22
Multiple Period In A YearExamples 05: What is the present value of an ordinary annuity of $50 paid every 6 months at 12% per annum for 3 years?
A. $240.18 B. $245.87 C. $253.79 D. $279.12
$245.87 )$50(4.9173
212%
212%
1
1 - 1
$50 PVAn
23
Examples 06: You will receive $500 at the end of each of the next 5 years. The current interest rate is 9% per annum. What is the present value of this series of cash flows?
944.85 $1 3.8897 $500
0.091.09
1 - 1
$500 PVAn 5
ZULFIQAR HASAN 23
i
1- i 1 PMT
n
FVAnOridinary
Future Value of An Annuity
The compounding term is called the future value interest factor for annuities (FVIFA).
i)(1
or
i)(1i
1- i 1 PMT
FVAnFVAn
FVAn
OrdinaryDueAnnuity
n
DueAnnuity
ZULFIQAR HASAN 24
Examples of Future Value of Annuity
Example 07: What is the future value at the end of 3 years of an ordinary annuity of $100 at 12% per annum?A. $331.00 B. $337.44 C. $343.96 D. $377.93
$337.44
4)$100(3.374 12%
1 - 12%1 $100 FV
3
Example 08: What is the future value $200 deposited at the end of every year for 10 years if the interest rate is 6% per annum?
636.20 $2
13.181 $200 0.06
1 - 1.06 $200 FV
10
ZULFIQAR HASAN 25
Practice 05: Future Value of Annuity )from the Text)
For each case in the following table, answer the following questions that Follow:
Case Amount of Annuity Interest rate YearA 2500 8% 10B 500 12% 6C 30000 20% 5D 11500 9% 8E 6000 14% 30
1. Calculate the future value of the annuity assuming that it isa) An Ordinary annuityb) An Annuity Due
2. Compare the findings in part (a) and (b). All else being identical, which type of annuity is preferable? Explain Why?
ZULFIQAR HASAN 26
Practice 06: Future Value of Annuity (from the Text)
Ramesh Abdul wishes to choose the better of two equally costly cash flow streams: annuity X and annuity Y. X is an annuity due with a cash inflow of $9,000 for each of 6 years. Y is an ordinary annuity with a cash inflow of $10,000 for each of 6 years. Assume that Ramesh can earn 15% on his investments.
a. On a purely subjective basis, which annuity do you think is more attractive? Why?
b. Find the future value at the end of year 6, FVA6, for both annuity X and annuity Y.
c. Use your finding in part b to indicate which annuity is more attractive. Why?
d. Compare your finding to your subjective response in part a.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 27
Practice 07: Present Value of A Retirement Annuity
An insurance agent is trying to sell you an immediate-retirement annuity, which for a single amount paid today will provide you with $12,000 at the end of each year for the next 25 years. You currently earn 9% on low-risk investments comparable to the retirement annuity. Ignoring taxes, what is the most you would pay for this annuity?
$117,870.96
ZULFIQAR HASAN 28
Practice 08: Future Value Of A Retirement Annuity
To supplement your planned retirement in exactly 42 years, you estimate that you need to accumulate $220,000 by the end of 42 years from today. You plan to make equal annual end-of-year deposits into an account paying 8% annual interest.
a. How large must the annual deposits be to create the $220,000 fund by the end of 42 years?
b. If you can afford to deposit only $600 per year into the account, how much will you have accumulated by the end of the 42nd year?
a. PMT = $723.10b. FVAn = $182,546.40
ZULFIQAR HASAN 29
Growing Annuity & Growing Perpetuity• A growing stream is one in which each successive cash
flow is larger than the previous one. A common problem is one in which the cash flows grow by some fixed percentage
• A growing annuity is an annuity in which the cash flows grow at a constant rate g:
2
2 3 1
1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )...
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
11
1
n
n
N
C C g C g C gPV
R R R R
C g
R g R
A growing perpetuity is an annuity where the cash flows continue indefinitely:
2
2 3
11
1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )...
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
(1 )
(1 )
tt
tt
C C g C g C gPV
R R R R
C g C
R R g
ZULFIQAR HASAN 30
Types of Loans
1. A pure discount loan is a loan where the borrower receives money today and repays a single slump sum in the future.
2. An interest only loan requires the borrower to pay interest each period and to repay the entire principal at some point in the future.
3. An amortized loan requires the borrower to repay both the principal and interest over time.
ZULFIQAR HASAN 31
Example: Simple Amortized Loan Schedule
Suppose a business takes out a $5000, five-year loan at 9%. The agreement calls for the borrower to pay the interest on the loan balance each year and to reduce the loan balance each year by $1000. Please make an amortization Schedule.
Year Beginning Balance
Total Payment
Interest Paid
Principal Paid
Ending Balance
1 $5000 $1450 $450 $1000 4000
2 4000 1360 360 1000 3000
3 3000 1270 270 1000 2000
4 2000 1180 180 1000 1000
5 1000 1090 90 1000 0
Totals $6350 $1350 $500
ZULFIQAR HASAN 32
Practice: Simple Amortized Loan Schedule
Suppose a business takes out a $10000, five-year loan at 10%. The agreement calls for the borrower to pay the interest on the loan balance each year and to reduce the loan balance each year by $2000. Please make an amortization Schedule.
Year Beginning Balance
Total Payment
Interest Paid
Principal Paid
Ending Balance
1 $10000 $3000 $1000 $2000 8000
2 8000
3
4
5
Totals