ZULULAND DISTRICT
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
KWA-ZULU NATAL PROVINCE
2016
PREPARTED BY: DITAU GEO-INFORMATICS SOLUTIONS
PREPARED FOR: DEPARTMENT OFRURAL DEVELOPMENT AND LAND REFORM
Chief Directorate: Spatial Planning and Land Use Management 224 Church Street, Capitol Towers, 0001. Private Bag X833, Pretoria, 0001 –Tel (012) 312 9548, Fax (012) 323 6419 email:[email protected]
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i
CONTENTS
0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1
1 SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 VISION FOR DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS ............................................................................ 3 1.3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 DRDPS & RURAL ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION ................................................................................ 4 1.5 RURAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES ..................................................................................................... 5 1.6 PURPOSE OF DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS .......................................................................... 6 1.7 AGRI-BUSINESS AS A CATALYST FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 8 1.8 AGRIPARK AS AN ANCHOR FOR AGRARIAN REFORM ............................................................................. 8 1.9 A FUNCTIONAL REGIONAL APPROACH TO RURAL PLANNING ................................................................. 9
2 SECTION TWO – STUDY AREA.......................................................................................................... 12
3 SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT ............................................................ 14
3.1 NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES............................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) ............................................................................... 15 3.1.2 New Growth Path (NGP) ....................................................................................................... 16 3.1.3 Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) – 2014 to 2019 ................................................ 16 3.1.4 Comprehensive Rural Development Programme Framework (CRDP) – 2009 ..................... 17 3.1.5 Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP) .................................................................................. 17
3.2 PROVINCIAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES............................................................................................ 18 3.2.1 KZN Provincial Growth and Development Strategy 2011 (PGDS) ........................................ 18 3.2.2 KZN Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP) 2011-2030 ..................................... 19 3.2.3 KZN Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF) 2011 .............................................. 20
3.3 DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY POLICIES AND STRATEGIES .......................................................................... 28 3.4 LOCAL MUNICIPALITY POLICIES AND STRATEGIES .............................................................................. 30
3.4.1 Abaqulusi Local Municipality IDP 2013/14 ............................................................................ 30 3.4.2 eDumbe Local Municipality (IDP) 2013/14 ............................................................................ 31 3.4.3 Nongoma Local Municipality IDP 2014/15 ............................................................................ 32 3.4.4 Ulundi Local Municipality IDP 2014/15 .................................................................................. 32 3.4.5 uPhongolo Local Municipality IDP 2014/2015 ....................................................................... 33
3.5 SYNTHESIS ...................................................................................................................................... 33
4 SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 35
4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 35 4.2 KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS ANT THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO GVA ........................................................... 46 4.3 PRIMARY SECTOR ........................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................. 48 4.4 SECONDARY SECTOR ...................................................................................................................... 48 4.5 ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................. 50 4.6 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY STATUS QUO ...................................................................... 56
4.6.1 Water Quality ......................................................................................................................... 56 4.6.2 CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................... 57 4.6.3 FORESTRY ........................................................................................................................... 57 4.6.4 AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL .............................................................................................. 58 4.6.5 TOURISM .............................................................................................................................. 58 4.6.6 SYNTHESIS .......................................................................................................................... 59
4.7 SYNTHESIS ...................................................................................................................................... 60
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4.7.1 People ................................................................................................................................... 60 4.7.2 Places .................................................................................................................................... 60 4.7.3 Employment .......................................................................................................................... 61 4.7.4 Economy ............................................................................................................................... 61
5 LAND REFORM .................................................................................................................................... 61
5.1 STATE LAND .................................................................................................................................... 62 5.2 DARD PROJECTS............................................................................................................................ 64 5.3 DRDLR PROJECTS (RID / REID) ..................................................................................................... 66 5.4 LAND REFORM PROJECTS (REDISTRIBUTION) .................................................................................... 68
5.4.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 70 5.5 RECAPITALISATION PROJECTS: ......................................................................................................... 72 5.6 EXTRAS .......................................................................................................................................... 73
6 SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN ........................................... 73
5.1 AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS ......................................................................................................... 82 6.1.1 Vegetables Value Chain ........................................................................................................ 82 6.1.2 Sugarcane Value Chain ........................................................................................................ 83 6.1.3 Beef Value Chain .................................................................................................................. 85 6.1.4 Pig Value Chain ..................................................................................................................... 86 6.1.5 Maize Value Chain ................................................................................................................ 87 6.1.6 Current Agricultural Projects by Local Municipality ............................................................... 88
7 SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS.............................................. 96
7.1 FUNCTIONAL REGION 1: ABAQULUSI-EDUMBE & SURROUNDING AREAS ............................................... 98 7.2 FUNCTIONAL REGION 2: ULUNDI-NONGOMA & SURROUNDING AREAS .................................................. 99 7.3 FUNCTIONAL REGION 3: UPHONGOLA & SURROUNDING AREAS ........................................................... 99 7.4 INTERVENTION AREAS - SETTLEMENTS ........................................................................................... 100
7.4.1 Intervention Area 1: ............................................................................................................. 102 7.4.2 Intervention Area 2: ............................................................................................................. 102 7.4.3 Intervention Area 3: ............................................................................................................. 102 7.4.4 Intervention Area 4: ............................................................................................................. 102
8 SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .................................................................................. 102
7.1 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS .............................................................................................. 104 8.1.1 Objective 1: Improving productivity & competitiveness of the agriculture sector ................. 104 8.1.2 Objective 2: Promote tourism through existing development corridors ............................... 107 8.1.3 Objective 3: Investment in rural industrialisation ................................................................. 109 8.1.4 Objective 4: Conserving the natural environment ............................................................... 112 8.1.5 Objective 5: Promoting integrated human settlements ........................................................ 112 8.1.6 Objective 6: Development of the mining sector ................................................................... 112
7.2 CATALYTIC PROJECTS ................................................................................................................... 112 8.1.7 Localised Rural Development Projects ............................................................................... 126
7.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................... 141 7.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ....................................................................................................... 144
9 ANNEXURE 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 147
9.1 OTHER EXISTING PROJECTS .................................................................................................. 164
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: KZN SDF – ZULULAND DM PRIORITY INTERVENTION AREAS .............................................. 23 TABLE 2: KZN SDF - INTERPRETATION OF SPATIAL CATEGORIES ...................................................... 24
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TABLE 3: POPULATION GROWTH & DECLINE ......................................................................................... 42 TABLE 4: NATURE RESERVES & GAME PARKS ...................................................................................... 51 TABLE 5: TERRAIN ...................................................................................................................................... 53 TABLE 6: EXTENT OF STATE LAND ......................................................................................................... 62 TABLE 7: DETAILS OF DARD PROJECTS IN AMAJUBA DM .................................................................. 64 TABLE 8: SUMMARY OF DARD PROJECTS/LM IN UTHUNGULU DM.................................................... 65 TABLE 9: REID PROJECTS – ZULULAND DM .......................................................................................... 66 TABLE 10: RID PROJECTS – UMZINYATHI DM ........................................................................................ 67 TABLE 11: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – ABAQULUSI LM ................................................. 68 TABLE 12: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – EDUMBE LM ....................................................... 69 TABLE 13: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – ULUNDI LM ......................................................... 69 TABLE 14: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – MTUBATUBA LM ............................................... 70 TABLE 15: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – UMKHANYAKUDE DM ....................................... 71 TABLE 16: LAND REFORM PROJECTS SUMMARY – UMZINYATHI DM ................................................ 71 TABLE 17: RECAPITALISATION PROJECTS – UMKHANYAKUDE DM .................................................. 72 TABLE 18: POPULATION & AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD COMPARISON ........................................... 75 TABLE 19: UPHONGOLO LOCAL MUNICIPALITY...................................................................................... 88 TABLE 20: EDUMBE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY.............................................................................................. 88 TABLE 21: ULUNDI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY................................................................................................ 89 TABLE 22: ABAQULUSI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY ........................................................................................ 90 TABLE 23: LIST OF OTHER KEY PROJECTS ............................................................................................ 92 TABLE 24: CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING CATALYTIC PROJECTS ........................................................ 113 TABLE 25: IDENTIFIED PROJECTS .......................................................................................................... 114 TABLE 26: M & E COMPONENENTYS ...................................................................................................... 145 TABLE 27: STRATEGIC PILLAR / PROGRAMME - RIVER VALLEY ........................................................ 147 TABLE 28: LAND REFORM ........................................................................................................................ 153 TABLE 29: COMMUNAL ESTATE PROJECTS .......................................................................................... 158 TABLE 30: OTHER EXISTING PROJECTS ............................................................................................... 164 TABLE 31: REGIONAL WATER SCHEME PROJECTS ............................................................................. 165 TABLE 32: AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS .................................................................................................. 166
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: DRDPS IN CONTEXT .................................................................................................................. 7 FIGURE 2: KZN SDF – IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY AREAS ............................................................... 21 FIGURE 3: POPULATION TRENDS ............................................................................................................. 35 FIGURE 4: POPULATION PROPORTIONS BY LM ..................................................................................... 36 FIGURE 5: HEALTH & MORTALITY............................................................................................................. 37 FIGURE 6: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD .. 37 FIGURE 7: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD .. 38 FIGURE 8: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY .............................. 38 FIGURE 9: PRIMARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY ..................... 39 FIGURE 10: SECONDARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT CONTRIBUTION IN ZULULAND DISTRICT
MUNICIPALITY ..................................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 11: TERTIARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT ...................................................................................... 40 FIGURE 12: HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ........................................................................ 41 FIGURE 13: MIGRATION ............................................................................................................................. 41 FIGURE 14: BIRTH PLACE BY ORIGIN....................................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 15: GVA AT BASIC PRIZES ........................................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 16: GVA TRENDS BY LM............................................................................................................... 46 FIGURE 17: GVA CONTRIBUTION TRENDS BY SECTOR IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY .... 47 FIGURE 18: GVA PRIMARY SECTOR TRENDS ......................................................................................... 47 FIGURE 19: GVA TRENDS IN THE SECONDARY SECTOR ...................................................................... 49
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv
FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY AND BY AGE
COHORTS ............................................................................................................................................ 74 FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP ......................................... 74 FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY EDUCATION LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD
HEAD .................................................................................................................................................... 75 FIGURE 23: AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD BY INCOME LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD .................... 76 FIGURE 24: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY ............................................... 77 FIGURE 25: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE ..................................................... 77 FIGURE 26: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LIVESTOCK ................................ 78 FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS OWNING CATTLE BY SCALE ................................................ 79 FIGURE 28: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL OWNING SHEEP BY SCALE ............................................... 79 FIGURE 29: GOAT PRODUCTION BY SCALE ............................................................................................ 80 FIGURE 30: WATER SOURCE BY AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................ 81 FIGURE 31: VEGETABLE VALUE CHAIN ................................................................................................... 82 FIGURE 32: SUGARCANE VALUE CHAIN .................................................................................................. 84 FIGURE 33: BEEF VALUE CHAIN ............................................................................................................... 85 FIGURE 34: PIG VALUE CHAIN .................................................................................................................. 86 FIGURE 35: MAIZE VALUE CHAIN .............................................................................................................. 87 FIGURE 36: A DEPICTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND ITS THREE PILLARS ................... 103 FIGURE 37: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT .......................................... 142 FIGURE 38: MULTI-STAKEHOLDER MAPPING FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ..................................... 143 FIGURE 39: A QUADRUPLE HELIX FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................... 144
LIST OF MAPS
MAP 1: PSEDS NODES & LINKAGES IN NORTHERN KZN DISTRICTS ................................................... 11 MAP 2: STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................................. 13 MAP 3: KZN SDF – ZULULAND DM PRIORITY INTERVENTION AREAS .................................................. 24 MAP 4: KZN SDF – KZN SDF: ZULULAND DM EXTRACT ......................................................................... 26 MAP 5: SETTLEMENTS & ENGINEERING SERVICES ............................................................................... 44 MAP 6: ACCESSIBILITY INDEX ................................................................................................................... 45 MAP 7: CONSERVATION AREAS............................................................................................................... 54 MAP 8: DIVERSE FUNCTIONAL REGIONS ................................................................................................ 97 MAP 9: INTERVENTION AREAS - SETTLEMENTS .................................................................................. 101 MAP 10: AGRIHUB & FPSU’S .................................................................................................................... 106 MAP 11: PSED NODES & CORRIDORS.................................................................................................... 108 MAP 12 : DEPARTMENTAL PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES .................................................................... 111
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v
ACRONYMS
AH Agri-Hub
AP Agri-Park
APAP Agricultural Policy Action Plan
BBBEE Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
CASP Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme
CRDP Comprehensive Rural Development Programme
CSIR Council For Scientific And Industrial Research
DAFF Department Of Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries
DBE Department Of Basic Education
DEA Department Of Environmental Affairs
DM District Municipality
DRDLR Department of Rural Development & Land Reform
DRDP District Rural Development Plan
FPSU Farmer Production Support Unit
GVA Gross Value Added
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IDP Integrated Development Plan
IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan
LED Local Economic Development
LM Local Municipality
LRAD Land Redistribution For Agricultural Development
M & E Monitoring And Evaluation
MSDF Municipal Spatial Development Framework
MTSF Medium Term Strategic Framework
NDP National Development Plan
NEMA National Environmental Management Act
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NGP New Growth Path
NSSD National Strategy for Sustainable Development
PGDS Provincial Growth Development Strategy
PIC Public Investment Corporation
PLAS Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy
PSDF Provincial Spatial Development Framework
RUMC Rural Urban Market Centre Unit
SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute
SDF Spatial Development Framework
SLLI Strategically Located Land Index
SMME Small Medium Micro Enterprise
SPLUMA Spatial Planning And Land Use Management Act
StatsSA Statistics South Africa
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This District Rural Development Plan (DRDP) for Zululand district municipality forms an integral part
of the implementation of the epochal National Development Plan (NDP) Vision 2030. In many ways,
DRDP is a fitting response to the clarion call for a meaningful, responsive and sustained, inclusive
and transformative rural economic development. Owing to the colonial, apartheid and now market-
driven, and exclusionary ‘developmental logic’, the majority of black people residing in former
homelands continue to bear the brunt of racialised poverty, economic marginalisation, and all other
forms of ‘structural absences’ that form part of their everyday social suffering. It is the intention of
the DRDP as well as other development-oriented spatial plans, programmes and initiatives to ensure
that people residing in rural areas also enjoy socio-economic rights as espoused in the Constitution.
Indeed, skewed land ownership patterns remain a proverbial thorn on the side of the nascent South
African democracy. However, there exist a range of remedial policies, strategies, plan and initiatives
geared towards the realisation of an inclusive, post-racial, capable and developmental state. This
DRDP for Zululand municipality therefore is not conceptualized and cast in isolation. Instead, it forms
part of a suite of strategic spatial planning instruments that have been in the making for almost two
decades. These strategic spatial planning instruments include the municipal Integrated Development
Plans (IDPs), Spatial Development Frameworks, Provincial Growth and Development Plans and
Strategies (PGDP/S) as well as other sector plans oriented towards transforming the apartheid space
economy.
While acknowledging the transformative effects of the aforementioned strategic spatial planning
instruments and sector-specific plans over the last two decades; the persistent marginalisation of
the rural populace has warranted the crafting of plans that focus on rural development. This DRDP
therefore forms part of the implementation of the recommendations of Chapter 6 of the NDP i.e.
fostering inclusive rural economies.
The DRDP for Zululand also responds to the Presidential call for the prioritisation of key primary
economic sectors, notably agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. Moreover, there is a realisation
of the salience of ‘sunrise’ economic sectors emerging within the rural space economy. These
include tourism, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related industries, creative arts
as well as the service industry.
At the heart of this DRDP is the prioritisation of the agricultural sector. It is envisaged that despite its
vulnerabilities, the harnessing of the agricultural sector can unlock economic development in rural
areas through; the creation of jobs, and the provision of food security. Moreover, the agricultural
sector is envisioned to allow for the participation of small and medium farmers as well as
entrepreneurs in varied agriculture-related value chains.
Realising the salience of the agricultural sector in stimulating rural economies, the Department of
Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR), the Department of Agriculture and other
departments tasked with the mandate of promoting rural development, have proposed the
establishment of Agri-Parks (APs) in all rural district municipalities across the country. These Agri-
Parks will act as critical sites for providing intellectual and technical support for farmers, with a
deliberate bias towards creating linkages between established and emerging farmers.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
While the agricultural sector is prioritised as one of the mainstay economic sectors for district
economic transformation, the DRDP also takes into account the salience of mining, manufacturing,
ICT, tourism and the service sector in the diversification of rural economies. The persistence of high
levels of poverty and unemployment in Zululand and other similar districts requires high levels of
economic complexity. Economic complexity is defined by the level of economic diversification that in
turn has a bearing on the industrialisation of a given region. It is also linked to the capacity of a given
regional economy to provide adequate job opportunities, healthcare, as well as other services that
characterise the human development index and quality of life.
This DRDP takes into account the recently reviewed KZN Provincial Growth and Development Plan
(PGDP), the KZN Infrastructure Master Plan, as well as other municipal strategic spatial planning
instruments. The developmental objectives and vision for the plan emerged through the distillation
of the aforementioned planning instruments as well as through stakeholder engagements with
various public sector departments, the private sector, farmers’ forums, and civil society.
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 3
1 SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction The District Rural Development Plan (DRDP) for Zululand district seeks to contribute to the
transformation of the rural economy. In many ways, the DRDP forms part of the implementation of
the National Development Plan (NDP). For Chapter 6 of the NDP calls for a radical transformation of
rural economies. Informing this call for economic transformation is the pressing need to address the
persistent triple challenges of poverty, unemployment and socio-economic inequalities in Zululand
as well as other rural districts identified as priority intervention areas.
The DRDP forms part of a range of strategic spatial planning instruments as well as other sector
plans aimed at transforming the apartheid space economy. In achieving the goal of economic
inclusivity and transformation, the agricultural development has been identifies as one of the critical
sectors that can unlock development. The appreciation of agricultural development in Zululand and
other rural municipalities should be located within an appreciation of the country’s agrarian
transformation agenda. In other words, the development of an inclusive, and competitive
agricultural sector is informed by the appreciation of ongoing land reform processes as well as land
tenure systems that continue evolve.
While agricultural development is important, the DRDP also takes into account contributions made
by various sectors within the Zululand region. These include mining, manufacturing, cultural and
eco-tourism as well as other related Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related
sectors. Thus, the diversification of the district’s economy is intrinsically dependent on the interplay
between ‘sunset’ sectors (i.e. manufacturing and mining) as well as ‘sunrise sectors’ (particularly
tourism and ICT related industries). The DRDP therefore aims to:
improve competitiveness in the agriculture sector
improve mining, manufacturing and tourism sectors
target and invest and market non-agricultural economic activities
promote the revitalisation of rural towns and villages
promote competitive and sustainable rural businesses.
1.2 Vision for District Rural Development Plans All the strategic spatial plans as well as sector plans for Zululand DM point to the fact that
agriculture is at the heart of rural economic transformation. The Provincial Growth and
Development Plan (PGDP) for KwaZulu Natal as well as the Agriculture Policy Action Plan (APAP) for
instance attest to the fact that rural areas are faced with the triple challenges of poverty,
unemployment and lack of service delivery. To this end, while acknowledging the uniqueness of
Zululand with regard to population dynamics and economic development, it should be noted that
the aforementioned triple challenges cut across all district municipalities throughout the area of
Northern KwaZulu Natal.
So, the vision for rural development can be shared across these five districts as it is informed by
national objectives as espoused in the National Development Plan (NDP) the Comprehensive Rural
Development Programme (CRDP), the Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP) and other related
strategic initiatives and policies. Moreover, it also emerged from the multi-stakeholder engagements
that the Zululand DM is predominantly rural. As such, issues of infrastructure provision, service
delivery and harnessing of agricultural development, mining and tourism are a priority. While there
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 4
exist district-specific nuances with regard to the development priorities in Northern KwaZulu-Natal;
a shared vision for rural development can be formulated for all five districts (i.e. Zululand, Amajuba,
Zululand, Umkhanyakude, and Uthungulu) can be couched as follows:
“Fostering rural economic transformation through harnessing the agricultural sector and other
existing economic sectors such as mining, manufacturing and tourism, with the intention of
improving the quality of life of rural communities in the immediate, medium and long term”
In realising this vision, district municipalities in Northern KZN would have to ensure that DRDPs are
meaningfully aligned to existing district strategic spatial plans, notably the district Integrated
Development Plans (IDPs).1 In the same vein, DRDPs should be viewed as complimenting existing
district plans, at the same time anchoring rural development objectives as articulated at provincial
and national levels of governance.
1.3 Methodology This situational analysis was formulated through the distillation and synthesis of the following
sources of information:
Existing strategic spatial planning instruments and initiatives located at provincial, district and local
scales of government. These include the National Development Plan (NDP), Comprehensive
Rural Development Programme (CRDP), KZN PGDP, APAP, district and local Integrated
Development Plans (IDPs), Local Economic Development (LED) strategies, Spatial
Development Frameworks (SDFs) and other related sector plans.
Inputs and discussions from multi-stakeholder engagements. These included comments, concerns
and insights from traditional leadership, political leadership, administrative leadership and
officials from provincial and local spheres of government.
Spatial mapping of all economic, socio-spatial and environmental issues was done to underscore
this situational analysis with a sound spatial rationale.
The analysis of strategic planning documents, maps and inputs from the stakeholders for each
district were categorised and presented in a table format as strengths, opportunities, threats and
weaknesses. Emerging from this synthesis was a synoptic situational analysis. The situational analysis
will inform the strategic thrust as well as the implementation plan of the DRDPs.
1.4 DRDPS & Rural Economic Transformation From the discussions held with DRDLR as well as inputs emerging from multi-stakeholder
engagements, it became apparent that DRDPs must put emphasis on agriculture as the cornerstone
of rural economic transformation. This sentiment was also echoed by the President of the country
during his 2015 State of the Nation Address. Thus DRDPs must be characterised by the following:
Emphasis on agriculture as the most critical sector that can transform rural economies: the
presence of a vibrant and competitive agricultural sector plays an important role in generating
and/or stimulating additional economic activities such as, food processing, agro-tourism and
trade.
1 The crystallisation of Northern KZN’s rural development vision is informed by various vision statements embedded
in a range of strategic spatial plans, notably district and local IDPs, SDFs and LED strategies.
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 5
Promoting agricultural businesses: these agri-businesses contribute immensely to economic
growth and food security.
Creation of sustainable jobs: agriculture is one of the major employers in all of Northern KZN’s five
district municipalities. It is imperative therefore for the DRDPs to ensure that all agriculturally
based economic activities are optimally exploited.
Promoting sector-specific i.e. targeted funding and investment: sector specific strategies have a
propensity of yielding high returns in investment. Leveraging the potential of agriculture
therefore is likely to result in rural economic transformation.
1.5 Rural Development Priorities Rural development priorities are driven by the National Development Plan (NDP), the
Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) and Outcomes 7. Read together these
aforementioned strategic documents aim to revitalise rural economic life primarily through
agriculture by:
fostering knowledge transfer and innovation in agriculture and forestry in rural areas
enhancing competitiveness of all types of agriculture and enhancing farm viability
promoting food security and risk management in agriculture
restoring, preserving and enhancing ecosystems dependent on agriculture and forestry
promoting the green economy through resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low
carbon and climate resilient economy in agriculture, food and forestry sectors.
Rural development priorities are underscored by the realisation that in lagging regions, the
agricultural sector is complimented by other primary industries such as mining, tourism,
manufacturing and other labour intensive economic activities that can create employment for semi-
skilled and unskilled population groups. The unlocking of rural economic potential will be done
through:
fostering knowledge transfer and beneficiation in mining, manufacturing and tourism
mapping out the mining and manufacturing value chain
harnessing the capacity of the energy sector through diversification of energy resources
ensuring meaningful transformation and broad-based participation in the mining industry through
empowering emergent black businesses in this sector
ensuring that there is beneficiation within the mining and manufacturing sectors, leading to the
improved quality of life for rural communities
The unlocking and/or harnessing of economic potential of these sectors is envisioned to promote
social inclusion, poverty reduction and economic development in rural areas. The DRDPs for
Northern KwaZulu Natal provide a unique platform and opportunity to support the sustainable
management and optimal utilisation of natural resources; growth of rural business and;
improvement of the well-being of rural communities. The DRDPs are designed to be innovative,
adaptable and integrated with other strategic spatial plans as a means of ensuring maximum value
from investments.
The identification of agriculture business as a catalyst for revitalising rural economies does not
neglect the vulnerability of this sector to climate change, drought as well as global market forces. To
this end, DRDLR and other departments responsible for rural development have put emphasis on
non-agricultural sectors. DRDPs for Northern KZN therefore will employ a targeted approach to key
sunrise sectors, notably tourism, creative industries, Information and Communication Technology
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 6
(ICT) sector and the service sector. Such an approach will create opportunities for small businesses
to a) collaborate with established ones and b) contribute to the growth of rural economies.
Investment in education as well as entrepreneurship also forms an integral part of the Zululand
DRDP. The building of physical infrastructure such as road networks as well as the provision of
decent housing, schools, hospitals and places of entertainment and socialisation has been identifies
as by participants in DRDP formulation as pivotal in promoting rural development. So, rural
development is predicated not only on developing places, but also people.
DRDPs therefore will act as catalysts for transformational medium to long-term change, creating
resilient rural economies based on sustainable development principles, notably green growth.
1.6 Purpose of District Rural Development Plans DRDP as an Instrument for Coordinating Rural Strategic Spatial Planning
DRDPs are envisioned to act as critical levers for coordinating strategic spatial planning, specifically
in rural municipalities. From 2009 onwards, South Africa’s development planning praxis has been
steered towards harnessing rural development. This deliberate focus on rural development
stemmed from the state’s quest for transforming the apartheid space economy. While Integrated
Development Plans (IDPs) still remain the fulcrum of strategic spatial planning within the local
government sphere; DRDPs are aimed at reinforcing strategic planning. Put succinctly, DRDPs will act
as a platform for harnessing cross-sectoral development (Figure 1). Existing sector-specific planning
instruments such as Local Economic Development Plans (LED), Spatial Development Frameworks
(SDFs) and Agricultural development plans for instance, will find a more nuanced expression within
District RDPs.
DRDPs as Rural Economic Transformation Instruments
As articulated above, DRDPs are viewed as strategic instruments for transforming the apartheid
space economy. Informing this transformation of the apartheid space economy is the identification
of key levers of economic transformation; notably land reform and restitution and the identification
of transformative economic sectors. In light of this, DRDPs have identified the agricultural sector as
one of the key sectors with potential to unlock integrated and inclusive rural economic
development. To this end, the Department of Rural Development & Land Reform (DRDLR) has
identified strategic sites for Agricultural Parks (Agriparks). Moreover in the interest of promoting
economic diversity and complexity, the DRDP’s will attempt to unlock other sectors such as tourism,
mining and manufacturing in Northern KZN.
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 7
FIGURE 1: DRDPS IN CONTEXT
Source: ??
Promoting Land Use Management & Productivity
Linked to district RDPs’ objective of rural economic transformation is the promotion of optimal
utilisation of land in rural areas. This is tied to the application of sound land-use management
principles in rural areas. District RDPs therefore are envisioned to assist the state as well as other
stakeholders operating within Northern KwaZulu Natal’s development planning milieu to optimise
land productivity. The optimal utilisation of land in rural areas takes into account a suite of other
land uses i.e. economic, social, environmental as well as institutional factors.
Promoting Rural-Urban Functionality
District RDPs are meant to take into account existing as well as potential linkages and/or flows of an
economic, social, institutional, cultural and environmental nature that promote regional (i.e. urban
and rural) development. As the aforementioned factors coalesce and/or intersect, they result in the
emergence of specific rural development trajectories. Thus, DRDPs take into account existing and
potential development nodes emanating as a result of urban-rural linkages. Northern KwaZulu
Natal’s geospatial positioning for instance (i.e. its proximity to Gauteng, Mpumalanga and other
neighbouring countries), renders it one of the most important sites for regional development.
Alignment of District Rural Development Plans with Existing Planning Instruments
In identifying rural development issues at district level, there is an acknowledgement of a range of
strategic spatial plans, strategies and policy initiatives located within all three levels of government.
These include the National Development Plan (NDP), the Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP) as
well as district IDPs, LED strategies, SDFs and sector-specific plans. The directive from the DRDRL on
the formulation of Agriparks for all economically distressed rural regions also informs the DRDP
formulation process. The aforementioned plans and development initiatives clearly spell out the
developmental vision of the state, which then finds expression in provincial, and subsequent district
municipalities.
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SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 8
1.7 Agri-Business as a Catalyst for Rural Development The Northern KwaZulu Natal DRDPs are aimed at targeting specific sectors that will revitalise rural
economies. As such, these plans are defined by sector-specific projects, thus acting as platforms for
multi-sectoral programmes and projects. Some of the key areas of intervention that the DRDPs will
focus on are the setting up of Agriparks as a means of stimulating rural economic growth.
1.8 Agripark as an Anchor for Agrarian Reform The Zululand DRDP is aimed at targeting specific sectors that will revitalise rural economies. As such,
it is defined by sector-specific projects, thus acting as a critical platform for multi-sectoral
programmes and projects. Some of the key areas of intervention that the DRDP will focus on include
the establishment of Agriparks (AP) as a means of stimulating rural economic growth.
An Agri-Park is defined as a networked innovation system of agro-production, processing, logistics,
marketing, training and extension services located at district level. As a network it enables a market-
driven combination and integration of various agricultural activities and rural transformation
services. The AP comprises of three basic units:
The Farmer Production Support Unit (FPSU) – this a rural outreach unit connected with the Agri-
hub. The FPSU does primary collection, storage, processing for the local market, and
extension services including mechanisation;
Agri-Hub Unit (AH) – this is a production, equipment hire, processing, packaging, logistics and
training unit;
The Rural Urban Market Centre Unit (RUMC) – the RUMC has three main purposes;
Linking and contracting rural, urban and international markets through contracts;
Acts as a holding-facility, releasing produce to urban markets based on seasonal trends;
Provides market intelligence and information feedback, to the AH and FPSU, using latest
Information and communication technologies.
Agriparks therefore are catalytic sites for agrarian reform. Responding to the National Development
Plan’s (NDP) call for rural economic transformation, as well as Outcome 7 its emphasis on promoting
food security through agrarian reform; Agriparks will act as agricultural industrial hubs. These hubs
will be linked to existing rural villages and towns, providing key institutional, financial and spatial
mechanisms for harnessing agro-related value chain belts and functional regions. Already, the
government has set aside over R2 billion for kick-starting the Agriparks programme across the
country. The objectives of Agri-Parks are as follows:
Promote growth of the smallholder sector by contributing to the 300 000 new small-scale
producers, as well as to the 145 000 new jobs in agro-processing by the year 2020 (as set out
in the NGP);
Promote the skills of and support to small-holder farmers through the provision of capacity
building, mentorship, farm infrastructure, extension services, production inputs and
mechanization inputs;
Enable producer ownership of the majority of Agri-Parks equity (70%), with the state and
commercial interests holding minority shares (30%);
Bring under-utilized land (especially in Communal Areas Land and land reform farms) into full
production over the next three years, and expand irrigated agriculture; and
Contribute to achievement of the NDP’s objective of fostering an inclusive rural economy and
target of 1 million jobs created in agriculture sector through creating higher demand for raw
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 9
agricultural produce, primary and ancillary inputs, as well as generating increased
downstream economic activities in the sector.
In Zululand, Vryheid has been identified as an Agri-Hub site. This hub will be supported by the FPSUs
located in Nongoma, uLundi and other parts of the district. Within these Agriparks the following
activities will take place:
Knowledge Transfer & Innovation – this will include development and training of farmers as well
as people involved in agri-business, food and forestry sectors as well as agro-tourism. There
will also be vertical and horizontal learning between emerging and established agri-business
entrepreneurs. Agriparks will act as hubs for harnessing competitiveness, resource efficiency,
and environmental consciousness of agricultural research centres and firms.
Advisory Services – Agriparks will be centres of excellence where experts disseminate
information related to markets, investments, funding and other agriculture-oriented modalities.
Cooperation – there will be incubation of small-scale farmers as well as cooperatives within
Northern KwaZulu Natal’s districts. This will allow for small-scale agri-business operators to
forge a critical mass that would enable them to compete in both local and global markets.
Investment in Physical Assets – the introduction of Agriparks in Northern KZN’s five districts will
be accompanied by massive investments in physical infrastructure i.e. road, pack-houses, and
other related supporting amenities. Tied to that is the provision of basic services such as
water and electricity.
Agri-Business Development – Agriparks will act as critical hubs for the identification and
harnessing of agricultural belts as well as agricultural value-chains. The spin-offs from agri-
business development will transform rural towns and villages into vibrant economies.
1.9 A Functional Regional Approach to Rural Planning The rural development plan for Zululand district municipality is informed by a functional regional
approach. The salience of this approach to rural development rests in its emphasis on the nodal-
hinterland economic and socio-spatial linkages. In other words, the economic development of
Zululand’s villages and rural townships is intrinsically dependent on these places’ linkages with
established nodes, Vryheid. A functional region therefore would typically have established nodes as
well as areas in need of various forms of intervention from a development perspective.
Functional regions are defined as ‘a spatial economic system, which consists of a number of
economically interdependent nodes (centres) of varying sizes and with varying geographical
extensions’.2 From a regional economic development perspective, rural districts such as Zululand
can be identified as salient platforms for the harnessing of inclusive and sustainable economic
development. What renders districts their functionality is the existence and interplay of a range of
economic, demographic, infrastructural, cultural and technological flows and linkages. While
administrative boundaries are important, the flow of goods, services, capital and people is not
confined within these boundaries.
The market potential of a functional region is defined by its economic complexity i.e. the internal
and external concentration of a range of economic activities within a functional space. The
harnessing of the competitiveness of functional regions is dependent on the optimal utilisation of
2 Karlsson, C. and Olsson, M. (2015) Functional Economic Regions, Accessibility and Regional Development . Centre of
Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 10
both internal and external market potential. In instances where niche commodities, and/ skills exist
within a functional region, value-chain potential ought to be fully nurtured.
It must be noted that different areas within functional regions have different specialisations. In any
given functional region, there exist areas with a) knowledge-intensive business services, b) land-
intensive as well as c) transport-accessibility-dependent economic activities. Thus, while the
centre/surrounding areas relations are important within functional regions, there has been a
growing observation in regional economics and rural development discourse that functional regions
are dependent on the existence of a range of centres or regions with varying specialisations. Thus,
there exist a range of regions namely: diverse/composite service regions; specialised service regions;
agricultural regions; manufacturing regions and; consumption regions3 .
Labour market characteristics and behaviour within a given functional region are also worth noting.
This is intrinsically tied to the population size, density and levels of literacy. Moreover, the
commuting patterns of labour from home to work have a direct effect on the economic productivity
as well as the quality of life of the labour-force. Thus, functional regions are interconnected, as they
defy administrative boundaries. These regions act as critical units for spatial economics analyses. As
district rural development plans attempt to transform rural economies, a functional regional
approach is likely to provide a more nuanced understanding of rural development.
3 Ibid.
SECTION ONE – BACKGROUND 11
MAP 1: PSEDS NODES & LINKAGES IN NORTHERN KZN DISTRICTS
SECTION TWO – STUDY AREA 12
In identifying and mapping functional regions for Zululand, various variables and datasets were used. These include;
Strategically Located Land Index (SLLi). The SLLi takes into account the following variables notably: proximity to physical infrastructure; proximity to major
towns/gateways and markets; average rainfall; slope elevation and temperature and; soil types. SLLi allows for the identification of strategically
located land for various economic activities and land uses.
The Gross Value Add (GVA) – this data depicts average GVA contribution to district economy per sector (inter alia agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
wholesale & retail, transport, community services and government services, and finance, and insurance services).
Accessibility – this depicts the availability of transport networks and total travel time between points. The existence of a developed and integrated
transport network makes it possible for both intra-regional and inter-regional flow of goods, services and people to occur.
Population count per district municipality (decline and growth) – This value is indicative of urbanisation and depopulation trends in Zululand district. As
rural development is about improving people’s lives, the analysis of population trends allows for a more people-centric approach to municipal
planning.
2 SECTION TWO – STUDY AREA The Zululand District Municipality (ZDM) is one of ten district municipalities and one metropolitan municipality (eThekwini) within KwaZulu-Natal. The
Municipality is located on the northern regions of the KwaZulu-Natal Province. The district is bordered by Mpumalanga and Swaziland to the north,
Amajuba and Zululand to the west, Umkhanyakude to the east, and UThungulu to the south. The Zululand District Municipality comprises the following five
local municipalities4:
eDumbe;
uPhongolo;
Abaqulusi;
Nongoma and;
Ulundi.
4 Adapted from Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan (IDP) Review 2014/15
SECTION TWO – STUDY AREA 13
MAP 2: STUDY AREA
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 14
The Zululand District municipality covers an area of approximately 14 810 km². Almost half of this
area is under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities (a large percentage of the district is communal
land) while the remainder is divided between commercially owned farms and conservation.
This area is divided among the five local municipalities with Abaqulusi occupying the largest area of
approximately 4 185km2, followed by uPhongolo covering approximately 3 239km2, Ulundi with 3
250km2, Nongoma occupying approximately 2 182km2 and eDumbe covering an area of
approximately 1 954km2.
Zululand remains one of the poorest districts in South Africa, in part due to its history as a
marginalized homeland area. According to the 2011 census data, the population of the Zululand
Municipality numbered about 803 575 people living in isolated rural settlements and six urban areas.
This same Census shows that Ulundi is the most populous local municipality in the region with an
estimated 212 706 people (26.47%), followed by Nongoma with 198 241 people (24.67%), Abaqulusi
with a population of approximately 190 849 (23.75%) and uPhongolo with an estimated 119 652
people (14.89%) and eDumbe with a population of approximately 82 125 people (10.22%). However,
Quantec 2013 data shows that the population of the district municipality increased slightly to 815
962 (1.55%), with Abaqulusi now contributing more than Ulundi to the population, at 26% compared
to the 23% for Ulundi.
Due to its location in relation to transport routes and its distance from major centres, the Zululand
District is relatively isolated from the national economy, with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, high
levels of unemployment, and extreme poverty5. However, the high agricultural potential of the land
within the Zululand District Municipality is considered to be key to the future development of the
region and should be protected for long-term sustainability.
3 SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT There are national, provincial and municipal policy frameworks in place that will influence and guide
rural development planning for the Zululand District municipality. The national policy framework
includes principles that underpin the rural development agenda, whilst the provincial policy
framework translates this into an agenda for KwaZulu-Natal.
Zululand District Municipality aligns with these policies at the municipal level and requires a District
Rural Development Plan to further enable it to contribute to the achievement of targets and
objectives outlined for the country and province, and to deal directly with economic development
and job creation in the district.
3.1 National Policies and Strategies A review of the relevant national policies is outlined in the following sections, with a focus on those
that have implications for rural development at the district level. The following documents are
considered:
National Development Plan ‘vision 2030’ (NDP)
The New Growth Path (NGP)
5 Zululand District Municipality Growth and Development Plan Final Composite Report
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 15
Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF)
Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP)
Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP)
3.1.1 National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) The National Planning Commission was appointed in May 2010 by President Jacob Zuma to draft a
vision and national development plan. The National Development plan is a framework that aims to
eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 20306. The plan outlines the challenges faced by South
Africa in achieving this vision and sets out a holistic approach for its fulfilment.
This approach is based on six interlinked priorities, namely:
Uniting South Africans around a common programme
Citizens active in their own development
Faster and more inclusive economic growth
Building capabilities
A capable and developmental state
Leadership and responsibility throughout society
The third priority – faster and more inclusive economic growth – is supported by plans to create an
inclusive and integrated rural community. It is based on the premise that South Africa’s rural
communities should have the opportunity to participate in the economic, social and political life of
the country, with successful land reform, job creation and rising agricultural production contributing
to the development of an inclusive rural economy.
With the overall objective being to create an additional 643 000 direct jobs and 326 000 indirect jobs
in the agriculture, agro processing and related sectors by 2030 thereby placing agriculture as a
driving force behind this priority7.
South Africa’s rural areas experience high levels of poverty and joblessness, with limited
employment in agriculture. To address this, the NDP proposes a multifaceted approach:
Creating more jobs through agricultural development, based on effective land reform and the
growth of irrigated agriculture and land production.
Providing basic services that enable people to develop capabilities to take advantage of
opportunities around the country, enabling them to contribute to their communities through
remittances and skills transfer.
Developing industries such as agro processing, tourism, fisheries and small enterprises where
potential exists.
The Zululand District Rural Development Plan will align the Zululand District Municipality to the
National Development Plan and, by boosting investment in agriculture, play a key role in promoting
this approach.
6 National Development Plan 2030
7 National Development Plan 2030
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 16
3.1.2 New Growth Path (NGP) The New Growth Path framework although preceding the NDP, is twinned in its priorities for
generating economic growth, alleviating poverty and inequality and promoting job creation. Its
overarching objective is to create 5 million new jobs between 2010 and 2020.8
According to the framework, achievement of this objective can be reached if there is a consistent
focus on areas that have the potential for creating employment on a large scale. These areas are
known as job drivers and include:
Substantial public investment in infrastructure both to create employment directly, in construction,
operation and maintenance as well as the production of inputs, and indirectly by improving
efficiency across the economy.
Targeting more labour-absorbing activities across the main economic sectors – the agricultural
and mining value chains, manufacturing and services.
Taking advantage of new opportunities in the knowledge and green economies.
Leveraging social capital in the social economy and the public services.
Fostering rural development and regional integration.
In their application, these drivers must leverage and reinforce each other based on their inter-
linkages.
The second job driver, which includes the agricultural value chain, is seen as a key priority for job
creation in rural areas with opportunities for employment creation through smallholder schemes
and the processing and sale of agricultural products.5 The Zululand District Rural Development Plan,
by focusing on inclusive agricultural projects that are spatially diverse will align itself closely with the
New Growth Path.
3.1.3 Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) – 2014 to 2019 The Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) is Government’s strategic plan for the 2014-2019
electoral term. It reflects the commitments made in the election manifesto of the governing party,
including the commitment to implement the NDP. The MTSF sets out the actions Government will
take and targets that need to be achieved. It also provides a framework for the other plans of
national, provincial and local government9.
The MTSF is structured around 14 priority outcomes that cover the focus areas identified in the NDP.
These are made up of the 12 outcomes that were the focus of the 2009-2014 administration, as well
as two new outcomes (social protection, nation-building and social cohesion). The outcomes are as
follows:
Quality basic education;
A long and healthy life for all South Africans;
All people in South Africa are and feel safe;
Decent employment through inclusive growth;
A skilled and capable workforce to support an inclusive growth path;
An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure network;
8 New Growth Path: Framework
9 Medium Term Strategic Framework 2014-2019
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 17
Vibrant, equitable, sustainable rural communities contributing towards food security for all;
Sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life;
Responsive, accountable, effective and efficient local government;
Protect and enhance our environmental assets and natural resources;
Create a better South Africa and contribute to a better Africa and a better world
An efficient, effective and development-oriented public service;
A comprehensive, responsive and sustainable social protection system;
A diverse, socially cohesive society with a common national identity.
In its focus on these priorities, and their elaboration into fourteen key outcomes and associated
activities and targets, the MTSF has two over-arching strategic themes – radical economic
transformation and improving service delivery.
The outcomes of the MTSF are directly translated into the KwaZulu-Natal provincial and
development strategy (PGDS).
3.1.4 Comprehensive Rural Development Programme Framework (CRDP) – 2009 The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme Framework (CRDP) forms part of
government’s Medium Term Strategic Framework and is aimed at being an effective response
against poverty and food insecurity that will maximise the use and management of natural
resources to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities10.This comprises
three distinct components, namely:
Coordinated and integrated broad-based agrarian transformation;
Strategically increasing rural development;
An improved land reform programme.
Agrarian transformation is characterised as rapid fundamental change in the relationship between
land, livestock, cropping and community. It focuses on, amongst others, initiatives that support the
establishment of rural business initiatives, agro-industries, co-operatives and the empowerment of
rural people and communities.
Rural development is about enabling rural people to take control of their destiny, thereby dealing
effectively with rural poverty through the optimal use and management of natural resources. Land
reform is a national priority and is further entrenched in Section 25 (4) of the Constitution of the
Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No.108 of 1996).
The Zululand District Rural Development Plan will provide a detailed program for the
implementation of agrarian transformation in the district which will be aimed at stimulating
agricultural production and bringing about improvements in all institutions concerned with rural
development.
3.1.5 Agricultural Policy Action Plan (APAP) APAP is a programmatic response to key policy documents including the NGP, the NDP and the MTSF
in respect of the following outcomes11.
10
The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme Framework - July 2009
11 Agricultural Policy Action Plan 2015 - 2019
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 18
Outcome 4 – Decent employment through inclusive growth;
Outcome 7 – Vibrant, equitable, sustainable rural communities contributing towards food security
for all;
Outcome 10 – Protect and enhance our environmental assets and natural resources.
This policy provides a long-term vision and focused interventions in a 5-year rolling schedule, to be
updated annually. The key outputs from APAP are well documented and have been broadly
incorporated into the various provincial and district plans that are in place.
3.2 Provincial Policies and Strategies A review of the relevant provincial policies is outlined in the following sections, with a focus on those
that have implications for rural development at the district level. The following documents are
considered:
KZN Provincial Growth and Development Strategy, 2011 (PGDS)
KZN Provincial Growth and Development Plan 2030 (PGDP)
KZN Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF)
3.2.1 KZN Provincial Growth and Development Strategy 2011 (PGDS) The KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and Development Strategy provides a strategic framework for
accelerating and sharing economic growth through developmental interventions. It lays the
foundation for attracting and instilling confidence from potential investors in the Province and seeks
to provide the guidelines for developing social contracts that address the challenges faced by the
Province12.
The backdrop to the KwaZulu-Natal PGDS can be found in the MTSF’s fourteen outcomes, the NGP
and the NDP. There are great similarities between the issues identified in these policies at the
national level and those identified at the provincial level i.e. increasing unemployment, poverty and
inequality. The province has therefore built on these policies to develop its own growth and
development trajectory. The purpose of the PGDS is therefore fourfold:
Be the primary growth and development strategy for KwaZulu-Natal to 2030
Mobilise and synchronise strategic plans and investment priorities in all spheres of government,
state owned entities, business, higher education institutions, labour, civil society and all other
social partners in order to achieve the desired growth and development goals, objectives and
outcomes
Spatially contextulise and prioritise interventions so as to achieve greater spatial equity
Develop clearly defined institutional arrangements that ensure decisive leadership, robust
management, thorough implementation and ongoing review of the growth and development
plan
The KwaZulu-Natal PGDS sets out seven strategic goals, with related strategic objectives for the
province, namely:
Goal one Job Creation: aligned to outcome 4 of the MTSF and aimed at unleashing agricultural
potential in the region by increasing employment in the agricultural sector and increasing the
amount of land under active agricultural production.
12
KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and Development Strategy August 2011
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 19
Goal two Human resource development: aligned to outcome 1 of the MTSF
Goal three Human and community development: This incorporates food security objectives
Goal four Strategic infrastructure: aligned to outcome 6 of the MTSF
Goal five Response to climate change: aligned to outcome 10 of the MTSF and aimed at
increasing land productivity in the region through accelerated rural development and agrarian
reform
Goal six Governance and policy: aligned to outcome 9 of the MTSF
Goal seven Spatial equity: incorporating integrated land management and spatial planning
initiatives
Whilst the Provincial Government of KZN is leading the process of implanting these goals and
objectives, its success depends on strong compacts with labour, civil society and business. Thus it is
critical that all stakeholders be synchronised in the pursuit of shifting KZN’s growth path towards
shared growth and integrated sustainable development13.
Agriculture has been established as a priority sector in the province as a driver for economic growth,
and in support of key outcomes of the NDP:
Outcome 4: Decent employment through inclusive economic growth;
Outcome 7: Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities with food security for all;
Outcome 10: Environmental assets and natural resources that are well protected and continually
enhanced
The ability of agriculture to contribute to job creation makes it a key focus of the New Growth Path,
and core to the KZN PGDS.
3.2.2 KZN Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP) 2011-2030 The KwaZulu-Natal PGDP is the implementation framework that encompasses the monitoring,
evaluation, reporting and reviewing components, brings together the proposed key indicators,
targets and interventions needed to achieve the vision, high level goals and strategic objectives
identified in the 2011 PGDS. It also sets out the targets to be achieved by 2015, 2020, 2025 and
203010.
In August 2012 the PGDP was adopted by Provincial Cabinet with the recommendation that
departmental work plans be aligned with the PGDP. This marked the deepening of the province’s
commitment to integrate planning and resource utilisation across government departments and
state-owned entities14.
The primary purpose of the PGDP is therefore to:
Describe the desired 2030 outcomes for the seven goals outlined in the PGDS;
Agree on the set of indicators that will be applied to measure the progress KZN is making to
achieve the desired outcomes;
Agree on the targets and the KZN growth path in respect of each of the indicators;
Agree on the strategic interventions required to achieve the set targets;
13
KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and Development Strategy August 2011
14 KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Growth and Development Plan 2011-2030
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 20
Describe the catalytic projects in support of the interventions, where possible; and
Agree on the monitoring, evaluation, reporting and review framework of the plan.
The KwaZulu-Natal PGDP puts forward proposed interventions in support of the seven strategic
goals and related strategic objectives for the province, selected interventions that can be leveraged
by the Zululand District Municipality include:
Goal one Job Creation: proposed interventions include support for and development of
commercial farmers; enhancement of agriculture value adding and marketing; expansion of
irrigation schemes and improved water use efficiency and the protection, rehabilitation and
improved productivity of agricultural resources.
Goal five, response to climate change: proposed interventions include promoting sustainable land
use practices to preserve and enhance agricultural potential.
Goal seven, spatial equity: proposed interventions include the implementation of land use
management schemes across the entire provincial landscape.
In order to ensure that the Zululand District Municipality achieves the intended growth and
development envisaged within the KZN Development Plans, the policies and legislatives mentioned
above should serve as tools for the coordination of interventions. They will ensure that the synergies
that exist between various government departments as well as the private sectors are exploited to
their full potential in order to ensure that the investments of government have the maximum impact
possible.
3.2.3 KZN Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF) 2011 The KwaZulu-Natal PGDS recognised that environmental vulnerability, social need and economic
development are not evenly distributed and spatial disparities will always exist due to the spatial
distribution of natural resources, historical influences and cultural factors15.
Past spatial planning has often aggravated these spatial disparities. This has resulted in a disjuncture
between where people live and where social and economic opportunities are concentrated. This
spatial marginalization from economic opportunities of the majority of the population needs to be
addressed in order to reduce poverty and inequality and ensure shared growth and the protection of
vulnerable bio-resources.
The KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Spatial Development Framework (SDF) has been developed in order to
achieve the goals and objectives of the PGDS in a targeted and spatial co-ordinated manner. The
Provincial Spatial Development Framework sets out to:
Be the spatial expression of the Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (PGDS) and provide spatial context for proposed strategic interventions;
Provide a set of normative principles or departure points that guide the Province’s approach to dealing with socio-economic issues that are manifested spatially;
Provide a basis for informed consensus on the province’s spatial priorities by providing a map giving guidance for the future spatial development of the Province based on Broad Provincial Spatial Planning Categories (BPSPCs) and a series of other relevant features;
Assist to prioritise and align where government directs its investment and development initiatives to ensure sustainable and maximum impact;
15
KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Spatial Development Framework 2011
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 21
Capitalise on complementarities and facilitate consistent and focused decision making, Guide municipal integrated development plans (IDPs), spatial development frameworks
(SDFs) and provincial and municipal framework plans (i.e. sub-SDF spatial plans); with normative principles, approach and content.
Provide clear intent to the private sector about desired development directions; Increase predictability in the development environment.
The KZN SDF identifies several areas of economic potential within the province including agriculture
and Agri-processing. This is seen as key to addressing poverty in the province since most areas of
poverty are rural. The focus on agricultural development initiatives in the KZN SDF will be supported
by the Zululand District Rural Development Plan.
The KZN SDF further prioritised areas where the highest social impact will be reached if investment
takes place in these areas first. The SDF went further by broadly proposing what type of
interventions will be suitable, and will be supported by the provincial government.
The sections below outline the process of identifying these priority investment areas, the proposed
initiatives, and selected projects.
3.2.3.1 Priority Intervention Areas
The KZN SDF identified priority intervention areas based on a combined data set cross referencing
social needs and economic potential. As much as the end goal is to facilitate economic growth in all
areas of the district, it needs to be done strategically due to the lack of resources to develop the area
as a whole. Subsequently it was necessary to identify the areas where the highest “Rate of Return”
on the combined investment in social and economic aspects will be obtained.
Although all data sets utilised to identify these areas are combined from various sources, the main
categories included the following:
Areas with high Social Needs
Areas with Low Accessibility
Areas with high economic potential
Areas with low environmental potential
The image below depicts how the priority intervention areas were identified, where the above
criteria intersected each other.
FIGURE 2: KZN SDF – IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY AREAS
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 22
Source: KwaZulu-Natal Spatial Development Framework 2011
These intervention areas were classified into 5 categories, based on a variable weighted points
system. The lowest and highest weighted scores per category is zero (0) and four (4), and with four
overall categories the highest weighted score that could be obtained was 16. With the previous in
mind, the Intervention areas were categorised as follows:
Key Intervention Area Level 1 (Scoring between 13 and 16 variable weighed points)
Key Intervention Area Level 2 (Scoring between 10 and 12 variable weighed points)
Key Intervention Area Level 3 (Scoring between 7 and 9 variable weighed points)
Key Intervention Area Level 4 (Scoring between 4 and 6 variable weighed points)
Key Intervention Area Level 5 (Scoring between 0 and 3 variable weighed points)
The SDF states that the classification criteria used defines in some instances the core urban areas as
the highest priority areas. The SDF further indicates that it is not the intention that only these core
areas benefit form strategic interventions, but in those cases will have the highest rate of return on
social and economic investments. This is also where the highest levels of population densities are
normally situated. As a minimum, Level 1 and Level 2 areas are identified as areas where urgent
short term concentration and co-ordination of public interventions are required, with other
intervention areas systematically being attended to.
With a number of provincial departments using the above as basis for investment prioritisation, the
purpose of the District Rural Development Plan (and subsequently the DRDLR), is to focus on the
more rural components, and ensure social and economic linkages with the core urban areas as a
strategy to develop the rural areas.
The priority 1 & 2 areas identified in the Zululand DM include the following areas:
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 23
TABLE 1: KZN SDF – ZULULAND DM PRIORITY INTERVENTION AREAS
Priority Area Abaqulusi LM eDumbe LM
Priority 1 Large areas situated in a parallel strip from Vryheid to the eastern boundary
Access is mainly via the P46-1 & P46-2 towards uPhongolo, and when moving in a southern direction towards Ulundi, the P309-2 and P274 provides access to these areas.
Main grouping situated on eastern region of LM from Bilanyoni towards the eastern boundary, accessed via the P271, P229 and other district and local roads.These includes the more rural and traditionally inhabited areas.
Small area situated directly north of Paulpietersburg.
Larger area situarted south of Paulpietersburg along the P344.
Scattered areas on the top western boundary with Amajuba DM / eMadlangeni LM.
Priority 2 Main regions are situated in the south-western and south-eastern regions, around eMondlo (West) and the area between Mphembeni & Ngome (East).
Scattered throughout the municipal area.
Priority Area Nongoma LM Ulundi LM
Priority 1 Almost the complete eastern region of the municipality from Nongoma to the boundary with uMkhanyakude DM
Relatively large area on the Ulundi Boundary between P52-2 and P736.
Large areas situated along the largest parts of the Municipal Boundary.
Priority 2 Almost the complete western region of the municipality from Nongoma to the boundary with Ulundi LM.
Mainly situated in a parallel strip from the western to the eastern boundary of the municipality with Ulundi situated in the centre. These are the higher accessible areas connected to the Main Road (R66) via the P702, P244-1, P734, P47-3.
Priority Area uPhongolo LM
Priority 1 Large areas around Pongola Town, stretching towards the eastern Boundary with Mpumalanga Province. These areas are generally land registered in the name of the ITB.
Priority 2 Large area situated to the west of Magud.
Large area situated on southern boundary of LM with Nongoma.
Areas o n the western boundary intertwined with Priority 1 areas.
Source: Ditau Geo-Informatics Solutions / KZN SDF
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 24
MAP 3: KZN SDF – ZULULAND DM PRIORITY INTERVENTION AREAS
Source: KwaZulu-Natal Spatial Development Framework 2011
3.2.3.2 Spatial Development Opportunities
Following from the identification of the Priority intervention areas, the KWaZulu-Natal Spatial
Development Framework further highlighted the type of interventions that will be supported by the
province, and which can feasibly be implemented, based on existing activities within the areas.
The table below provides an interpretation for the KZN SDF Extract of Zululand DM.
TABLE 2: KZN SDF - INTERPRETATION OF SPATIAL CATEGORIES
Category Broad Intended Land Use and Interventions
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 25
Co
nse
rvat
ion
Co
rrid
ors
Proposed regional critical conservation areas which are linked in a continuous system of ecosystems and bioregions traversing the province between the Drakensberg and the Indian Ocean. These areas were identified combining existing environmentally protected areas as well as conservation corridors proposed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, through combining extensive environmental research into bio-resources throughout the province as part of the formulation of a Critical Biodiversity Plan for the province. These Conservation Corridors are not suggested as absolute “no-go” areas, but rather highlighted as areas of environmental significance to the sustainable development of the entire province. Where economic opportunity (such as tourism development) and high social need exist within these Conservation Corridors, it implies both that the rich natural environment should contribute to the address such needs and potential, and further that any interventions in these areas need to consider the impact on such important regional ecological corridors. These corridors are however perceived as areas where extensive densification would be discouraged and sensitive development promoted.
Bio
div
ers
ity
Pri
ori
ty
Are
as
Areas with a significantly high biodiversity value expressed in the number of species and sensitive environments as identified through extensive research by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. These areas are most often located in close proximity to the identified Conservation Corridors and may serve as an additional buffer to these corridors. These areas too are not (at a provincial level) proposed as absolute “no-go” areas, but are identified to indicate areas where extensive densification would be discouraged and sensitive development promoted.
Are
as o
f Ec
on
om
ic
Val
ue
Ad
din
g
The key economic centres and areas where all of the variety of economic sectors (Agriculture, Tourism, Manufacturing, Services) are prevalent and perceived to have good potential to be further expanded on. These areas are visibly linked to high accessibility areas with existing bulk infrastructure and relatively high population densities which would both contribute to the economic expansion and benefit from interventions in these areas. Due to these factors, further economic processing and value adding at a provincial level, are mainly proposed within these identified areas.
Are
as o
f Ec
on
om
ic
Sup
po
rt
A number of regions resembled areas of good economic potential in more than just one of the key provincial economic sectors. Due to the fact that these areas represent a larger distribution across the entire province than the core areas of economic value adding, these zones are considered important areas of Economic Support. Typical interventions in these areas would include economic prioritisation of development, labour force interventions (e.g. skills development), key economic infrastructure investment and area promotion.
Agr
icu
ltu
ral
De
velo
pm
en
t
Relatively high agricultural production areas, which are not located within biodiversity areas of combined with other potential economic sectors are highlighted by this category to identify and promote areas with the potential to make a significant contribution through agricultural production. Although successful farming practices are already occurring on some of these areas, it is proposed that underutilised agricultural land within these zones are more effectively utilised for sustainable agricultural production. Associated interventions may include agriculture specific infrastructure, skills development, market access interventions etc.
Are
as o
f H
igh
So
cial
Nee
d
The highest ranges of combined social need when considering the population density, dependency ratio as the provincial index of multiple deprivations is illustrated by this category of high social need. These are broadly the areas where the most intensive social interventions area required and this category is further overlaid above all other categories to provide a spatial reference to the types of interventions which might be pursued towards addressing the concentrated social need within these areas. As example where high social need is identified within an area earmarked as a
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 26
conservation corridor, this firstly provides a reference to the fact that social conditions of communities will need to be addressed if any conservation is to be promoted within such areas. Further it suggests that the effective utilisation of the high biodiversity within such areas might be harnessed towards addressing social need through example conservation tourism.
Man
dat
ed
Ser
vice
De
liver
y
Are
as
The areas which are not representative of any of the above mentioned categories are classified as undifferentiated areas. It is acknowledged that these areas also have communities residing on them with economic potential and environmental resources, however, based on the approach followed these areas weren’t differentiated to the same degree as the identified preceding categories. It is therefore important that this category is not neglected from public and private interventions and as the various departmental programmes are inclusive in nature, these areas should also benefit from it. It is anticipated that the intensity of such programmes and the total portion of resource allocation to these areas would be less than the identified categories as well as the key intervention areas identified previously.
Source: KwaZulu-Natal SDF 2011.
The map below depicts the highest social needs in relation to economic potential / Interventions for
the District.
MAP 4: KZN SDF – KZN SDF: ZULULAND DM EXTRACT
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 27
Source: KwaZulu-Natal Spatial Development Framework 2011
3.2.3.3 Major Projects Identified in KZN SDF
In promoting growth and development within the District the following provincial catalytic projects
are envisaged by the KZN SDF:
P700 Road Linkage
Airport Development (Ulundi)
Nature Based Tourism (P700)
Eco, Battlefields & Cultural Heritage Tourism
Routes
Agro-Processing incorporating Bio-Fuels
Industrial Regeneration
Small Town Regeneration
Regional Airports
Rural Service Centres
ECD Centre Development (600 - 50/DC &
100 Metro)
Centres for the Disabled
Centres for Senior Citizens
Substance abuse Rehabilitation Centres
Cultural Vilages (4)
School Greening (50/DM)
Rural Waste Mmanagement Units (4)
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 28
3.3 District Municipality Policies and Strategies A review of the relevant district municipality policies are outlined in the following sections, with a
focus on those that have implications for rural development at the district and local level. The
following documents are considered:
Zululand District Municipality Growth and Development Plan ‘Vision 2030’
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan (IDP)
Zululand District Municipality Spatial Development Framework (SDF)
Zululand District Municipality Local Economic Development Strategy (LED)
Zululand District Municipality Growth and Development Plan ‘Vision 2030’, 2014/15
The Zululand DGDP encapsulates the long-term vision of the Zululand District as follows:
‘We are the Zululand region and proud of our heritage. We are mindful of the needs of the poor and
we seek to reflect the aspirations of our communities. We are committed to responsible and
accountable actions, tolerance and concern for racial harmony, the protection of our environment,
and the strengthening of the role of women and youth. We will strive to improve the quality of life in
Zululand by providing sustainable infrastructure, promoting economic development and building
capacity within our communities’16.
It is aimed at ensuring that national, provincial and local initiatives and programmes are integrated
and sustainable in order to maximize the growth and employment impact of economic and social
development policies and programmes. The DGDP focuses on a limited number of strategic, high
impact, fast track interventions that can act as catalysts for accelerated and shared growth in the
municipality. The strategic goals of the Zululand DGDP are17.
Job Creation: seen as a primary means through which economic growth and transformation can
occur, by distributing the benefits of growth more widely and consequently reducing
dependency on the welfare system.
*Included in this goal is the objective of unleashing agriculture which is seen as key to growing
and generating employment.
Human Resource Development: ensuring the human resource capacity in the district is responsive
to growth and development needs.
Human and Community Development: reducing poverty and inequality in Zululand.
Strategic Infrastructure: Providing for the social and economic growth and development needs of
Zululand.
Environmental Sustainability: reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and creating social-
ecological capacity to adapt to climate change.
*Included in this goal is the objective of increasing the productive use of land
Governance and Policy: Ensuring the people of Zululand are satisfied with the levels of
government service delivery.
Spatial Equity: Increased spatial access to goods and services.
From the stated strategic objectives of the Zululand DGDP, it is clear that the development of
agriculture in the region is at the heart of economic and social development for the district. The
16
Zululand District Growth and Development Plan Composite Report
17 Ibid
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 29
main objective of the Zululand District Integrated Development Plan is to create an affluent district
through the optimal delivery of essential services; supporting sustainable local economic
development; and enabling community participation in service delivery. The strategic focus areas
that support this are18:
To facilitate the delivery of sustainable infrastructure and services
To promote economic development
To promote social development
The Zululand District Municipality is faced with a number of challenges that need to be addressed in
order to create a conducive environment for socio – economic and infrastructure development.
These challenges include, but are not limited to the ability to harness agri-processing opportunities
in the district, notably venison production, leather processing and traditional medicines; foster
timber production opportunities; high levels of unemployment in the region, infrastructure backlogs,
education and skills levels, income and affordability, poverty and Inequality.
In order to address the above mentioned challenges and promote economic development and
growth in the district, the Zululand District IDP puts in place a long term development strategy with
a focus on key areas including:
Focus on economic, agriculture and tourism: improve the economy of the district through the
creation of job opportunities and additional economic activities.
Community upliftment: The social upliftment of the communities in the ZDM
The Zululand District IDP therefore acts as a broad business plan for the district, and as such puts in
place projects linked to budgets that will support the development strategies it outlines. The spatial
vision of the Zululand District Municipality is ‘to develop a spatial structure which promotes the
sustainable utilisation of the districts infrastructure, social and economic resources with the aim of
equitable service delivery within the urban as well as rural areas’19
The current reality poses a challenge to this vision as the Zululand District Municipality is
predominantly a rural district, and is relatively remote from the province’s major development
centres (Durban, Richards Bay/Empangeni and Pietermaritzburg) and the main growth corridors
(along the N3 and N2 routes). It does have a secondary corridor of national significance – the
coalline corridor, which runs from Richards Bay, through Ulundi, Abaqulusi and eDumbe and on to
the mining areas of Mpumalanga, is an important route in the national rail and road network.
It is against this backdrop that the Zululand District Municipality SDF proposes interventions in the
district such as the development of ‘corridors’ to connect the municipalities within the district and
promote economic development, and the creation of ‘Nodes’ (centres which provide services to the
sub-regional economy). It further outlines key land development objectives for the region. These are
aligned to the national and provincial spatial development objectives and include:
Promotion of agricultural development and use of prime agricultural land
18
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
19 Zululand District Municipality Spatial Development framework
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 30
Capitalise on the presence of the Swaziland sugar cane farmers by facilitating relations between
Swaziland and the TSB sugar mill
Development of additional water storage (dams)
The Zululand spatial context must carefully be taken into consideration in the rural development
plan, as this setting will directly impact the success of the plans therein.
The overarching objectives of Zululand District Municipality LED are as follows20:
To reduce income leakage: actions include buy local campaigns and encouraging local
manufacturers
To increase investment: Investment in tourism, agriculture and business is to be promoted
To promote local business development and business interaction: Interaction between businesses
will contribute to countering income leakage and establishing a new vibrancy in the district
economy.
To increase entrepreneurial opportunities and employment: establishment of appropriate support
mechanisms for businesses
The district municipality has created strategies that represent the key plan of action that will deliver
on these objectives. These include overall district strategies, business strategies, agricultural
strategies and tourism strategies. The key agricultural strategies include:
Institutional structuring for agricultural delivery
Sustainable land reform
Improved market access for agricultural produce
Visible delivery in agricultural sector
Municipal agricultural strategies (taking into account the local municipality environments)
To complement the agricultural strategies, there are business strategies that aim to establish agri-
industries relating to current and planned produce in the district. All of these strategies require
specific projects to bring them into fruition; the Zululand District Municipality Rural Development
Plan will focus on this.
3.4 Local Municipality Policies and Strategies eDumbe Local Municipality IDP
uPhongolo Local Municipality IDP
Abaqulusi Local Municipality IDP
Nongoma Local Municipality IDP
Ulundi Local Municipality IDP
3.4.1 Abaqulusi Local Municipality IDP 2013/14 The Abaqulusi local Municipality is comprised of many settlements, both rural and urban, with
Vryheid being its main urban settlement/town. It is one of the largest local municipalities in the KZN
Province and constitutes approximately 30% of the Zululand District Municipality. The municipality is
20
Zululand District Municipality Local Economic Development strategy report2003
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 31
classified as having medium to low agricultural potential, with the local municipality consisting
largely of commercial farms.21
The Abaqulusi Local Municipality IDP indicates the key challenges that the municipality is currently
facing. These challenges include a apartheid spatial planning footprints, declining economic sectors
(mining), lack of skills and a high rate of functional illiteracy, access to services, land claims.
There are however, some opportunities for development in the municipality, and as with other local
municipalities in the region, these are largely in the areas of tourism and agriculture:
Agriculture: Products produced in the area are timber, field crops and livestock. Although most of
the timber is exported out of the area. Current products farmed are maize, groundnuts, soya
beans, sunflowers, fruits and sorghum. Cattle farming has also played a major role but this
market is strained due to rising input costs and stock theft. The Vryheid Economic
Regeneration Study identified the development of agri-business as an opportunity for the
area.
Tourism: Eco-tourism is a great attraction for the Abaqulusi Local Municipality, with tourists drawn
to its climate, wildlife and landscape. The Ithala Game Reserve is located just outside the
Municipal area north of Louwsburg, it offers wildlife, scenery and accommodation. The Ngome
Forest including the Thendeka Wilderness area, is also a draw card with locals claiming it to
be ‘more spectacular than Tsitsikamma’ on the Eastern Cape Coastline.
3.4.2 eDumbe Local Municipality (IDP) 2013/14 EDumbe Local Municipality is predominantly rural in nature (approximately 65% rural, and 35%
urban), yet has the highest potential in the district for rain fed agriculture and consists mainly of
commercial forestry farming. In the communal areas of this municipality there is the potential for
smallholder forestry, but the distances to markets stifle this. The major town in the local
municipality is eDumbe/Paulpietersburg, which is situated close to the national rail network22.
The mission of the eDumbe Integrated Development Plan is to create a healthy, safe environment
with economically active communities through the promotion of sustainable infrastructure
development while unlocking agricultural and tourism potential. To achieve this, the IDP process first
had to identify the key issues for the eDumbe local municipality, including:
Large rural population depending on small urban centre
Costly service delivery
Low income levels
Heavy dependence on public transport facilities
Cost of municipal services to low income households
In the short to medium term, the municipality will initiate projects with clear targets and outputs
towards addressing these priorities. Development strategies in the local municipality include
unleashing agricultural potential through the development of an agricultural plan, promoting
subsistence farming, unlocking potentially available land, and to ensure that the process of land
reform is fast tracked.
21
Abaqulusi Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2013/14
22 eDumbe Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2013/14
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 32
3.4.3 Nongoma Local Municipality IDP 2014/15 The Nongoma Local Municipality is the second largest in terms of area in the Zululand District
Municipality, and is popularly known as the seat of the Zulu monarch. It is a predominantly rural
municipality, with over 98% of its population living in rural areas23. The entire municipality consists
of communal settlements, with a mixture of farming taking place by small holders with cattle and
goats being the main enterprises. The agricultural potential of the area is considered to be low,
unless irrigation is made available.
The mission of the Nongoma Integrated Development Plan is to “…exist to be the growing centre of
convergence for national, provincial and local development stakeholders to facilitate the provision of
an environment where the people can live, work and play by providing access to the best and
sustainable infrastructural, social and economic services for an improved people’s quality of life.”
The IDP process, however, identified key challenges to achieving this for the Nongoma local
municipality, including:
To focus on rural tourism development in light of the Municipal Area’s cultural diversity and
heritage
High unemployment
There are a number of strategies in place to address these challenges including the creation of
employment opportunities for all employable people of Nongoma, unleash the agricultural sector
potential, and to facilitate the development of a tourism sector plan.
3.4.4 Ulundi Local Municipality IDP 2014/15 The Ulundi Local Municipality is located on the southern boundary of the Zululand District
Municipality in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal. The Ulundi municipal area includes the towns and
settlements of Ulundi, Nqulwane, Mahlabathini, Babanango, Mpungamhlophe and Ceza as well as
Traditional Authorities. The largest part of its area is rural and underdeveloped. Approximately half
of the Municipal area consists of commercial farms and the area supports a substantial agricultural
community. The town of Ulundi represents the only urban centre in the Ulundi Local Municipal area
and accommodates approximately 40,000 people24.
The vision of the Ulundi Local Municipality is ‘a development city of heritage focusing on good
governance, socio-economic development and upholding tradition to promote sustainable service
delivery’. In order to achieve this vision, the IDP process first had to identify the key issues for the
Ulundi Local Municipality, including:
Climate change
Rural tourism development
Rural agricultural development
Unemployment
23
Nongoma Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2014/15
24 Ulundi Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2014/15
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 33
Opportunities have been identified for development in the municipality. These are largely in the
areas of tourism and agriculture:
Tourism: Given the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ulundi municipal area, tourism provides
a significant opportunity for economic development of the area. Ulundi can build on its strong
Zulu heritage and e.g. EmaKhosini, Ceza Cave, Ondini Battlefields & Museum and put formal
structures in place to promote tourism.
Agriculture: a major sector within the Municipality and has the potential to contribute to the
development of employment opportunities as well as addressing matters related to food
security. Ulundi can utilise the areas good potential for aloe farming and game farming as a
means of economic development.
3.4.5 uPhongolo Local Municipality IDP 2014/2015 The uPhongolo Local Municipality is strategically located along the N2, adjacent to the Swaziland
Border and the Mpumalanga Province. It forms part of Lebombo SDI Corridor as a gateway to
Swaziland and Mozambique using its Golela and Onverwacht border gates.25
The local municipality is predominantly rural in nature with a relatively diverse economy, with a
particularly strong primary and secondary sector, in the form of agriculture, retail and game farming.
UPhongolo has vast tracts of untapped natural resources and the opportunity to take advantage of
its tourism potential and take tourism in the area to another level. The main commercial enterprises
in the local municipality are irrigated sugarcane and game farming, with the potential to develop
citrus and subtropical fruit under irrigation
The mission of the uPhongolo Integrated Development Plan includes the plan to ‘hoist tourism and
agriculture as the leading GDP contributors to the economy. To achieve this, the IDP process first
had to identify the key issues for the uPhongolo local municipality, including:
Lack of industry;
High unemployment;
Inadequate infrastructure;
Unavailability of land for development;
Cost of municipal services to low income households.
There are however, some opportunities for development in the municipality. These are largely in the
areas of tourism and agriculture:
Tourism: uPhongolo has plenty of natural scenery; game and hosts the tiger fish games every
year. These and other opportunities could be expanded
Agriculture: uPhongolo has the right climatic conditions for agriculture, and could broaden its
sugarcane farming business as well as its game farming business.
3.5 Synthesis The policies mentioned introduce a set of principles that are intended to influence the substantive
outcomes of planning decisions in relation to the alleviation of poverty, inequality and
underdevelopment in South Africa.
25
uPhongolo Local Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2014/15
SECTION THREE – POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT 34
The overall aim of these principles is to achieve planning outcomes that:
Promote sustainable development and use of natural resources;
Channel resources to areas of greatest need and development potential, thereby redressing the
inequitable historical treatment of marginalized areas;
Take into account the fiscal, institutional and administrative capacities of role players, the needs of
communities and the environment; and
Stimulate economic development opportunities in rural areas; and support an equitable protection
of rights to and in land.
Rural development has a common thread from the National and Provincial policy level through to
the District and Local Municipality policy level and is seen as core to the achievement of stated
policy outcomes.
Zululand, as a largely rural district municipality will therefore benefit from the implementation of a
rural development plan that will guide the application of policy in the communities it serves.
The objectives of the Zululand RDP are:
To establish and outline long term vision and direction for rural development in the district
To provide an overarching and coordinating framework for planning and rural development
initiatives, within each of the local municipalities and across municipal boundaries;
To provide a spatial context and justification for priority interventions;
To develop institutional arrangement for an effective implementation of the Zululand rural
development plan;
To align and integrate departmental strategic plans at a district level;
To facilitate commitment of resources (human, financial, etc.) towards the implementation of
strategic objectives, catalytic initiatives and other district priorities.
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 35
4 SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Socio-Economic Analysis The population of the district stands at 815 962 as of 201326. The population of the district has been
growing steadily with major contribution by Abaqulusi (26% of district population), Nongoma (24%
of district population) and Ulundi (23% of district population) local municipalities constituting 73% of
the district population. The drivers of growth in population however, are Abaqulusi and Uphongolo
LM’s, with the other LM’s having regressed in their contribution to the district population. This
perspective is depicted in the graphs below.
FIGURE 3: POPULATION TRENDS
Source: ??
26
Quantec 2013
688093
742724 775990
815962
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
op
le
Years
Population Trends in Zululand DM
Zululand DM
eDumbe LM
UPhongolo LM
Abaqulusi LM
Nongoma LM
Ulundi LM
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 36
FIGURE 4: POPULATION PROPORTIONS BY LM
Source: ??
Age distribution among the population, shows that the economically active population 20-64 years
constitutes 44% of the district population. The major contributor of this population age cohort is
Abaqulusi, Ulundi and Nongoma each respectively having 28%, 23% and 22% of the age cohort
respectively27. This mirrors the population dynamics of the district and its municipalities, as well as
the pull of urban life among this economically active population to areas that offer better economic
prospects. Further analysis of dependency rates of the respective LMs, Nongoma LM has the highest
dependency ratio of 88, eDumbe LM with 81.7, Ulundi LM with 81.1, Uphongolo LM with 77.3, and
Abaqulusi LM with 70.5. Nongoma LM thus bears the tag of placing a higher dependency on the
economically active population.
The sex ratio that measures gender distribution shows that the district is dominated by the female
population. The population is dominated by the female gender (53.98%), as the male population
migrate from the age cohort of 20 and above, in search of better economic opportunities. 28
Health and mortality in the district shows a rise in HIV prevalence in the district, an increase in AIDS
deaths over the years 1995 to 2007, thereafter declining, and a moderate increase in deaths from
other causes. A further cursory glance shows that HIV prevalence is mostly dominant in the
urbanised Abaqulusi and Ulundi local municipalities. The figure below illustrates these perspectives.
27
Ibid
28 Statistics South Africa, Census 2011
10%
14%
24%
27%
24%
10%
15%
25%
25%
24%
10%
16%
26%
25%
24%
10%
16%
26%
24%
23%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
eDumbe LM
UPhongolo LM
Abaqulusi LM
Nongoma LM
Ulundi LM
Percentage
Geo
gra
ph
y
Population proportions by LM- Zululand DM
1995
2001
2007
2013
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 37
FIGURE 5: HEALTH & MORTALITY
Source: ??
The level of education in the district needs to improve to enable a better fit with the skills demanded
by the local economy and global competitiveness of economic sectors. The district records 80% of its
population having below some secondary education, 12% of whom have no schooling. This has
implications on the employment by skill, confining most of the economically active population in the
district to employment in the informal, semi and unskilled categories. The level of education in the
district and its associated local municipalities is depicted in the figure below.
FIGURE 6: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
Source: ??
Education and employment opportunities are strategically aligned. Employment by skill depicts
moderately growing total employment since 2001. Employment is therefore moderately growing in
the informal employment category, with noted marginal growth in skilled and highly skilled
employment. Aggressive decline is experienced in the semi and unskilled category as from 2007. This
has an immense negative impact on unemployment and especially youth unemployment in the
17596
86351
110963
120118
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
of
pe
op
le
Years
Health & Mortality
HIV positive
AIDS deaths
Other deaths
12%
35%
6%
27%
17%
3%
12%
38%
6%
29%
13%
2%
12%
35%
6%
28%
16%
3%
11%
33%
5%
28%
18%
4%
12%
37%
6%
27%
17%
3%
13%
34%
6%
26%
18%
3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
No schooling
Some primary
Complete primary
Some secondary
Grade 12 / Standard 10 / Form 5 / Matric /NTC111
Higher
Percentage
Ed
uc
ati
on
Le
vel
Education Level
Zululand DM
eDumbe LM
UPhongolo LM
Abaqulusi LM
Nongoma LM
Ulundi LM
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 38
district given the levels of education among the population. Initiatives to stimulate the growth of
primary sectors such as agriculture and mining are vital, as they have the capacity to absorb higher
numbers and create employment in the informal and semi and unskilled categories.
FIGURE 7: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
Source: ??
The dominant employment sector is the tertiary sector whose employment trajectory has grown
over the 1995 (51% of employment) to 2013 (76% of employment) periods. It should be noted, that
over the respective period, 22 326 jobs were lost in the primary sector. The primary sector, which is
the highest absorber of informal and semi and unskilled employment contributed 35% to total
employment in 1995, while in 2013 it was 10%29. The figure below documents this trend.
FIGURE 8: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
Source: ??
29
Quantec 2013
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
em
plo
yed
Years
Employment by skill
Formal and informal employment -Total (Number)
Highly skilled - Toral (Number)
Skilled - Total (Number)
Semi- and unskilled (Number)
Informal employment - Total(Number)
36214 25326 25563
13888
14162
10230 15836
18404
52458 57074 74960
101446
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
em
plo
yed
Years
Employment by Sectors
Tertiary sector
Secondary sector
Primary sector
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 39
Primary sector employment contribution segmented by its industry’s, mining and quarrying as well
as agriculture, forestry and fisheries; shows volatile fluctuations in employment generation.
Between 1995 and 2013, agriculture forestry and fisheries declined in its contribution to
employment from a high of 84% (30 252) in 1995 to 63% (8 708) in 2013. Over the same period,
employment contribution in mining and quarrying grew from 16% (5 962) to 37% (5 180)
respectively.
FIGURE 9: PRIMARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
Source: ??
Employment generation in the secondary sector industry’s has been dominated by the construction
sector over the 1995 (59%) to 2013 (54%) periods. However, there has been a general decline in the
employment contribution in the sector. The other key employment sector is the food, beverages and
tobacco manufacturing and Metals, metal products, machinery and equipment. The sector
employment trends are noted in the figure below.
30252
24117 23711
8708
5962
1209 1852
5180
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
em
plo
yed
Years
Primary Sector Employment
Mining and quarrying
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 40
FIGURE 10: SECONDARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT CONTRIBUTION IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
Source: ??
The key driver of employment in the tertiary sector is the wholesale and retail trade over the 1995
to 2013 period. The growing tertiary sector that is growing employment in employment contribution
is the wholesale and retail; as well as Business services sector. Community, social and personal
services, as well as General Government industry have also marginally declined in their contribution
to employment in the district economy. This is depicted in the figure below.
FIGURE 11: TERTIARY SECTOR EMPLOYMENT
Source: ??
Household income and expenditure shows increasing disposable income and final consumption
among households. It also shows that households are increasingly spending less than they earn,
thereby having some savings, which impacts positively on the level of personal investment in the
district. This perspective is illustrated in the figure below.
2210 2050
2542 2631
692
971 1417
1175
514
315 515
433
1037
894 1787
2203
8367
4634 7466 9894
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
em
plo
yed
Years
Secondary Sector Employment
Construction
Water
Electricity
Furniture and other manufacturing
Transport equipment
Radio, TV, instruments, watches andclocks
Electrical machinery and apparatus
Metals, metal products, machinery andequipment
Other non-metal mineral products
14385 14189 23307 31041
4067 2986
3736 6565 3063
4914 5989 7371
12472 16692 19074 24470
15151 15694 20132 28787
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2001 2007 2013
Nu
mb
er
em
plo
yed
Years
Tertiary Sector Employment
General government
Community, social and personal services
Business services
Finance and insurance
Communication
Transport and storage
Catering and accommodation services
Wholesale and retail trade
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 41
FIGURE 12: HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Source: ??
The urban and rural divide impacts heavily on migratory trends, with more urbanised areas
attracting more migrants into the urban economy. This is evident by the higher proportion of
migrants streaming into the more urbanised Abaqulusi, Nongoma and Ulundi LM’s. This is depicted
in the figure below.
FIGURE 13: MIGRATION
Source: ??
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Finalconsumption
expenditure byhouseholds
Durablegoods: Total
Semi-durablegoods: Total
Non-durablegoods: Total
Services:Total
Currentincome
Disposableincome(Current
income lesstaxes on
income andwealth)
Saving byhouseholds(Disposableincome lessexpenditure)
R m
illio
ns
Household Income and Expenditure
1995
2001
2007
2013
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Nu
mb
er
of
mig
ran
ts
Geography
Birthplace of Origin Excl. KZN
Ulundi LM
Nongoma LM
Abaqulusi LM
UPhongolo LM
eDumbe LM
Zululand DM
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 42
FIGURE 14: BIRTH PLACE BY ORIGIN
Source: ??
Migratory patterns also impact on population growth/ decline in the district. The table below
illustrates the situation in the district.
TABLE 3: POPULATION GROWTH & DECLINE
Geography Population Growth Population Decline
eDumbe LM - regression
Uphongolo LM Marginal growth
Abaqulusi LM Marginal growth
Nongoma LM - regression
Ulundi LM - regression
Source: ??
The key learning from the demographics on the district are:
Abaqulusi and Uphongolo local municipalities constitute 40% of the district population, hence are
the population centres within the district with future consequences on urban sprawl and land
use management;
The rural nature of an area, also drives the rate of dependency among the population, with
Nongoma being the most rural, thus having the highest dependency ratio, that exerts pressure
on the working age population in district and municipal economy with attendant social costs;
Health and mortality in the DM needs to be improved especially in the rural areas as this impacts
on the productivity of the population, especially the working age population, hence the need to
mitigate health aspects such HIV prevalence through education and aggressive health
campaigns;
Education also needs to be improved so as to ensure a better strategic fit between skills
demanded by industry and education levels of the local populace, thereby mitigating the rate
of unemployment, especially youth unemployment and the social ills it fosters to peace and
stability;
Household income and expenditure has been growing, however the impact of grants and
remittances especially among the highly rural LM’s of the district (Nongoma) needs to be
factored in;
96%
3% 1%
Birthplace of Origin- Zululand DM
KwaZulu Natal
RSA Provinces
OSA
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 43
The district records a migratory pool to Uphongolo and Abaqulusi local municipalities, which
exerts pressure on housing, especially informal settlements and demand for public services;
and
Subsequently functional regions are defined by accessibility and mobility of time to travel to work
areas.
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 44
MAP 5: SETTLEMENTS & ENGINEERING SERVICES
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 45
MAP 6: ACCESSIBILITY INDEX
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 46
4.2 Key Economic Sectors ant their Contribution to GVA The Gross Value Added (GVA) of the district economy grew from R2.945 billion in 1995 to R22.146
billion in 2013. The dominant economies in the District by LM are Abaqulusi (35%), Ulundi (27%) and
Uphongolo (18%), constituting 80% of the district economy respectively. The major growth in
contribution to district GVA was from Ulundi LM, having contributed 22% (R661 million) in 1995 and
27% (R6.031 billion) in 2013. eDumbe LM regressed by (4%) having contributed 10% (R283 million)
to district GVA in 1995, and 6% (R1.321 billion) in 2013.30
FIGURE 15: GVA AT BASIC PRIZES
Source: ??
FIGURE 16: GVA TRENDS BY LM
Source: ??
The Tertiary sector has dominated the growth in GVA in the district economy. This has been
followed by the secondary and primary sectors respectively. The key sector driving the growth has
been the tertiary sector contributing 56% (R1.652 billion) in 1995 to district GVA and 68% (R15.051
30
Ibid
22146
1321
3955
7780
3059
6031
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Zululand DM eDumbe LM UPhongolo LM Abaqulusi LM Nongoma LM Ulundi LM
R m
illi
on
s
Geography
GVA at Basic Prices 2006
1995
2001
2007
2013
10%
20%
38%
10%
22%
10%
21%
36%
10%
24%
7%
19%
36%
12%
26%
6%
18%
35%
14%
27%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
eDumbe LM
UPhongolo LM
Abaqulusi LM
Nongoma LM
Ulundi LM
Percentage
Ge
ogr
aph
y
GVA Trends by LM
1995
2001
2007
2013
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 47
billion) in 2013. The primary sector recorded the biggest decline in GVA contribution over the 1995
to 2013 periods, from a high of 30% (R878 million) in 1995 to 15% (R3.407 billion) in 2013. The figure
below illustrates the trend in GVA contribution by sector.
FIGURE 17: GVA CONTRIBUTION TRENDS BY SECTOR IN ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
Source: ??
4.3 Primary Sector Further analysis of Primary Sector GVA trends, highlights decline in GVA contribution to the District
by the Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry that constituted 69% (R607 million) of Primary
Sector GVA in 1995 to 55% (R1.863 billion) in 2013. Growth was experienced in the Mining and
Quarrying industry contribution to Primary Sector GVA from 31% (R271 million) to 45% (R1.544
billion) over the same period31. This is depicted in the figure below.
FIGURE 18: GVA PRIMARY SECTOR TRENDS
Source: ??
31
Ibid
1652
3320
7141
15051
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1995 2001 2007 2013
R m
illi
on
s
Years
GVA Sectors DM Economy
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
607
814
1313
1863
271
471
691
1544
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1995 2001 2007 2013
R m
illi
on
s
Years
Primary Sector GVA
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 48
The higher GVA Agricultural production is experienced in Abaqulusi, Uphongolo, eDumbe, Nongoma,
and Ulundi LM respectively. In Mining and Quarrying its growth in contribution is evident in the map
below that documents the coal line corridor that runs from Richards Bay, through Ulundi, Vryheid
and Paulpietersburg and into the mining areas of Mpumalanga.
4.3.1 Agriculture The Agricultural sector can be harnessed in efforts to diversify the economy of the district and
enable the absorption of the local populace in sector opportunities that call for semi and unskilled,
as well as informal employment categories. The main agricultural activities in the district include;
livestock (red meat and poultry), forestry (timber), sugarcane, citrus farming, and vegetables.
The agricultural potential of the district is illustrated in the map below. It shows the highest potential
in Abaqulusi, eDumbe, Uphongolo, Nongoma, and Ulundi LM respectively. It shows the soil
potential; land and climate potential (make the distinction between rain-fed agriculture and
irrigation).
Mining
The key mining activity was coal extraction. However, the potential has declined with the closure of
coal mines around Hlobane and Coronation, with mining activity confined mainly to the Zululand
Anthracite Colliery, 50 km’s east of Ulundi.
4.4 Secondary Sector The secondary sector GVA has been dominated by the Food, beverages and tobacco sector over the
1995 (R106 million) to 2013 (R1.221 billion) periods. Its contribution to GVA in the sector has grown
by 8% (26% in 1995 to 34% in 2013). The other key GVA contributor in the sector was the
construction sector, whose contribution grew by 3%. These perspectives are captured in the figure
below.
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 49
FIGURE 19: GVA TRENDS IN THE SECONDARY SECTOR
Source: ??
The tertiary sector GVA is dominated by General government contributing R643 million (39%) in
1995 to R5.281 billion (35%) in 2013. The second dominant tertiary sector currently is the wholesale
and retail sector contributing R308 million (19%) in 1995, to R3.834 billion (25%) in 201332. The
figure below captures the GVA trend contribution of the tertiary sectors.
The growth in contribution of the wholesale and retail sector is a multiplier effect of the growth of
the district economy especially driven by Vryheid (commercial and business centre) and Ulundi
(government administrative centre) towns. The map below illustrates the GVA contribution of the
sector in the space of the local economy.
Key highlights of the district economy include:
The increased dominance of tertiary sector on the district economy requires efforts in diversifying
the base of the economy away from consumptive economy whose growth is limited by the prospects
of the primary and secondary sectors;
Enhancing and growing the economy will require investment in skills development and training in
order to enhance the skills base of the district away from employment opportunities in informal
and semi and unskilled employment categories; and
Harness the growth in agriculture, forestry and fisheries to expand manufacturing through agro-
processing so as to grow the district’s GVA and enhance rural livelihoods, as well as food
security.
32
Quantec 2013
106 178 559 1221
44 79 200
261 20 40
127 204
46 60
249 407
14 20
57 59
54 82
129 281
20 47
126 226
71 133 315 736
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995 2001 2007 2013
R m
illi
on
s
Years
Secondary Sectors GVA
Construction
Water
Electricity
Furniture and other manufacturing
Transport equipment
Radio, TV, instruments, watches andclocks
Electrical machinery and apparatus
Metals, metal products, machineryand equipment
Other non-metal mineral products
Petroleum products, chemicals, rubberand plastic
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 50
4.5 Environment The guiding principle for development in the ZDM is that it should be conducted in a sustainable
manner. It is important to consider what the concept of sustainable development means for the
ZDM and how this concept should be taken forward. The definition of sustainable development
which has become the best known and most widely used is that of the Bruntland Report which
defines sustainable development as33:
‘Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs’. (World Commission on Environment and Development,
1987).
Sites of Cultural, Heritage, Religious and Historical interests
Culture and Heritage
The concentration of cultural heritage sites in the district is mainly around Ulundi and Nongoma,
where strong Zulu heritage provides a rich framework of attractions for visitors to the area, including
battlefields and cultural heritage tourism routes. These are the key to tourism in the district,
however the high tourism potential has not been fully utilised, environmentally or otherwise with a
number of sites of tourism significance being ignored or insufficiently marketed.
There are a number of cultural resources in the Zululand District Municipality, including34:
eMakhosini-Ophathe Heritage Park
Zululand Heritage Route – adding to the battlefields route and birding route
Amafa Akwazulu heritage site
Ondini museum and battlefields
Ceza Cave
Conservation
Sites of conservation value in the Zululand District Municipality are focused on the following35:
Ithala Game Reserve;
Ngome State Forest;
Pongolapoort Nature Reserve;
Klipfontein Nature Reserve;
Vryheid Nature Reserve;
Pongola Bush Nature Reserve;
Emakhosini Ophathe Heritage Park;
Zululand Rhino Reserve;
Amatshitsholo Community Conservation Area; and
The Pongolapoort Dam.
33
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
34 Ibid
35 Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 51
The protection of all cultural, historical and environmentally sensitive areas must be taken into
account when considering agricultural development to boost the Zululand economy, and it is
proposed in the district IDP that fertile agricultural land be set aside for farming purposes only, so it
will not be lost due to development pressure.
Nature Reserves and Game Parks
There are a number of nature reserves and game parks in the Zululand district, which include private
game parks. These include.36
TABLE 4: NATURE RESERVES & GAME PARKS
Game Parks Nature Reserves
Phongolo game reserve Vryheid Mountain Nature Reserve offering bird watching opportunities
Ithala game reserve including bush lodges and camping facilities (4 of the big 5)
Phongolapoort Dam and Nature Reserve
Opathe game reserve
eMakhosini-Ophathe Heritage Park - this is the “Valley of the Kings” and within the park you will find the burial places of a number of early Zulu Kings and the “Spirit of eMakhosini” monument.
Pongola bush nature reserve
Source: ??
Protected Areas
Conservation in South Africa is managed through a system of protect areas as set out in the National
Environmental Management Act, No. 107 van 1998 and the National Environmental Management:
Protected Areas Act 57of 2003. In terms of these acts, the system of protected areas in South Africa
consists of the following kinds of protected areas:
Special nature reserves, nature reserves (including wilderness areas) and world heritage sites;
Specially protected forest areas, forest nature reserves and forest wilderness areas declared in
terms of the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998); and
Mountain catchment areas declared in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act, 1970 (Act No.
63 of 1970).
There are not many formally protected areas in the Zululand District Municipality. Areas formally
designated as protected include.37
Emakhosini Heritage Park;
Opathe Game Reserve;
Vryheid Mountain Nature Reserve;
Ithala Game Reserve;
36
Ibid
37 Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 52
Phongolo Game Reserve; and
Phongolapoort Nature Reserve.
It is not clear if any of these protected areas play any positive role in tourism or conservation in the
larger Zululand District Municipality area.
Wetlands
The wetland systems in the Zululand District Municipality are distributed in a complex mosaic,
occupying a variety of positions in the landscape across altitudinal gradients, ranging from open
water bodies, vleis and marshes, down to extensive wetlands associated with stream and river
courses. The role of wetlands is amplified in this district on account of widespread rural settlement
and coal mining activities. In certain circumstances wetlands used by rural communities have
impacted upon the natural functions of such systems. These wetland systems need to be
rehabilitated as they perform a vital service to both local and downstream users.38
There are a number of pressures regarding wetlands in the Zululand District Municipality that have
been raised in the IDP. These need to be taken into consideration when looking at areas of
agricultural potential in the district and include:
Alien invasive species consume valuable water resources and cause soil erosion which leads to
flooding;
River catchments are under pressure due to over extraction of water.
In response to these pressures, the Zululand District Municipality recognises that there needs to be
planned management of river catchments and wetlands in the area. The IDP proposes that in order
to preserve wetlands, draining them to plant crops, as well as building drains should be prevented or
minimized, and that there should be farmers’ programmes put in place to teach them to avoid
pesticides & other pollutants and apply fertilizer with care39.
Topography
Slope Analysis
The Zululand District is has slope categories that range from smaller than 1:10 (10% incline), 1:6
(17% incline), 1:3 (33% incline) and steeper. The higher the gradient, the more difficult and more
expensive construction, provision of services and agriculture become. Slope also affects modes of
transport, as a maximum gradient of 5% is recommended for bicycle tracks and 8% is recommended
for footpaths. Terrain therefore plays an integral part in determining agricultural patterns to ensure
cost-effectiveness and functionality. The central and northwestern parts of the Municipal area are
mountainous with slope of 1:3 and steeper. The slopes decrease (become less steep) towards the
eastern half of the Municipal Area40.
38
Ibid
39 Ibid
40 Ibid
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 53
Elevation
The mean elevation (m above sea level) of the Zululand District Municipality ranges from 0m above
sea level, to 6987m above sea level. There is an increase in height above sea level as you move away
from the Coast, with the uPhongolo Local Municipality and the Nongoma Local Municipality (eastern
areas) ranging from 0m to 910m above sea level, whilst eDumbe and Abaqulusi in the west range
from 655m to 4 559m above sea level. The height above sea level influences climate, which impacts
on agricultural production and the crops cultivated41.
The table below gives a view of the terrain of the Zululand District Municipality42
TABLE 5: TERRAIN
Topography type Percentage of total municipal area
MOUNTAINOUS 30%
Rolling 70%
Flat 0%
Coastal 0%
Source: ??
Water Resources (Hydrology, Water Catchment Areas)
More than 60% of river-flow in South Africa arises from only 20% of the land area. The Zululand
District Municipality forms part of this 20% and has a wealth of surface water resources as a result of
the high rainfall over the area. The northwestern most corners and the high-lying central area of the
District have been designated areas of importance to water production through surface runoff
(Schulze et al, 1997). A water service plan has been developed and is reviewed on an annual basis.43
Pongolapoort Dam and Bivane Dam both have water quality of high standard; they are monitored
through the National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS). There are three main catchments in the
district:
Pongola catchment (The water resources of the Pongola catchments are fully developed through
the Pongolapoort Dam);
Mkhuze catchment (The water resources are mostly undeveloped, with only a number of farm
dams for irrigation purposes. The major water users in these catchments are irrigation and
commercial forestry);
Umfolozi catchment: there is a deficit in the lower White Mfolozi during the winter months and The
Black Mfolozi catchments consist mostly of Traditional Authority land, with the main activity
being cattle farming.
41
Zululand District Municipality Spatial Development Framework 2013
42 Zululand District Municipality Water Services Development Plan 2014
43 Ibid
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 54
MAP 7: CONSERVATION AREAS
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 55
The water resources in the Zululand District are mostly undeveloped, with only a number of farm
dams for irrigation purposes. The major water users in these catchments are irrigation and
commercial forestry, with extra pressure on the water reserves experienced from cattle farming and
subsistence farmers.
Vegetation
The Zululand District Municipality has exceptional heterogeneity in habitat, which translates into rich
vegetation diversity, as described in Mucina & Rutherford (2006), comprising lower altitude dense
bushveld, savanna and grasslands, extending up to higher altitude mistbelt grasslands, including
significant areas of mistbeltand forests.44
There are a number of considerations regarding vegetation identified in the District IDP that need to
be taken into account when considering expanding agriculture in the region. These include, but are
not limited to:
Monitoring the level of illegal Muthi harvesting in the area which damages indigenous populations
of plants and animals without restocking. This will need to be monitored and controlled
through provisions in the Zululand Rural Development Plan.
The increase in use of unsustainable agricultural practices/management which can be monitored
in accordance with the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, No. 43 of 1983, when
dedicated agricultural programmes are initiated.
An important feature of the land cover of Zululand is that there are limited areas under cultivation
and plantation owing to the climatic conditions in the District (low rainfall). These are mainly located
in the higher rainfall areas around Vryheid and Paulpietersburg, and in the drier areas around
irrigation schemes such as uPhongolo. The drier parts of the District are under bushlands and
grasslands. The eastern parts of the District are under bushveld forests and grasslands.45
Geology and Soil Types
After climate, geology is probably the second most important factor in the genesis of the soil-terrain
landscapes of South Africa. The geological formations constituting the soil parent materials are
highly variable with respect to the clay forming potential and silica content. These are passed on to
the soils, giving rise to swelling black clays, sands etc. as well as differences in natural fertility and
erodibility. Geology is thus indirectly responsible for a variety of soil-plant niches or habitats.
Soil erosion occurs throughout the Zululand District, but especially in the rural areas and in
association with roads, pathways and subsistence agriculture. This presents a problem for further
agricultural land use as it can result in lower soil productivity and permanent loss of topsoil.46 The
Zululand Rural Development Plan must therefore take into account measures that will prevent
overgrazing and over-utilization of land, and further protection and rehabilitation of soil resources.
44
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
45 Zululand District Growth and Development Plan composite report
46 Zululand District Municipality Environmental Management Plan 2006
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 56
Biodiversity
The Zululand District Municipality is considered to be an avifaunal hotspot, comprising in excess of
400 birds. The area is home to at least 2 Critically Endangered species, 4 Endangered species, 35
vulnerable species, and 50 Near Threatened species. The African Skimmer (Rynchops flavirostris) is
classified as Regionally Extinct. Five important fish species, 19 mammals, 3 reptiles, and 6
invertebrates have been identified as important. This must be considered when putting in place
development initiatives in the area.47
Due to the nature of biodiversity in the region, there are a number of considerations to be taken in
to account when looking at rural development in the Zululand region. These include the following:
Development threats, particularly from areas designated for development in the SDF and IDP, and
as a consequence of potential rural settlement expansion, must be addressed at a strategic
planning level to ensure that development does not take place at the expense of critical
biodiversity assets.
Opportunities for conservation-oriented local economic development must be carefully considered
when looking at Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas for land use.
4.6 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY STATUS QUO 4.6.1 Water Quality The main surface water resources include the Bivane and Pongolapoort Dams that account for 88%
of the available water resources. In the natural state, the water quality is of a high standard48.
However, localised water quality problems and health risks associated with the proximity of
settlements to resources and the lack of sanitation facilities occur within the region. This is being
addressed through planning to eradicate the water services backlogs. This planning includes an
education component that addresses the issues of health, hygiene and water conservation and use.
Primary Water Resources
The primary water resources in the Zululand district include:
Rivers
o Pongola (North)
o White Mfolozi (Centre)
o Black Mfolozi (Centre)
o Mkuze (Centre)
o Mhlahtuze (South)
Dams
o Vuna (Nongoma)
o Mtiki (eMondlo)
The Zululand District Municipality falls within the Mfolozi, Mkuze and Pongola secondary catchments
of the Usuthu/Mhlathuze Water Management Area (WMA) that extends from the high lying areas in
the north and west to the Indian Ocean in the east. The aerial extent of the district occupies
47
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2014/15
48 Zululand District Municipality Water Services Development Plan
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 57
approximately 22% of this WMA. It is evident that apart from the Pongola catchments, water from
these sub-areas is currently over-utilised and a deficit is created.49
4.6.2 CLIMATE The climate of Southern Africa is influenced strongly by the position of the subcontinent in relation
to the major circulation features of the southern hemisphere. However, in all areas topography
exerts a strong control on rainfall and produces clear orographic anomalies that are particularly
evident in the case of Zululand.
The following climate related factors are considered as important for development in the municipal
area:
Precipitation
Temperature
Evaporation
Aridity zones
Rainfall erosion
Moisture availability
Varying climate conditions prevail across the Zululand District, as can be seen in the variance in
mean annual precipitation experienced in the region. With the exception of some precipitation in
the south from cold fronts in winter (in the Zululand Lowveld and Mistbelt areas), the region is
subject to summer rainfall with dry winters, with rain predominantly falling in early summer, apart
from the Ithala Quartzite Sourveld (peak rains in midsummer). Mean Annual precipitation in the
District ranges from 493mm to 1 682mm (predominantly below 900mm in the District), with large-
scale variations over relatively short distances in certain areas (on account of topographical
influences). Rainfall in form of thunderstorms is the prevalent form of precipitation, whilst mist also
contributes to precipitation at higher elevations.
Summers are generally warm to hot, and winters are cool. Mean Annual Temperature ranges
generally from approximately 4oc to 20oc, temperatures generally become cooler moving towards
the west. Mean annual evaporation varies considerably in the District depending on the relationship
of rainfall and temperature50.
4.6.3 FORESTRY Forests are defined as a closed-canopy assemblage of woody tree species greater than 5 m in height
(Midgley, et al., 1997). This definition purposefully avoids other definitions, developed in the tropics
that use multiple strata and are as a result restrictive51.
Indigenous forest represents the smallest biome in southern Africa (Rutherford & Westfall, 1994).
Regardless of this fact, forests still support a high proportion of the regions floral and faunal diversity
(Geldenhys, 1989). The greatest diversity of forest types is found in KwaZulu Natal. This is as a result
49
Zululand District Municipality Water services development plan 2014
50 Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
51 Adapted from Amajuba Environmental Management Plan 2003
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 58
of the dramatic altitudinal gradient that exists between the coast and the escarpment. The value of
forests in KwaZulu Natal has largely been unappreciated due to their small economic value (Midgley
et al, 1997).
Agricultural activities in the Zululand District Municipality are largely focused on forestry, particularly
in the eDumbe and Abaqulusi local municipalities and in the Babanango highlands of Ulundi, which is
dominated by commercial forestry. Rural development through interventions in this industry can
lead to further economic development in the region, as outlined in the National Industrial Policy
Action Plan, which, through its cluster based production sectors promotes a focus on the forestry,
paper, pulp and furniture value chain. With this in mind, smallholder forestry must be a
consideration in the Zululand Rural Development Plan.
4.6.4 AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL The Zululand District Municipality IDP referencing the Agricultural Sector Plan, provided the
following summary in terms of the agricultural potential in the District:
Good agricultural potential exists in the western highlands of the district, and the eDumbe
Municipality has very high potential as has most of the Abaqulusi municipality. High potential in the
Phongola valley is as a result of irrigation opportunities that have been developed in this area.
Current land cover reflects these potentials.
The communal areas of Ulundi and Nongoma are however not as fortunate and the agricultural
potential is marginal to poor except for the high lying plateaus in each district. However, these make
up a small portion of the total area. Valley bushveld of the two Mfolozi Rivers does provide
considerable potential for the development of irrigation.
Given the high temperatures in these valleys and the moderate winters, these areas are perfectly
suited for the production of vegetables in the winter or off-season. The deep low altitude river
valleys of Pongolo and Mfolozi Rivers provide an excellent opportunity for intensive agricultural
production. Where irrigation is available, sugar cane, out of season vegetables and sub-tropical fruits
can be planted. Agricultural potential outside these valleys is limited to stock and game farming.52
4.6.5 TOURISM The Zululand District is home to a rich cultural diversity and numerous sites of historical significance,
specifically relating to the Zulu nation. This gives the region scope to create a unique selling
proposition based on its distinct identity. However, the relative remoteness of the District from
major highways and a lack of sophisticated tourism products meant that that the full potential of this
cultural heritage has not been realised.
According to the Zululand Tourism Strategy 2006, the Zululand District has a wealth of attractions
that are authentic and different. However, the key obstacles to tourism growth lies in the lack of
awareness and information, lack of accessibility and the failure to package these assets in an
attractive way that distinguishes it from the other districts forming the Northern KZN region.
Some of the key attractions in the Zululand District include:
52
Zululand District Municipality Integrated Development Plan Review 2014/15
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 59
eMakhosini-Opathe Heritage Park – The eMakhosini monument is situated on an open site
approximately 400 metres off the R34 and located 22 kms from the town of Ulundi. The site
overlooks the eMakhosini Valley of the Kings. The centerpiece is a huge, bronze beer pot,
surrounded by friezes depicting everyday Zulu life. The outer edge of the memorial holds
seven large animal horns, symbolising the seven kings who lie buried in the valley.
uMgungundlovu Multi-Media Centre - opened in 2009 and built on the site of King Dingaan’s kraal,
this 100-seater venue for screening can double as a conference or performance venue or a
standard movie theatre.
Zulu Cultural Attractions - According to KZN Tourism, 37% of foreign tourists who visited
KwaZulu-Natal reported that they had visited a cultural/heritage attraction in 2009, while 50%
reported that had visited a game park to view wildlife53
. Given the rich cultural heritage and
history of the District, the area possesses huge tourism potential. However, much of this
potential cannot be realized due to incomplete or inadequate roads.
Wildlife Attractions – the District has a number of private game farms and lodges that offer a wide
diversity of game and excellent facilities e.g. Ithala Game Reserve, and private game farms in
the uPhongolo area. Due to their location close to the Swaziland border, the top class game
lodges in Pongola are attracting the majority of international tourists. These tourists also
create a market for well-crafted arts and crafts that are currently under-developed in the
Zululand District.
A number of key tourism events in Zululand are growing year by year and these include:
Zulu Royal Reed Dance at Enyokeni.
Monthly Mona Market outside of Nongoma.
Annual Mayfair in Vryheid.
Tiger fishing Bonanza on the Pongolapoort Dam.
Ithala Canoe Challenge starting at the oBivane Dam.
Annual Innie Rietfees in uPhongolo.
The Ulundi – Nongoma Marathon.
All studies carried out on a district level indicate that for Zululand, tourism is a key factor. It is one of
the two legs on which development in Zululand stand, the other being agriculture.
4.6.6 SYNTHESIS From the environmental desktop analysis conducted, it is clear that there are many opportunities in
the Zululand district for economic growth and development to alleviate the core challenges of
poverty and inequality in the region. In order to get full benefit from the range of opportunities
outlined in the various policy documents at a national, provincial and local level it is vital that
Zululand approaches planning in an integrated and holistic manner. Further, it is essential to include
consultation with the various stakeholder groups in the analysis.
The potential for economic growth in Zululand lies predominantly in tourism and agriculture. The
district has moderate agricultural potential, with high agricultural potential to the North and North
east of the region. It is vital that the Zululand District Municipality focus as far as possible on areas
53
Ibid
SECTION FOUR – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 60
with moderate to high agricultural potential, and set guidelines for the local municipalities on where
agricultural development should take place.
The main drivers for agricultural development in the district will be through improved access to
markets, increased irrigation as well as land reform and transformation in the sector. Agriculture can
contribute on a much larger scale to livelihoods and local economic development in the district54.
This will be a focus of the Zululand District Municipality Rural Development Plan.
4.7 Synthesis Key strategic fundamentals to the plan will be the interplay between people, places, employment
and economy.
4.7.1 People Key characteristics discerned from the district population include:
General low population growth rate signifying an area experiencing out migration and low
economic growth and opportunities;
Female dominated population and female headed households as male population migrates to
better performing economic geographies;
High dependency ratios as the economically active population migrates to urban areas, leaving
older generations in the rural areas;
Low education attainment with majority of the population having less than some secondary
education; and
High youth unemployment, as the dominant growing tertiary sector cannot absorb a significant
proportion of the unemployed youth due to low educational attainment.
Implications of these characteristics include:
Increased rural urban migration that will result in the growth of informal settlements in urban
economic growth centres; and
Development of poverty nodes in deep rural areas as they lack food security and sustainable
livelihoods.
4.7.2 Places Key aspects to be considered include:
Land tenure and land use management systems, especially given the large tracts of communal
land that mitigates security of tenure which could stimulate investment and access to finance
to rural households Urban accessibility and activity development corridor, as well as a
developed red and white meat cluster, identifies Vryheid as a strategic town to enable the
development of an Agri-park. In addition, it is in an existing agricultural corridor.
Implicating factors include:
Need to identify mechanisms to enable and enhance land tenure and land use for productive
agriculture, human settlements and increased access to credit. This could be enabled through
utilisation of idle state owned land to spur productive agriculture, tenure reform, strategic land
reform, and land restitution.
54
Zululand District Municipality LED Framework final draft phase 3 – the agricultural sector
Land Reform 61
Linkage of human settlements to economic activity through the quickest time travel to and from
work defining the development of a regional gateway and economic development node.
4.7.3 Employment Aspects to be considered are:
Job creation through adoption of labour intensive economic activity especially aligned to low levels
of educational attainment. This is mainly enabled through agriculture of certain commodities
that have natural bio resource in the district.
Adoption of skills development and training to upskill the local population and mitigate the level of
low educational attainment. This could be done through social infrastructure such as libraries.
Impacts of these aspects include:
Small rural town revitalisation through job creation in rural agricultural nodes;
Increased extension support and rural education attainment to spur rural entrepreneurship.
4.7.4 Economy Key issues include:
Growing tertiary (services sector) constrained by the level of growth of the primary and secondary
sector;
Economic and employment opportunities emanating from these growth not strategically aligned to
skills profiles of the locals (require skilled and highly skilled), thereby resulting in high
unemployment.
Implications include:
Increasing rates of unemployment;
Requires a rethink on how to stimulate rural economic development through agriculture and
available land resources especially catering to low educational attainment and absorptive
capacity of these locals; and
Need to unlock land potential through evaluation of land tenure systems while stimulating land
restitution processes.
Underlying these strategic fundamentals is the need to develop a rural development vision and
framework.
5 Land Reform The reform of an unequal distribution of land along racial division was one of the greatest challenges
facing South Africa in the transition to democracy in 1994. Popular expectations were high that the
new democratic government would effect fundamental changes to address the historic
dispossession of land. The twenty years of implementation of the Land Reform Programme has seen
several changes in strategy, the creation of numerous instruments to support redistribution, and
more recently, a Recapitalisation and Development Programme to support production on farms. 55
However, land reform has not gone the way it was initially proposed and many newly settled black
farmers happened to be worse off after acquiring access to land. Various reasons can be linked to
this failure but it essentially due to the lack of a seamless alignment of both pre and post -settlement
55
DARD Strategy for Agrarian Transformation in Kwazulu-Natal
Land Reform 62
support services from government and the agricultural sector. These challenges remain, despite the
proactive initiative of the Provincial Government in establishing the Agribusiness Development
Agency (ADA) to co-ordinate pre and post transfer activities in partnership with commodity
organisations and other role players.
The land reform programme can however, become a significant contributor to poverty eradication,
economic growth and job creation in the Province. This is dependent on the alignment of an
effective pre-and-post transfer support programme in which government, commodity organisations,
financial institutions and organized agriculture play their respective roles in providing an “envelope”
of support services to new entrant black commercial farmers. It will also require the application of
sound business practices to maximize production and explore opportunities in the agricultural value
chain.
The Ingonyama Trust Board (ITB) is the largest land owner within the District with the whole of
Nongoma, as well as a significant part of the Ulundi LM registered in its name. The ITB further owns
properties on the Northern Border of the District on Swaziland Border in the area west of Pongola. A
third grouping of properties is situated on the Nquthu LM Boundary directly north of Nquthu and the
Jojosi River, and west of the Mvunyane River within the aBaqulusi Local Municipality. 56
A number of restitution claims and redistribution applications have been submitted and is either
finalised or being processed by the land Claims Commissioner and the Department of Rural
Development and Land Reform. The largest number of properties in the district is privately owned
farm land, although a large number of Labour Tenant Applications have been submitted where farm
workers have been residing on farms where they work for a significant number of years.
5.1 State land The DRDLR is responsible for managing a number of properties registered in the name of either the
DRDLR or other government entities, within the uThungulu District Municipality.
Spatial data with regards to lease agreements on properties are not available, and will be
incorporated in later years as the information is digitised.
The below table provides a summary of properties that is registered in the name of the RSA or the
DRDLR. In total the DRDLR is managing 757 properties within the district, with an extent of
202,316.4624Ha.
Table 6: Extent of State Land
56
Zululand District – Draft Spatial Development Framework Oct 2013
Land Reform 63
Source: DRDLR
Map? On overleaf depicts the locality of the above 757 properties, with a complete property list
inclusive of property descriptions attached in Annexure ?.
As a percentage, state owned land covers 13.67% of the Zululand District Municipality, which have
rates implications on the Department.
A total of only 0.84% of the District has been developed and cannot be utilised for agrarian
transformation.
Municipality Number Area(Ha) Number Area(Ha) Number Area(Ha)
Abaqulusi LM 11 5 030.7466 69 22 757.7329 80 27 788.4795
eDumbe LM 18 6 722.6370 13 10549.98533 31 17 272.6223
uPhongolo LM 21 10 241.5317 130 122931.1525 151 133 172.6842
Nongoma LM 235 114.1979 0 0 235 114.1979
uLundi LM 254 23 109.5656 6 858.912969 260 23 968.4786
Zululand DM Total 539 45218.67879 218 157097.7836 757 202 316.4624
Municipality Municipal Area (Ha) Developed Area % of LM Area
Rural Area of
LM (Not
Developed)
Area of Stateland (Ha) % of LM Area
Abaqulusi LM 418 468.9200 5 125.9300 1.22 413 342.9900 27 788.4795 6.64
eDumbe LM 194 279.1800 1 570.2200 0.81 192 708.9600 17 272.6223 8.89
uPhongolo LM 218 241.3600 855.69 0.39 217 385.6700 133 172.6842 61.02
Nongoma LM 325 039.4900 3 576.6500 1.10 321 462.8400 114.1979 0.04
uLundi LM 323 949.4200 2 141.2800 0.66 321 808.1400 23 968.4786 7.40
Zululand DM Total 1479978.3700 12414.0800 0.84 1 466 708.6000 202 316.4624 13.67
DRDLR Properties RSA Properties Total
Developed Municipal Area Stateland as % of LM Area
Land Reform 64
5.2 DARD Projects Map ? attached overleaf, depicts the combined projects of Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development, as well as the various Branches of DRDLR.
The table below provides specific details on these projects.
Table 7: Details of DARD Projects in Amajuba DM
Map ID LocalM ProjectNam ProjectTyp Commodity
1 Edumbe Bambanani Coop Crop Production Maize and Dry beans
2 Edumbe Thembalihle Crop Production Maize and Dry beans
3 Edumbe Sukumani Crop Production Maize and Drybeans
4 Edumbe Zamukuzenzela Pig Production Piggery
5 Edumbe Qhubekani Crop Production Maize and dry beans
6 Abaqulusi Isolesizwe Goat production Goat
7 Abaqulusi Bhobozana Crop Production Maize and dry beans
8 Abaqulusi Mnyathi Crop Production Maize and dry beans
9 Abaqulusi Ubuhle Bokuzenzela Crop Production Maize and drybeans
10 Abaqulusi Zamisizwe Crop production Maize and dry beans
Land Reform 65
11 Abaqulusi Gluckstadt Crop production Maize and dry beans
12 Abaqulusi Bonisanani Crop production Maize and dry beans
13 Abaqulusi Sizamindlela Vegetables Production Vegetables
14 Nongoma Bululwane Vegetable Production Vegetables
15 Nongoma Fuduka Vegetable Production Vegetables
16 Nongoma Mampiyampiya Vegetable Production Vegetables
17 Edumbe Hlahlindlela Crop and vegetable production Vegetables
18 Nongoma Maphophoma Crop Production Maize and dry beans
19 Nongoma Senzakwenzeke Crop Production Maize and beans
20 Edumbe Mandakane Crop Production Maize and dry beans
21 uPhongolo Mgulatshani Co-operative Grain Production Maize
22 uPhongolo Fuduka grain project Grain Production Maize
23 uPhongolo Mbongombongo Communal Estate Crop Production Maize
24 uPhongolo Impiloyethu Communal Estate Crop Production Maize and beans
25 Abaqulusi Hlanganani Livestock Prodduction Stock watering dam
26 Abaqulusi Xamu Livestock Production Stock watering dam
27 Ulundi Ekushumayeleni (Cont) Cropping Crop
28 Abaqulusi Gluckstadt (Cont) Cropping Crop
29 Abaqulusi Macosha (New) Cropping Crop
30 Abaqulusi Mbhudula (new) Veld management N/A
31 Abaqulusi Ekuhlengeni (new) Cropping Crop
32 Abaqulusi Kwa Maduna Cropping Crop
Source: DRDLR / DARD 2016
In summary DARD has 32 projects registered within the Amajuba DM, with the distribution and
commodities per Local Municipality summarised in the table below.
Table 8: Summary of DARD Projects/LM in uThungulu DM
LM Projects Department Commodities
aBaqulusi LM
15 DARD Crops: Maize and dry beans
Goat Production
Livestock Production: Stock Watering Dam
Vegetables
eDumbe 7 DARD Crops: Maize and dry beans
Vegetables
Livestock Production: Piggery
Ulundi 1 DARD Cropping
Nongoma 5 DARD Vegetables
Crops: Maize and dry beans
Source: DRDLR / DARD 2016
Land Reform 66
5.3 DRDLR Projects (RID / REID) The below table depicts the projects being implemented by the Rural Enterprise & Industry
Development Branch (REID). In summary the projects are distributed throughout the District as
follows:
Abaqulusi - 8
Nongoma – 5
Ulundi - 3
UPhongolo - 2
Please refer to Map ?: DRDLR & DARD Projects, attached overleaf for a depiction of the spatial
locality of these projects.
Table 9: REID Projects – Zululand DM
Project Name Map ID Municipality Status Project Type Ward X y
Lulisandla Farming Co-operative
3 Abaqulusi Active Piggery 6 31.0425228 -27.6840109
Intshenteka (MpumeleloYesizwe) Cropfield
4 Abaqulusi Active Crops 7 30.9375819 -27.6670401
Ibhodwe 8 Abaqulusi TBC TBC TBC 31.0845057 -28.0056536
Lutheran Church 11 Abaqulusi TBC TBC 5 31.0514526 -27.8250183
Izinyembe Crop Field 15 Abaqulusi TBC TBC 5 30.9668305 -27.7809069
Aggripara 16 Abaqulusi TBC TBC 5 30.9497220 -27.7658120
Lulisanda Piggery 17 Abaqulusi TBC TBC 6 31.0487516 -27.6809813
Igalelo Poultry 18 Abaqulusi TBC TBC 5 31.1018654 -27.8106144
Phindithemba Goat 2 Nongoma Planned Goats 1 31.9289044 -27.6593780
Land Reform 67
production Co-operative
Ikhayalemvelo Primary Co-operative limited
5 Nongoma Active Crops 17 31.5523235 -27.8313207
Bululwane Irrigation Scheme 7 Nongoma Active Crops 15 31.5045880 -27.9848681
Ntshenteka Crop Field 9 Nongoma TBC TBC TBC 31.9481086 -27.6716960
Ovukeni 13 Nongoma TBC TBC TBC 31.7095226 -28.0248690
Ekudubekeni Crop Fields 6 Ulundi Planned Crops 9 31.4131621 -28.2149978
Ekudubekeni 2 12 Ulundi TBC TBC TBC 31.4133511 -28.2112195
Ekudubekeni Crop Fields 14 Ulundi TBC TBC TBC 31.5834811 -28.2121087
Siyakhathamela Community Agriculture Co-operative
1 UPhongolo Active Nut Production 14 31.7406380 -27.6453886
Thekwane 10 Uphongolo TBC TBC TBC 31.0883602 -27.5333416
Source: DRDLR / DARD 2016
The below table depicts the projects being implemented by the Rural Infrastructure Development
Branch (RID).
In summary the projects are distributed throughout the District as follows:
Abaqulusi - 8
Nongoma – 1 Table 10: RID Projects – uMzinyathi DM
Project Name Map ID LM Status Project Type
Ward X y
Idlebe-Fencing 19 Nongoma TBC TBC TBC 31.3177880 -28.1345637
Abaqulusi_Hlahlindlela_Fancing 20 Abaqulusi TBC TBC TBC 30.6689355 -28.0689011
Abaqulusi_Hlahlindlela_Fancing 21 Abaqulusi TBC TBC TBC 30.7389267 -28.0575512
Source: DRDLR / DARD 2016
Please refer to Map ?: DRDLR & DARD Projects, attached overleaf for a depiction of the spatial
locality of these projects.
Land Reform 68
5.4 Land Reform Projects (Redistribution) The tables below outlines the extent to which Land Reform have been implemented within the
District. Map? : ?? attached overleaf shows the spatial distribution of these projects. Further a
complete list of all properties with ID’s that links to the mentioned map, is attached as Annexure ?:
Land Reform Projects. Within this District, only three Municipalities have land Reform Projects.
These Municipalities Are:
Hlabisa LM
Jozini LM
Mtubatuba LM Table 11: Land Reform Projects Summary – Abaqulusi LM
Local Municipality: Legal Entities: Total Properties: Total Area Transfered (Ha) Municipal Area (Ha) % of LM Transferred
aBaqulusi LM 79 255 110 592 418 468.92 26.43
LEGAL ENTITIES ESTABLISHED
Abaqulusi Municipality
Allandale Community Trust
Alpha Communal Property Association
Amanzi Amhlophe CPA
Bambanani Elim CPA
Bethel CPA
Inkululeko CPA
Intuthuko Community Trust
Kewulane Property Trust
Khambi Development Trust
Khambi Zulu DEV TRUST
Shayelweni Community Trust
Sibusisiwe Community Trust
Sinqobile CPA
Siphumelele Community Property Trust
Land Reform 69
Carlsbad
Dlomodlomo CPA
Driekwart CPA
Ekuhlengeni
Ekuphakameni Community Trust
Ekuthuleni Community Trust
Ekuvukeni CPA
Empangisweni Trust
Enkanyisweni
Esihlengeni Trust
Ezinkalweni Community Trust
Fisokuhle Community Trust
Godogodo Community Trust
Hlalakamunandi Trust
Hlanganani CPA
Hlangwane Community Trust
Hlatshwayo.M.A
Igalelo Community Trust
Ikhayalethu Community Trust
Impumelelo Yesizwe CPA
Inhlanhleni Trust
Khethukuthula
KwaGuzindoda Land Trust
Kwamagwanyana Property Trust
Kwamahlasela CPA
Kwaqalukuphumla CPA
Kwastanella Community Trust
Kwavilakazi CPA
KwaXamu Community Land Trust
Lindizwe CPA
Magijimane Community Trust
Mahlabaneni CPA
Makwetshane CPA
Mbhudula Community Land Trust
Mgwabalanda CPA
ML & BN Sangweni
Mqobhozi CPA
Nhlangwini CPA
Nyakaza CPA
Oholeni Community Land Trust
RSA
Sakha Isizwe Community Trust
Siyakula CPA
Siyaphambili Ngema CPA
Siyazama CPA
Siza Uzulu CPA
Sizama Indlela Entsha Communal Property Associatio
Tembitshe Buthelezi Property Trust
Thobelani CPA
Thokazi Trust
Thuthukani Baqulusi CPA
Trifeca Trust
Ubumba CPA
Ukukhanya Development Trust
Ukukhaya KwaSemvuzini Co-Operative Ltd
Unknown
Vukuzenzele Community Trust
Vukuzenzele CPA
Vumani CPA
Zama Uthando CPA
Zamokuhle CPA
Zamukhuhle CPA
Zibuseni CPA
Zizameleni CPA
Source: DRDLR
Table 12: Land Reform Projects Summary – eDumbe LM
Local Municipality: Legal Entities: Total Properties: Total Area Transfered (Ha) Municipal Area (Ha) % of LM Transferred
eDumbe LM 15 48 18 964 194 279.18 9.76
LEGAL ENTITIES ESTABLISHED
Bekezelani CPA
Bilanyoni Community Trust
Enkanyezini CPA
Ethembeni Smandla Co-operative Limited
Hlanganani CPA
Imbambasi CPA
Inzalo Yabaqulusi CPA
Kusekungobeni CPA
Mkhuthali Trust
Mlindaziko Community Trust
RSA
Tholwethu CPA
Umthashane CPA
uZulu Akafuni Ukusuka CPA
Vulamehlo CPA
Source: DRDLR
Table 13: Land Reform Projects Summary – uLundi LM
Land Reform 70
Local Municipality: Legal Entities: Total Properties: Total Area Transfered (Ha) Municipal Area (Ha) % of LM Transferred
uLundi LM 17 33 18 079 325 039.49 5.56
LEGAL ENTITIES ESTABLISHED
Egoda CPA
Ekuphumuleni CPA
Emhlwaneni CPA
Indlovane CPA
Masibumbane CPA
Ngqwangane Community Trust
Ngqwangane Community Trust
Nobamba-Katazo CPA
RSA
Rufvest Inv 108 cc
Siyathuthuka Community
Sizakancane Property Trust
Thembalihle Two CPA
Tholulwazi CPA
Umuzi kaMabaso Trust
Unknown
Zwelethu CPA
Source: DRDLR
Table 14: Land Reform Projects Summary – Mtubatuba LM
Local Municipality: Legal Entities: Total Properties: Total Area Transfered (Ha) Municipal Area (Ha) % of LM Transferred
uPhongolo LM 20 117 15 943 323 949.42 4.92
LEGAL ENTITIES ESTABLISHED
Baqulusini CPA
Bernida Nkosi Community Trust
DLA
Dlamini NI
Ekuthuleni Community Trust
Ethembeni CPA
Inqaba Kutholwa Parys Farm Community Land Trust
Jacob Masuku Farming Pty Ltd
Maxshell Farming Entreprise Pty Ltd
Meriba Property & Development Trust
Mhlabaneni Community Trust
Nhlwana Buthelezi Development Trust
Obambiswaneni CPA
Osizweni Community Trust
RSA
Sibonelo CPA
Siphumelele Sotobe CPA
Siyazizamela CPA
Thekwane Community Trust
Uthovane CPA
Source: DRDLR
5.4.1 Summary The table below summarises the total area (ha) that has been subjected to Land Reform
Programmes. A total of 0.25% of the District has been transferred to Land Reform Beneficiaries.
Land Reform 71
Table 15: Land Reform Projects Summary – uMkhanyakude DM
Local Municipality: aBaqulusi LM eDumbe LM Nongoma LM
uLundi LM uPhongolo LM Zululand DM
Legal Entities: 79 15 0 17 20 131
Total Properties: 255 48 0 33 117 453
Total Area Transferred (Ha)
110 592.0000 18 964.0000 0 18 079.0000 15 943.0000 163 578.0000
Municipal Area (Ha)
418 468.92 194 279.18 218 241.36 325 039.49 323 949.42 1 479 978.37
% of LM Transferred
26.43 9.76 0.00 5.56 4.92 11.05
Area Already Developed (Ha)
5 125.93 1 570.22 855.69 3 576.65 2 141.28 12 414.08
Remaining Transferable Area (Ha)
302 750.99 173 744.96 217 385.67 303 383.84 305 865.14 1 303 130.60
Source: DRDLR
With regards to the number of Programmes per Municipality the following programmes are
implemented within the various municipalities.
Table 16: Land Reform Projects Summary – uMzinyathi DM
Programme Abaqulusi LM
eDumbe LM
Nongoma LM
uLundi LM uPhongolo LM
Total
Strategic Land acquisition Grant (SLAG)
61 22 0 9 13 105
Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD)
92 0 0 11 90 193
Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy (PLAS)
70 9 0 4 12 95
LRAD/SLAG 0 0 0 0 0 0
Undefined 1 0 0 0 0 1
Land Reform 72
5.5 Recapitalisation Projects: The Recapitalisation programme provides financial support to farmers as capital inputs into the
farms. There is much overlap with other Land Reform Programmes / Projects, as this programme is
applicable only to Land Reform Projects, and does not identify separate farmers / properties to
assist.
The uMkhanyakude DM has a total of 17 Recapitalisation Projects. Although a Complete list of the
Projects are attached as Annexure ?: Recap Projects.
Table 17: Recapitalisation Projects – uMkhanyakude DM
Municipality Number of Projects Number of Properties Area (Ha)
Abaqulusi LM 6 18 13958.8600
eDumbe LM 1 2 771.0439
Nongoma LM 0 0 0
uLundi LM 1 1 1727.2003
uPhongolo LM 4 85 1803.3513
Source: DRDLR
Further please refer to Map ?: Recap Projects attached overleaf for a depiction of the locality of
these projects.
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 73
5.6 Extras
The following types of land ownership have been identified to create a full picture of State Land within KwaZulu-Natal:
• RSA – All • RSA within Conservation Areas • Nature Conservation Areas • Provincial State Land • Parastatal Land • DRDLR Land • PLAS farms • ITB Traditional Land • Non-ITB Traditional Land • Unsurveyed State Land (including surveyed but not registered) • Urban Built-up Areas shown to orientate viewers
6 SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN The total contribution to GVA of the Agricultural, forestry and fisheries industry declined from 69%
to 55%, thus shrinking over the 1995 and 2013 periods. However, in monetary terms it grew from
R607 million to R1.863 billion. The agricultural activity contributed to this GVA production is
undertaken by agricultural households predominantly in Nongoma (56%), and Ulundi (51%), and
eDumbe (51%) local municipalities. The other municipalities in the district are not mainly comprised
of agricultural households. This is depicted in the charts below.
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 74
FIGURE 20: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY AND BY AGE COHORTS
Source: ??
FIGURE 21: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE GROUP
Source: ??
The table below relates population to agricultural household activity since agriculture is a food
security issue and is targeted at the sustainability of human populations. It can be inferred that
generally deeply rural areas constitute higher proportions of agricultural households e.g. Nongoma,
16 838
19 109 17 936
11 545
8 206
26 462
15 232 17 262
17 226
7 932
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of Households by LM
Household not involved in agriculturalactivities
Household involved in agricultural activities
153 216 159 123 82
2 355 2 076 2 002
1 816 1 139
3 153
3 407 3 172
2 354 1 561
4 041
4 352 4 481
2 636 1 947
3 319
3 930 3 585
1 967 1 488
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ric
ult
ura
l h
ou
se
ho
lds
Geography
Number of Agricultural Households by Age Group of Household Head
+65
56-64
46-55
35-45
15-34
Less than 15
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 75
Ulundi and eDumbe LM. This does have a possible implication on traditional agriculture and its
potential to grow into a sustainable livelihood activity closer to population growth and urban
centres.
TABLE 18: POPULATION & AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD COMPARISON
Local Municipality Population contribution to district
Agricultural household contribution to DM
Abaqulusi 26% 39% Nongoma 24% 56% Ulundi 23% 51% Uphongolo 16% 40% eDumbe 10% 51%
Source: Statistics South Africa
The low level of educational attainment in the district and its attendant local municipalities is
evident in the high proportion of agricultural household heads with no schooling averaging 35% in
the district. This does influence the need to enable and enhance traditional agriculture in its
subsistence form, as it is the highest absorber of low level skilled populations. This perspective is
deduced from the figure below.
FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY EDUCATION LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
Source: ??
The ability of households to generate sustainable livelihoods is integral to their sustainability and
does have food security implications given the ability of households to generate income. In respect
to agricultural households, determining the intensity and scale in which they will engage in
agricultural activity and its potential to enhance food security, is founded on its potential to provide
a decent living wage to cater for the household basic needs. Generally, most of the agricultural
households are in the “no income” and income band of “R1-R 38 400” per annum (averaging 89%).
This provides ample evidence that most of the households engage in subsistence agriculture and
could be potential areas of poverty nodes throughout the respective local municipalities of the
district.
5 344 6 940 6 725 4 115 2 768
8 762 9 586 8 429 5 627 4 374
1 949 2 011 2 055 1 317 804 757 556 716 475 255
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbeNu
mb
er
of
ag
ric
ult
ura
l h
ou
se
ho
lds
Geography
Number of Agricultural Households by education level of household head
Other
Completed tertiary
Grade 12/Std 10
Grade 1 to grade 11/Std9
No schooling
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 76
FIGURE 23: AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD BY INCOME LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD
Source: ??
The type of agricultural activity driving the incomes of these agricultural households is noted in the
figure below. It shows the dominance of certain agricultural activities by the respective local
municipalities. This includes:
Abaqulusi LM- Poultry production (32%), vegetable production (30%), livestock production (24%),
production of other crops (9%), and fodder grazing (2%);
Nongoma LM- Poultry production (38%), livestock production (37%), vegetable production (19%),
production of other crops (4%), and fodder grazing (1%);
Ulundi LM- Poultry production (35%), livestock production (35%), vegetable production (22%),
production of other crops (7%), and fodder grazing (1%);
Uphongolo LM- Poultry production (37%), vegetable production (23%), livestock production (22%),
production of other crops (11%), and fodder grazing (3%); and
eDumbe LM- Poultry production (34%), Vegetable production (26%), livestock production (24%),
production of other crops (12%), and fodder grazing (2%).
This perspective is illustrated in the figure below. The figure shows that most (87%) of the
agricultural activity is in poultry production, livestock production and vegetable production in the
district.
5 212 5 679 4 569
3 994 2 810
9 790 11 957
11 400
6 390 4 733
1 288 994
1 322 865 415
378 409 480 201 191
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Agricultural household by income level of household head
Unspecified
Above R1 228 800
R307 201-R1 228 800
R38 401-R307 200
R1-R38 400
No income
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 77
:
FIGURE 24: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
Source: ??
FIGURE 25: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
Source: ??
6 285
11 715 10 375
4 348 3 475
8 239
11 822
10 301
7 312 4 822
7 800
5 889
6 520
4 488 3 764
2 239
1 267 2 076
2 096
1 655
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of agricultural households involved in specific agriculural activity
Other
Fodder grazing
Production of other crops
Vegetable production
Poultry production
Livestock production
7 568 3 462
5 766
12 246 10 415
5 030
1 943
2 381
1 972 2 717
3 870 2 682 3 133
4 659 4 662
369 120 265 232 141
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi eDumbe Uphongolo Nongoma Ulundi
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of agricultural households by type of activity
Other
Mixed farming
Crops only
Animals only
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 78
Livestock production being the predominant agricultural activity by households in the district shows
that when decomposed to specific types of livestock activity, poultry production (averages 64%
across the district) is the most dominant form. This is depicted in the figure below.
FIGURE 26: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LIVESTOCK
Source: ??
Cattle production by scale in the district is mainly at subsistence level in the district. However,
commercial cattle production is marginal in eDumbe and Abaqulusi local municipalities. Sheep
production is also mainly at subsistence level across the district. Commercial production is mainly in
eDumbe local municipality, with smallholder production evident in the other local municipalities.
1 413 551 488
1 663 1 343
30 10
3
45 27
36 32
47
27 20
3 306 1 631 3 337
3 934 3 283
2 568 1 165 1 656
5 774 4 900
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi eDumbe Uphongolo Nongoma Ulundi
Nu
mb
er
of
livesto
ck
Geography
Number of agricultural households owning livestock only
Other livestock
Aimal combina
Poultry only
Pigs only
Goats only
Sheep only
Cattle only
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 79
FIGURE 27: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS OWNING CATTLE BY SCALE
Source: ??
FIGURE 28: NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL OWNING SHEEP BY SCALE
Source: ??
3 755 7 064 5 906
1 998 2 033
1 245
1 712 1 518 719
755
68 16 30 16 60
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of agricultural households owning cattle by scale of operation
+100
11-100
1-10
562 497 450 129
95
227 208 204 37
61
16 11 16 6 23
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of agricultural households owning sheep by scale
+100
11-100
1-10
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 80
FIGURE 29: GOAT PRODUCTION BY SCALE
Source: ??
Water access and reticulation to agricultural households is central to enabling and enhancing
agricultural activity and scale. Water reticulation is best provisioned generally in Abaqulusi local
municipality, mainly driven by having piped water inside the dwelling/ yard. This could explain its
higher level of vegetable production by its agricultural households. The source of water for most
agricultural households is through a regional water scheme (operated by a water service authority),
except in the case of Nongoma where it is a river/ stream. This has obvious implication on water
availability and impacts on potential of agricultural activity by households. This is depicted in the
figures below.
1 303 4 861
4 114
1 424 635
376 1 545
1 895
442 204
9 15 12 5 7
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
ho
useh
old
s
Geography
Number of agricultural households owning goats by scale
+100
11-100
1-10
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 81
FIGURE 30: WATER SOURCE BY AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Source: ??
Key learnings from the data include:
The district is mainly rural with little urbanisation thereby impacting negatively on distance to market
for agricultural products;
Agricultural households mainly undertake subsistence farming;
Key challenges to agricultural development by households includes:
o Land tenure mainly in the form of traditional authority ownership that has certain
implications in land use and access by households
o Security of tenure of land is inhibited by land tenure mechanisms, due to absence of title
deeds that could stimulate investment on the land for agriculture by the private sector;
and
o Water scarcity and energy impact on the potential for agro processing as they are critical
inputs to operations.
These challenges in agricultural production have necessitated interventions and initiatives by
government at various spheres. These initiatives are depicted in the following tables.
9 558
3 789
7 403 4 878 3 180
2 215
2 737
1 628 1 313
1 080
682
1 253
559
488 330
439
231
135 61
814
2 212
762
637
204
2 020
7 556 5 669
3 013
2 238
575 530
875 481 809
854 592 809 599 304
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Abaqulusi Nongoma Ulundi Uphongolo eDumbe
Nu
mb
er
of
ag
ric
ult
ura
l h
ou
se
ho
lds
Geography
Number of agricultural households by main source of water
Other
Water tanker
River/stream
Dam / pool / stagnant water
Rain-water tank
Spring
Borehole
Regional/local water scheme (operated bya Water Service Authority or provider)
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 82
5.1 Agricultural Value Chains 6.1.1 Vegetables Value Chain Vegetable production is mainly undertaken through irrigation; hence need to have a constant water
source and access. Irrigation is therefore possible in the valley bushveld of the two Umfolozi and
Phongola river valleys. Vegetable production is thus suitable with potential for potatoes in Abaqulusi
local municipality to the north of Gluckstadt, and north of Vryheid town. eDumbe local municipality also
has high potential for potato growing. Dry bean production can also be done in Abaqulusi and eDumbe
local municipality in the same geographies as potato production. The value chain of vegetables is
depicted in the figure below.
FIGURE 31: VEGETABLE VALUE CHAIN
Source: © NDA Department of Agriculture Programmes
Key issues in vegetable production include:
Soil fertility and correct nutrient balance are integral to successful production of the land. However,
subsistence and smallholder producers land has low soil fertility mainly due to inadequate
application of fertiliser as a result of unaffordability;
Communal lands that are not fenced and which are under crop farmers are challenged in the control
of livestock away from their crops; hence undergo losses in production potential and viability in
crop/ vegetable farming;
Product standards catering to the size, shape, colour, and minimum residue levels of the fruit and
vegetable impacts on one’s accessibility to market (processors);
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 83
Process standards that incorporate audits from possible markets (supermarkets, packhouses) to
ensure compliance to standards such as GlobalGAP that also offer access to export opportunities
for producers and processors; and
Social standards referring to compliance to labour and social regulation e.g. BEE, hence these social
codes include a higher cost of compliance that contributes to costs of production.57
6.1.2 Sugarcane Value Chain The district has the famed Illovo sugar mill in the uPhongola Municipality. Commercial production is
through irrigation with the construction of Paris dam. Smallholder sugar production for emerging
farmers is also being promoted. The sugarcane value chain is illustrated below.
57
http://www.capturingthegains.org/pdf/ctg-wp-2012-12.pdf
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 84
FIGURE 32: SUGARCANE VALUE CHAIN
Source: DAFF Sugarcane Value Chain 2013
Key challenges facing the sugar industry include:
Decline in tariff protection from sugar imports in the Southern African Customs Union has seen a
surge in sugar imports;
Lock out of South Africa from preferential access to EU markets locks out opportunities for sugar
exports;
SADC Trade Protocol allows countries such as Swaziland preferential access on duty free quota into
the local market, thereby taking away some market share from local players;
Land tenure uncertainty due to pending land claims, puts anxiety in investors, in making investments
in sugarcane and sugar production. This is leading to declining yields, capacity utilisation and
production capacity;
Government support and subsidies by competing sugar producing countries with access to the South
African market has further taken away market share from local producers in downstream sugar
based products such as value added sugar/ dairy products such as confectionaries; and
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 85
Proposed increase in rentals for industry leases at the Durban Port further increase costs of
production in light of increased global competition in the local sugar industry.58
6.1.3 Beef Value Chain Beef production in Uphongolo local municipality is being replaced by game farming. Communal cattle
rearing is practised in Nongoma and Abaqulusi local municipalities. Agricultural statistics on livestock
production in the district show a big proportion of agricultural households as subsistence livestock
farmers. The key issue among subsistence livestock farmers is veld management that influences the
carrying capacity of the land for livestock grazing. Good quality veld is thus a balance between
undergazing and overgrazing. The key problem in the district is undergrazing especially when
considering livestock breeds that feed between grazers and browsers. The beef value chain is illustrated
below.
FIGURE 33: BEEF VALUE CHAIN
Source: DAFF Beef Value Chain 2013
Key issues impacting the beef value chain are:
Genetics are inferior among the emerging farmers who are either beneficiaries of land reform
programmes (cattle are a hybrid of exotic and indigenous breeds) and communal livestock
farmers (indigenous breeds) which have a longer throughput and time to market with associated
costs of production;
58
Ibid
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 86
Industry is increasingly consolidating and vertically integrated through feedlots with associated
abattoirs. This places increasing standards on market access that are formalising the value chain
and may lock out smaller emerging farmers;
Rising cost of beef, has seen white meat, that is chicken, become the cheapest form of animal protein
due to improved genetics that have reduced its costs of production on the last 40 years. This has
impacted on beef market growth negatively;
Health concerns aligned to growing consumerism have seen the increased marketing of white meat
as a healthier source of protein in efforts to mitigate and manage lifestyle diseases inflicting the
growing urban populations;
Water access and reticulation as livestock production and processing relies heavily on water;
Land care challenges especially with regard to veld management that is caused by invasion of alien
species, overgrazing in communal lands etc. negatively impact on the carrying capacity of land;
and
Land tenure systems on land use and management such as communal grazing impact on the level of
investment that can be made by emerging farmers in beef production.
6.1.4 Pig Value Chain Pork production is derived from pig rearing. The figure below documents the pig value chain.
FIGURE 34: PIG VALUE CHAIN
Source: DAFF Pork Value Chain 2013
Factors determining the development of the value chain include:
genetics which have a big influence on throughput of the piggery and associated target given the
quality of pork required;
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 87
competition from imports impacts negatively on the optimal growth of the sector due to costs of
production variances attributable to feedstock commodity prices;
health and safety issues which are heavily impacted by animal husbandry and which are key factors
for market entry in formalised value chains, conducted through farm audits;
standards from end market perspectives influenced on the value chain impact on the costs of
production and market entry; and
phytosanitary issues and mitigation of illnesses such as swine fever that can knock production of the
industry as a whole on outbreak.
6.1.5 Maize Value Chain Maize production is undertaken on a large scale in the district. The north western part of the district,
encompassing Abaqulusi and eDumbe local municipalities have the highest potential for maize
production. Limited potential exists in Ulundi local municipality and mostly throughout the traditional
authority land. The maize value chain is depicted below.
FIGURE 35: MAIZE VALUE CHAIN
Source: DAFF Maize Value Chain 2013
Aspects defining the development of the value chain include:
Bulk infrastructure entailing roads and access to strategically located silos negatively impacts on post-
harvest losses thereby reducing farmer income from the activity;
Globalisation and trade liberalisation has also seen the increased imports of GMO maize into the
country. This could threaten the optimal development of the local industry; and
There is increased vertical integration especially with regard to owners of silos, and these impact on
aspects to do with industry competition and price pressures on farmers.
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 88
The analysis and identification of appropriate value chains in the district shows that subsistence farmers
face big hurdles in enabling the growth of their agricultural activities into smallholder farmers. This is
due to:
Land tenure systems that impact on land use management that does not offer security of tenure to
would-be aspiring subsistence farmers to grow their agricultural activity and access finance due to
lack of security of tenure on the land;
Evolving globalisation and consolidation of commodity value chains due to standards, legislations,
and complimentary trading agreements and economic partnerships agreements, result in
increased formalisation of value chains where economies of scale and scope grow exponentially;
and
Water scarcity, reticulation, and access to sources impact on the scale and level of agricultural
activity, as emerging farmers remain heavily reliant on rain fed agriculture.
The aforementioned analysis of the district has shown its rural bias with key economic activity confined
to agriculture, mining, and tourism. Of these, agriculture offers the best option to revive these rural
economies due to the low educational attainment of the local population, huge unutilised land with
potential for various forms of agricultural activity, and offers food security and sustainable livelihoods. It
also offers economies of scope in agro-processing. In line with these developments, rural economic
transformation had thus been designated by government to be propelled through Agrarian
Transformation incorporating:
Meeting basic human needs;
Rural enterprise development;
Agro-village industries anchored by credit facilities and value chain markets; and
Improved land tenure systems.
6.1.6 Current Agricultural Projects by Local Municipality The table below outline various agricultural projects proposed for Zululand DM.
TABLE 19: UPHONGOLO LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
local area programme project/farm name
project type
commodity project activity
category of farmer/s
land ownership
Mbongombongo Comm, Estate
Mbongombongo Communal Estate
Crop Production
Maize Supply production inputs
Smallholder Communal
Belgrade Comm Estate
Impiloyethu Communal Estate
Crop Production
Maize Supply production inputs
Smallholder communal
Ntumbane Comm. Estate
Mgulatshani Co-operative
Grain production
Maize Supply production inputs
Smallholder Communal
TABLE 20: EDUMBE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar /
PROJECT/FARM
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Category of farmer/s
Land ownership
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 89
Programme
NAME
Mpheku River Valley Hlahlindlela Crop & vegetable production
Vegetable Installation of 100ha Flood irrigation production inputs
Subsistance Communal
Mandakane Communal Estate
Mandakane Crop Production
Maize Supply production inputs
Subsistance Communal
Ekushumayeleni LandCare Ekushumayeleni (Cont)
Cropping installation of irrigation &alien plant control
Subsistance Communal
TABLE 21: ULUNDI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar / Programme
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Category of farmer/s
Land ownership
Dlebe Comm Estate
Mbambankunzi
CP* Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Sub***** Comm****
KwaCeza Comm Estate
Inhlendlana CP* Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Sub***** Comm****
Dlebe River Valley
Dlebe Irrigation
CP* Vegetables Installation of 20ha irrigation system & production inputs
Sub***** River Valley
Babanango
Land Reform
Mcakwini Trust
CP* Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Comm****
Land Reform
Nhlazatshe
Comm Estate
BEE Goodluck CP* Maize Supply production inputs
Sub***** Comm****
Ndindindi LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Langakazi LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar /
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIE
Category of
Land ownershi
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 90
Programme
S farmer/s p
Othini LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Madaka LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Mbekuzweni LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Mbekuzweni LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Mbekuzweni LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Wela LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Ntabankulu LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Etsheni LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
Mayiwane LP** SWD*** Scooping of dam
Comm****
TABLE 22: ABAQULUSI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar / Programme
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Category of farmer/s
Land ownership
Othaka Communal
Ngenetsheni Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar / Programme
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Category of farmer/s
Land ownership
Isolesizwe Communal
Isolesizwe Goat production
Goat Construction of goat shed, 200 goats
Subsistance
Communal
Emadanyini
Communal
Emadanyini Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Bhobozana
Communal
Bhobozana Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Mnyathi Communal
Mnyathi Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 91
Machanca Communal
Machanca Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Ubuhle bokuzenzela
Communal
Ubuhle Bokuzenzela
Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Zamisizwe Communal
Zamisizwe Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Gluckstadt Communal
Gluckstadt Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Bonisanani
Communal
Bonisanani Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
Nhlendlane
Communal
Nhlendlane Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Subsistance
Communal
LOCAL AREA
Strategic Pillar / Programme
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Category of farmer/s
Land ownership
Alpha River Valley
Sizamindlela Vegetable production
Vegetable Installation of 20ha irrigation system & production inputs
Subsistance
Land reform
Macosha Land Reform
Macosha Vegetable Production
Vegetable Centre pivot for 5oha , pump, pipes &production inputs*
commercial
Land reform
Hlanganani Livestock Production
Stock watering dam
Scooping of dam
communal
Xamu Livestock Production
Stock watering dam
Scooping of dam
communal
Oqweqwe Livestock Production
Stock watering dam
Scooping of dam
communal
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 92
Glucksdat LandCare Gluckstadt (Cont)
Cropping Conclusion of de-stumping and conservation structures
Subsistance
CPA
Emswahweni
LandCare Macosha(new) Cropping Land reform project, alien plant control, fencing
Subsistance
CPA
Mbhudula LandCare Mbhudula(new)
Veld management
Improve grazing potential
Subsistance
Communal
Ekuhlengeini
LandCare Ekuhlengeni(new)
Cropping Fencing, Subsistance
CPA
TABLE 23: LIST OF OTHER KEY PROJECTS
No. Project Name Project Location Project Description
1 Ingadlangadla farming enterprise
Louwsburg The farm size is 1118ha in extent and specialise in mixed farming- Livestock, vegetables and grains
2 Thelezini Communal Estate Thelezini The farm size is 233ha in extent and specialise on Crop Production- Grains
3 Nceceni Communal Estate Nceceni The farm size is 170 ha in extent and specialise in crop production - grains
4 Cibilili Communal Estate Cibilili The farm size is 140ha in extent and specialise in crop production - grains
5 Empangisweni Communal Estate
Empangisweni The farm size is 950 ha in extent and specialises in crop production - grains
6 Mzuzini Communal Estate Hlahlindlela The farm size is 300ha and specialises in crop production - -grains
7 Vimbindlala Communal Estate
Isigodini The farm size in 300ha and specialises in crop production - grains
8 Makwabe Communal Estate
Ezungwini The farm size is 150 ha in extent and specialises in crop production - grains
9 Imvula Vaalbank The Project specialises in Egg production - 3000 layers
10 Bonisanani Thelezini The project specialises in Pig
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 93
production - 300 sow unit
11 Sonkophe Kwa Vilikazi The project specialises in broiler production - 5000 broiler units
12 Uluntu co op Zaailagte The project specialises in Pig production - 300 sow unit
13 Black horses primary co-op Dagbreek Livestock production - 100 cow herd
14 Ukukhanya KwaseMvuzini Mshomoloza The project specialises in broiler production 30000 broiler unit
15 Empangisweni Irrigation Empangisweni The farm size is 500ha and specialises in vegetable & fruit production
16 Ngwenya Othini The Project specialises in Egg production - 3000 layers
17 HH Mthimkhulu Babanango The farm size is 45 ha and specialises in grain production
18 PW Mbokazi Denny Dalton The project specialises in Vegetable production
19 Mlindaziko Communal Estate
Mlindaziko The farm size in 250 and specialises in crop Production - grains
20 Fuduka grain project Fuduka The farm size is 200ha and specialises in grain production - maize & dry beans
21 Eziduluni Ezidulini The farm specialise in goat production
22 Sizamindlela Alpha The farm size is 30 ha and specialise in vegetable production
23 Bhadeni Communal Estate Mshalane, The farm size is 200ha and specialises in grain production
24 Mankumbu Ophuzane The farm size is 112 ha and specialises in crop production
25 Zamukuzenzela Piggery Mahloni The project specialises in pig production - 50 sow unit
26 KwaCeza Communal Estate KwaCeza The farm size is 300ha and specialses in grain production
27 Ezweni Co-operative KwaMphothi The farm size is 450 ha and specialises in goat production
28 Nkombabantu Communal Estate
Nkonjeni 100ha farm specialising in grain production
29 Good Luck Communal Estate
Nhlazatshe The farm size is 150 ha in extent and specialises in crop production - grains
30 Mbambankuzi Communal Estate
Dlebe The farm size is 250 ha and specialises in crop production - grains
31 Nondayana Communal Estate
KwaCeza The farm size is 300 ha and specailises in crop production -grains
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 94
32 Zilungiselele Communal Co-operative
Mabedlana The farm size is 110 ha and specialises in crop production -grains
33 Siyazisiza Cooperative Communal Estate
Ezibindini The farm size is 140ha in extent and specialise in crop production - grains
34 Ikusasalethu poutry project Godlwayo The farm specialses in egg production - 3000 layers
35 Delangokubona poultry project
Khiphinyawo The farm specialise in broiler production - 6000 birds
36 Ekuvukeni Communal Estate
Ekuvukeni The farm size is 150 ha in extent and specialises in crop production - grains
37 Ngolotshe Ngolotshe The farm specialses in goat production - 100 goats
38 KwaMajomela Communal Estate
KwaMajomela The farm size is 200 ha and specialises in grain production - grains
39 Kombuzi Aloe processing project
Kombuzi The farm size is 50ha and specialises in Aloe juice processing
40 Maphophoma Maphophoma The farm size is 300 ha and specailises in crop production -grains
41 Ensimbini Ensimbini The farm size is 80 ha and specialises in grain production
42 Ezilonyeni Ezilonyeni The farm measures 150 ha and specialises in grain production
43 eMakhosini – The Valley of Kings
Ulundi The eMakhosini Valley lies just outside of Ulundi and has huge potential for tourism development as it is the birthplace of the Zulu Nation and incorporates some of the richest historical sites in Africa, wildlife and living cultures.
44 Events Connected to the Royal Palace
Nongoma The Mona Market held in the third week of each month outside Nongoma
45 eMakhosini Heritage Park combined game reserve and heritage park in Africa has all the criteria for selection as a World Heritage Site
46 Ithala Game Reserve Magudu and uPhongolo,
47 Abaqalusi (Vryheid) Cultural Village
Vryheid It is on the main access road to Vryheid from Ulundi, it is close to the town and there are eco-tourism and cultural developments next door and across the road at iMpofini Game Reserve and at the Inkomana Catholic Abbey and School.
48 Thaka Zulu Private Game Vryheid Taka Zulu, situated in the Black
SECTION FIVE – SECTOR SPECIFIC ANALYSIS AND VALUE CHAIN 95
Reserve Umfolozi Region near Gluckstad, is privately owned land where 12h00 hectares
49 Living Mine Museum Hlobane
Hlobane This is a concept that was championed by Mr Michael Seeger and it is covered in more depth in the Economic Rejuvenation Study for the Coal Belt Region, Phase 3: Section 2.1.
50 Coal Train Tourist Trips Ulundi/Vryheid The infrastructure exists for a tourist trip on the coal train returning from Richards Bay with stop off or return points at Ulundi and Vryheid
51 Avi-Tourism (Bird Watching)
Vryheid The Zululand DM area has more than 370 species of birds which are endemic to the area. Currently very little infrastructure is available for bird watchers to the area but there are nonetheless a wide range of avi-tourism events taking place throughout the year around Vryheid. The Zululand Bird Route is well organised
Source: ??
The aforementioned projects are to enable and enhance subsistence farming agricultural activities on
mainly communal land. Projects emphasis is on livestock production, enhanced water access to
livestock, as well as crop (maize) and vegetable production.
National resource suitability for the district identifies these agricultural activities, namely:
Crops- bananas, lucerne, canola, oats, sugarcane, soyabean, macadamia, avocadoes, cowpeas,
timber (pine, wattle and gum), maize, vegetables, tomatoes, pastures (eragrostis, kikuyu
highlands), star grass and smutsfinger grass, tall fescue and;
Livestock- beef, game, pigs and goats.
The development of the district Agri-park will thus compliment these projects and the district bio-
resource suitability. Stakeholder consultation has further prioritised the following commodities
anchored on current production, projects, and bio-resource suitability. These commodities include:
Livestock production of beef and pork;
Maize production to aid in the value chain of livestock;
Vegetables (potatoes, dry beans);
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 96
Maize; and
sugarcane.
Their respective value chains follow in the section below.
7 SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS The rural development plan for Zululand district municipality is informed by a functional regional
approach. The salience of this approach to rural development rests in its emphasis on the nodal-
hinterland economic and socio-spatial linkages. In other words, the economic development of Zululand’s
villages and rural townships is intrinsically dependent on these places’ linkages with established nodes.
A functional region therefore would typically have established nodes as well as areas in need of various
forms of intervention from a development perspective.
The functional regions for Zululand are identified through the use of the following:
Strategically Located Land Index (SLLi). The SLLi takes into account the following variables notably:
proximity to physical infrastructure; proximity to major towns/gateways and markets; average
rainfall; slope elevation and temperature and; soil types. SLLi allows for the identification of
strategically located land for various economic activities and land uses.
The Gross Value Add (GVA) – this data depicts average GVA contribution to district economy per
sector (inter alia agriculture, mining, manufacturing, wholesale & retail, transport, community
services and government services, and finance, and insurance services).
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 97
MAP 8: DIVERSE FUNCTIONAL REGIONS
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 98
Accessibility – this depicts the availability of transport networks and total travel time between points.
The existence of a developed and integrated transport network makes it possible for both intra-
regional and inter-regional flow of goods, services and people to occur.
Population count per district municipality (decline and growth) – this value is indicative of urbanisation
and depopulation trends in Zululand district. As rural development is about improving people’s
lives, the analysis of population trends allows for a more people-centric approach to municipal
planning.
Infrastructural investment – this involved taking into account existing physical infrastructure that
support various economic activities, i.e. agriculture, wholesale and retail, mining, services and
manufacturing and other relate industries.
The abovementioned datasets informed the spatial analysis and subsequent identification of functional
regions for Zululand district municipality. From the map above, it is apparent that functional economic
regions are not confined by administrative boundaries. What is also apparent is a clear relationship
between exiting PSED secondary nodes and their hinterlands, i.e. the villages and other forms of rural
settlements.
7.1 Functional Region 1: Abaqulusi-eDumbe & surrounding areas The spatial analysis results depict a relational linkage between Abaqulusi, eDumbe as well as the
settlements surrounding these nodes. EDumbe’s rich coal reserves as well as its relatively fertile
agricultural land renders it one of the most economically viable nodes in the district. Moreover,
Abaqulusi and its economic complexity renders it Zululand’s economic nerve centre. The flow and
mobility of goods, capital and people in this functional region is important for the well-being of people
residing within and without its boundaries.
The dismantling of the apartheid space economy will be dependent on investing in villages as well as
settlements that remain deprived of basic services such as water, electricity, and decent housing and
employment opportunities. As this plan is anchored on improving rural life for communities residing in
rural spaces, the following interventions are proposed:
Proposed Interventions: Functional Region 1
Investment in physical infrastructure as part of the Vryheid Agri-Hub development. This includes the
upgrading of roads and water infrastructure;
Development of an agricultural corridor that will connect the Vryheid Agri-Hub to the Farmers
Production Support Units in Nongoma and uLundi;
Development of a fresh-produce market and supporting agricultural infrastructure to support small-
scale and subsistence farmers as well as communities within the functional region;
Linking small-scale farmers to new and existing agricultural value-chains, through Agri-Parks;
Provision of skills and training in agri-business to women and young people in the region;
Development of creative industries that can take advantage of the young talent as well as the vibrant
Zulu cultural heritage defining the Northern KZN region;
Creation of decent jobs in both agricultural and non-agricultural industries;
Development of the mining industry to reduce unemployment and poverty rates;
Promoting connectivity and employment through ICT among the entrepreneurs and the youth;
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 99
Commencing village revitalisation projects in the region. This should be linked to the establishment of
Agri-villages;
Provision of social infrastructure such as schools, shopping centres and entertainment areas, to allow
for a better quality of life;
Support of small-scale farmers through the Vryburg Agri-Hub, to allow for entry into existing as well as
new commodity value-chains, specifically in timber, sugar-cane and pineapple value-chains;
Provision of knowledge on agri-business to aspirant SMMEs in the region’s villages, with a special
focus on women and the youth;
Provision of support to small businesses with an interest in tourism;
Provision of basic services such as water, electricity is important for this region. Given the growing
population in the region, water scarcity puts a strain on the livelihoods of residents;
Fast-track job creation initiatives in this functional region to curb the high dependency rate.
7.2 Functional Region 2: uLundi-Nongoma & surrounding areas Ulundi and Nongoma can be defined as secondary nodes in need of strategic intervention. These nodes
are characterised by relative poverty, unemployment and high levels of illiteracy. This functional region
is identified as an intervention region because of the aforementioned challenges. Moreover, their
development will surely improve the lives of many people residing in its boundaries. This region id
defined by subsistence farming, with a focus on cattle, poultry, and goats. It is imperative for these two
secondary nodes to be considered as sites for Farmer Production Support Units (FPSUs), as the
infrastructural and subsequent socio-spatial and economic development that accompanies the
development of FPSUs will create jobs and improve the economic conditions of this functional region.
Proposed Interventions: Functional Region 2
Investment in physical infrastructure as part of the Vryheid Agri-Hub as well as the Nongoma and
uLundi FPSUs development. This includes the upgrading of roads, electricity and water
infrastructure;
Development of an agricultural corridor that will connect the Vryheid Agri-Hub to the Farmers
Production Support Units in Nongoma and uLundi secondary nodes;
Development of a fresh-produce market and supporting agricultural infrastructure to support small-
scale and subsistence farmers as well as communities within the functional region;
Development of all existing commodity value-chains to allow for the growth of existing as well as new
entrants in this industry and the creation of employment;
Provision of skills and training in agri-business to women and young people in the region;
Development of creative industries that can take advantage of the young talent as well as the vibrant
Zulu cultural heritage defining the Northern KZN region;
Provision of social infrastructure such as schools, shopping centres and entertainment areas, to allow
for a better quality of life;
Creation of decent jobs in both agricultural and non-agricultural industries;
Promoting connectivity and employment through ICT among the entrepreneurs and the youth;
Commencing village revitalisation projects in the region. This should be linked to the establishment of
Agri-villages.
7.3 Functional Region 3: uPhongola & surrounding areas This functional region is characterised by it rural characteristics, with uPhongola as its centre.
UPhongola’s link to other PSED nodes in the district, notably eDumbe, can unlock economic
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 100
development potential. It is proposed that this region can also benefit from the establishment of a fresh
produce market, as they are likely to bring in the needed investment in physical infrastructure.
Moreover, the harnessing of the Swaziland-uPhongola corridor can create jobs in the agricultural and
tourism sectors, as well as the ICT sectors.
Proposed Intervention Areas for Functional Region 3 Investment in physical infrastructure such as roads a well as agricultural infrastructure such as silos,
abattoirs for the development the sugarcane value-chain;
Provision of financial support and skills development to subsistence farmers located in uPhongola and
its hinterlands;
Investment in water infrastructure to encourage small-scale farming in the region;
Participation of women and the youth in cultural heritage tourism opportunities;
Provide opportunities for inter-district economic activities through the use of existing economic
development corridors;
Provision of social infrastructure such as agricultural colleges and other forms of vocational training as
part of the job-creation drive;
Encouraging cooperation between established agricultural and tourism-related businesses and
emergent small-scale businesses;
Increasing beneficiation in the timber and sugarcane industries.
7.4 Intervention Areas - Settlements Listed be are some of the settlements and villages identified as in need of varied interventions that can
stimulate economic development while improving people’s lives.
SECTION SIX – FUNCTIONAL REGIONS & INTERVENTION AREAS 101
MAP 9: INTERVENTION AREAS - SETTLEMENTS
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 102
7.4.1 Intervention Area 1: The area comprise of the following settlements Ekuhluphekeni, Goje, Mahlabathini and Mbudle just to
mention a few.
The area is well connected to the main roads R66 and R34. Good transport networks foster
development through trade and commerce and transportation of raw materials as well as produce
to the markets.
The area is close to Ulundi which is a district gateway and can be a source for market for agricultural
produce.
There are various infrastructure in Ulundi which is close to the area which can be utilised such as red
meat abattoirs.
The land is suitable for livestock farming hence small scale meat industry can be realised by investing
in livestock rearing and utilisation of red meat abattoirs.
7.4.2 Intervention Area 2: Villages in this area are not limited to Mondlo, Ezidulini and Esigodini.
The area is connected by secondary roads which are close to main road R33 linking to various
agriculture infrastructure (SAGIS processors, millers, red meat abattoirs).
The area can benefit immensely from Agrihub which will be located in Vryheid.
7.4.3 Intervention Area 3: Some of the villages include Kwa-Ngenetsheni, Ngotshe Nu and Kwayiphethe.
Major routes cuts across the area serving as a source of transportation of goods and services, as well
as linkages of the area to functional regions.
The area can utilise the red meat abattoir in promoting small scale red meat industry. In addition to
that the land is suitable for grazing.
Investment in small scale mining with the existence of iron and coal mining commodity close to the
area.
7.4.4 Intervention Area 4: Some of the villages in the area comprise of Tobolsk, Spekboom and Monzaan.
The area is close to Pongolo which is a district gateway and allows the connection of the area to other
functional regions, hence such connection can promote trade and commerce as well as market
for farming produce.
R 22 cuts across the area which can promote transportation of goods and services to the area.
The areas can utilise CASP project as well as the catalytic project for improving socio-economic
wellbeing.
The area is close to an active mine which can be a source for employment.
Most of the land is suitable for grazing hence livestock farming is ideal in the area, to promote small
scale meat industry.
8 SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN This section outlines the proposed strategies, catalytic projects as well as the institutional framework
viewed as important for unlocking development in Zululand district municipality. The proposed
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 103
strategies respond to the objectives of the DRDP as set in the introductory section of this document.
When viewed together, the strategies, catalytic projects and the institutional framework form a sound
implementation plan.
FIGURE 36: A DEPICTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND ITS THREE PILLARS
Operational Strategies
Flowing from developmental objectives &
vision
Institutional Framework
Outlining key actors and implementers
Catalytic Projects
Game-changers & enablers
Implementation Plan
Embodying the developmental ethos &
strategic thrust
Source: ??
This section also builds on the status quo analysis as well as findings emanating from the distillation of
district, provincial and national strategic spatial and economic development plans. Moreover, inputs
from multi-stakeholder engagements inform the proposed strategic interventions outlined below. The
developmental challenges in Zululand are multifaceted. However, there exist untapped potential and
opportunities that can act as important leavers for unlocking inclusive and sustainable rural
development in the district. The proposed interventions are also informed by an appreciation of
complex relational economic, socio-spatial and environmental factors that define the district’s
development milieu. As this primary unit of analysis and intervention is the district, the proposed
interventions do not purport to be pitted at a meso-local i.e. ward and village level. However, it must be
noted that there exist numerous local plans that take into account village-specific needs, notably the
local IDPs, LED strategies, and sector-specific plans. The salience of this district rural development plan is
that it contributes to a broader family of strategic spatial and economic development plans aimed at
fast-tracking integrated rural transformation and development.
The analysis of Zululand at a district level allows for the tracing and subsequent mapping of relational
flows of goods, commodities, people and capital within and across the district. The existing economic
system in Zululand therefore, can best be captured through the employment of a functional regional
approach to rural development. A function regional approach to rural development creates conditions
that allow for the identification of places and/or nodes that can act as developmental nucleus and
catalysts for broader regional development. A functional regional approach also takes into account the
synergic and/or symbiotic relationships between existing and potential development nodes and their
hinterlands. The economic growth and competitiveness of Vryheid, uPhongola, uLundi, and Nongoma
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 104
for instance, are intrinsically tied to the availability and flow of labour, and goods from the adjacent
rural townships and villages. These flows as well as nodal linkages are facilitated by development
corridors that can either be specialised/niche (as is the case in tourism corridors), or diverse.
7.1 Proposed Development Actions In proposing development-oriented interventions in Zululand, an attempt was made to take into
account the DRDP objectives as articulated in the preceding sections, as well as the findings from the
status quo analysis and multi-stakeholder engagements. This provided an opportunity for the
formulation of operational strategies that are deemed critical for the realisation of the DRDP objectives.
The DRDP objectives are outlined as follows:
Objective 1: Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agriculture sector;
Objective 3: Improving competitiveness in the manufacturing sector;
Objective 4: Improving tourism competitiveness in the district;
Objective 5: Promoting rural-urban linkages and functionality.
8.1.1 Objective 1: Improving productivity & competitiveness of the agriculture sector Agriculture forms an integral part of the Zululand district economy. Its climatic conditions are best suited
for livestock production as well as the cultivation maize and a range of vegetables as well as livestock
farming. Moreover agricultural development is likely to create jobs for many people residing in the
district’s towns and villages. The objective for agricultural development however should however be
underscored by a sound appreciation and conservation of the district’s natural capital.
8.1.1.1 Development Action 1: Supporting small-scale farmers
Improvement of the irrigation scheme will benefit farmers who are already producing sugarcane,
vegetables, timber and other agricultural commodities;
Investment in livestock, dryland cropping and irrigation infrastructure to be fast-tracked.
8.1.1.2 Development Action 2: Harnessing existing commodity value-chains
In all of the district’s local municipalities there exist opportunities for harnessing sugarcane, soya
bean, avocadoes, sweet potatoes, timber, maize, vegetables, pastures; and beef, game, dairy
and sheep. It is imperative therefore for these value-chains to be harnessed through:
The provision of agricultural implements, seeds, fertilisers as well as irrigation equipment to small-
scale farmers;
Borehole refurbishment;
Re-instatement/refurbishment of dysfunctional water schemes;
Operation and maintenance of water supply;
Provision of new water infrastructure; and electricity programmes
Inclusion of women and youth farmers in the existing commodity value-chains;
Access to both international and local markets through improving product quality as well as marketing
and branding strategies;
Identification of new commodities and markets based on Zululand’s competitive and comparative
advantages;
Access to funding for investment into new machinery and equipment, as well as agriculture and
conservation-related research and development (R&D).
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 105
8.1.1.3 Development Action 3: Optimising the potential of Agri-Parks
Agri-Parks provide a unique opportunity for the realisation of transformative agricultural development
and rural economic transformation in Zululand and beyond. The three components of Agri Parks i.e.
Farmer Production Support Unit (FPSU), the Agri-Hub (AH), and the Rural Urban Market Centre Unit
(RUMC) allow for targeted financial, intellectual and infrastructural investment in agricultural
development in Zululand. To this end, Agri-Parks are presented in this district rural development plan as
providing a holistic operational strategy to agrarian reform and agri-business development. It is
recommended that:
The Vryheid Agri-Hub as a production, equipment hire, processing, packaging, logistics and training
unit be utilised for strengthening agricultural commodity value-chain in the entire Zululand district
municipality;
It is suggested that the Farmer Production Support Units (FPSUs) be located Nongoma as well as
uLundi as these are rapidly growing secondary nodes in need of infrastructural development;
Provision of agricultural related infrastructure in settlements and villages around uLundi, Nongoma,
and Nquthu as these are also strategically located as sites for FPSU because of the agricultural
corridor that connects these localities;
Development of Agri-villages across the district. These Agri-villages will be linked with the Agri-Hub in
Dundee as well as the FPSUs strategically located in the district;
Provision of infrastructure to promote access to markets to all farmers with a bias towards emerging
farmers and rural communities;
Development of a strategy for optimal utilisation of high value agricultural in the entire Zululand
district;
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 106
MAP 10: AGRIHUB & FPSU’S
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 107
Formulation and implementation of town as well as village revitalisation programmes for all
municipalities as a part of rural economic transformation agenda;
Maximise use of existing agro-processing, bulk and logistics infrastructure, including having
availability of water, energy and roads.
8.1.2 Objective 2: Promote tourism through existing development corridors The Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy (PSEDS) has identified a hierarchy of provincial
nodes that are critical for provincial, regional and local economic development. Zululand has a number
of key development corridors that can play a critical role in promoting rural economic development and
urban-rural linkages.
8.1.2.1 Development Action 1: Harnessing economic development corridors
Development of economic activities along eDumbe-Vryheid-uLundi-Nongoma-uPhongola PSED
corridor;
The development of uQweqwe area to provide basic facilities to tourists;
Capitalising of the Zulu Reed Dance celebrated annually at Nsibaya/Enyokeni as there exist a number
of tourism development options that could be pursued with the annual celebration;
Provision of integrated and reliable transportation and connectivity infrastructure in the district such as
roads, rail, freight, allowing for increased mobility (of goods, capital, services and people)
between all key economic nodes;
Provision and/or enhancing of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) (e.g. internet
connectivity) for optimal communication, knowledge-sharing and access to markets across,
especially in the PSED nodes;
Encouraging intra and inter-regional collaborative ventures between commercial and small-scale
farmers;
Development of Agri-tourism sites and products linked to the Agri-Park.
8.1.2.2 Development Action 2: Harnessing the cultural heritage development corridors
Promotion of the Cultural Heritage corridor, as a means of growing the cultural tourism sector in and
across the district. Focus must be given to uLundi and Nongoma and their strategic positioning
within the cultural tourism corridor that stretched to Zululand;
Improvement of the linkage between Nongoma and Ulundi via the R66 Tangami Spa, Swart Umfolozi
and Vryheid;
Improving access road to Ithala Game Reserve, via the Klipwal Mine. The Klipwal Mine (the only Gold
Mine in KZN) is only about 3 km from the northern boundary of the Ithala Reserve;
The R69 (Rooirante Road) between Magudu and the Pongolapoort dam is another very important link
road;
Initiating full-scale urban renewal projects that link all cultural heritage sites in Zululand and other
northern districts;
Development of tourism-related activities in townships and villages to allow for broad-based
participation in this sector, with a specific focus of women and youth participation.
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 108
MAP 11: PSED NODES & CORRIDORS
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 109
8.1.2.3 Development Action 3: Development of distinct Special Economic Zones
Establishment of niche industrial hubs in the district offering unique tourism products that take
advantage of the district’s competitive and comparative advantages;
Establishment of leather processing and product development industrial hub in the district;
Developing linkages between the production and processing sectors;
Developing new, emerging and existing markets;
Improving product quality and encouraging innovation;
Developing skills across a broad range, including marketing and branding;
Encouraging collaborative ventures.
8.1.3 Objective 3: Investment in rural industrialisation Rural industrialisation is critical for the provision of physical and social infrastructure that can allow for
the creation of socio-spatial and economic linkages between urban nodes and the rural hinterlands.
Integrated rural development is dependent on the strength of economic, social and technological
relations between economic nodes such as Abaqulusi, uLundi, Nongoma, uPhongola and eDumbe as
well as the townships and villages surrounding them. To this end, the economic functionality of the
Zululand district must take into account the flow of goods and capital as well as the movement of people
within and between urban and rural spaces. The following operational strategies are therefore
proposed:
8.1.3.1 Development Action 1: Promoting urban-rural linkages & functionality
Provision of roads, rail, freight and ICT infrastructure that can foster intra and inter-district connectivity
and mobility within and beyond Zululand district;
This strategy can be attained through the harnessing of traditional economic sectors such as
agriculture, mining and manufacturing through industrial innovation;
Improving access to communication technology, and harnessing the use of new media for promoting
urban-rural business interactions and innovation.
8.1.3.2 Development Action 2: promoting the revitalisation of rural areas
Rural town revitalisation projects must be implemented in all major towns. The renewal of these towns
is important as it provides them with an opportunity to attract local and global investments of a
financial, business and human capital nature;
Township revitalisation – projects for the entire district must be implemented to allow for infrastructural
investments as well as the provision of basic services such as water, electricity, and decent
housing. As rural townships continue to grow, their revitalisation will attract more skilled people,
as well as other forms of investments;
Village revitalisation – projects must be implemented in all densely populated villages. The focus of
these projects must be on provision of water, electricity and other social services critical for the
improvement of quality of life, in accordance with the NDP;
Develop village place-making and/or branding strategy – this is important as it promotes rural spaces
as liveable and marketable places that can attract skills and tourism.
8.1.3.3 Development Action 3: Completion of rural development projects
With numerous rural development projects underway in Zululand, it is imperative to ensure that;
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 110
Sustainable, long-term funding mechanisms are put in place for all rural development-oriented
projects;
Fostering of intergovernmental and interdepartmental coordination of rural development projects for
strategic harmonisation and alignment of efforts;
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MAP 12 : DEPARTMENTAL PROJECTS & PROGRAMMES
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 112
8.1.4 Objective 4: Conserving the natural environment Zululand is endowed with a wealth of natural capital. Whereas rural industrialisation and economic
development is important, there is also a need to ensure that the natural environment is protected. It is
imperative to reiterate that the need for the improvement of people’s quality of life in rural areas, must
not be separated from the need to conserve the natural environment.
8.1.4.1 Development Action 1: Formulation of the Zululand Biodiversity Conservation Plan
This proposed plan should take into account the conservation of the district’s natural capital;
Promoting sustainable use of natural resources, specifically water and land;
Promoting environmental land management.
8.1.5 Objective 5: Promoting integrated human settlements Following the recommendations set out in Chapter 8 of the NDP, there is a need for Zululand to fast-
track the provision of adequate social services such as schools, clinics, community centres and
recreational facilities. Moreover, the provision of water, electricity and housing has been identified as a
priority for the district municipality. There are a number of water infrastructure as well as housing
development projects underway in Zululand. The completion of these projects is critical for the
improvement of quality of life for all communities in the district.
8.1.5.1 Development Action 1: Reduction of service delivery backlogs
Monitoring of water services backlogs and development of water infrastructure plan;
Installation of new sanitation connections to households;
Implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes;
Facilitation of Schools Nutrition Programmes.
8.1.5.2 Development Action 2: Promoting integrated rural spatial planning
Strengthening, and monitoring of IDP, SDF and LED implementation processes
Adopting district-wide Public Transport Network.
8.1.6 Objective 6: Development of the mining sector
8.1.6.1 Development Action 1: Opening of new mining operations
This can be done through the revival of nodal town eDumbe through reopening of mining sidings and
full utilisation of railway facilities and;
Tapping into eDumbe and KwaCeza rich mineral resources.
7.2 Catalytic Projects The criteria for the identification of catalytic projects is informed by the recently reviewed Provincial
Growth and Development Plan (PGDP) (2015), as well as the KZN Infrastructure Master Plan. While the
aforesaid criteria is still unfolding and thus in need of refinement, its potential in providing a conceptual
scaffolding for project-identification cannot be doubted. The projects identification criteria is
characterised in the PGDP as follows59:
59
KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Planning Commission (2015) Provincial Growth & Development Plan (2030). Office of the
Premier, KZN Province, p. 178-179.
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TABLE 24: CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING CATALYTIC PROJECTS
Nature of Projects characterisation
Catalytic projects Economic game changers - these are projects that profoundly redefine and/or alter the structure of a given economy (at a district, provincial or national level – or in all three scales)
Major social needs projects – these are projects that support immediate social needs
Major enablers – projects that provide enabling infrastructure.
Infrastructure Interventions High priority backlogs – projects in sensitive (most vulnerable) communities
High priority infrastructure – bulk infrastructure projects that are in backlog
High priority programmes – programmes that have a long term social and economic transformation objective.
New (Planning) Projects High priority urban & industrial nodes & corridors – regions that are high economic generators and service centres
Rural nodes & corridors – high priority rural service centres
Rural transformation nodes – nodes that serve to become future consolidation & development points for rural farming communities
Off-grid settlements – areas that are vulnerable to low-none service provision
Infrastructure replacement/refurbishment
High priority replacements – infrastructure nearing life-cycle end
High priority refubs – projects that deal with infrastructure affected by storm damage etc
High maintenance programmes – projects that are impacting on the budget, thus requiring funding/management solutions.
Source: ??
The project identification criteria set above allows decision-makers, development planner and other
stakeholders in development to be able to engage in forward planning. In other words, the
categorisation (and in some instances hierachisation) of projects allows for sound financial planning as
well as strategic allocation of physical, human and intellectual resources.
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TABLE 25: IDENTIFIED PROJECTS
OBJECTIVE
SECTOR DEVELOPMENTAL ACTION
PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS/ PROJECTS
PROJECT TYPE
DESCRIPTION/ ACTIVITIES
INDICATIVE BUDGET
TIMEFRAMES
LEAD ROLE
STAKEHOLDERS
KPI's LOCALITY
Development & implementation of a water Infrastructure Plan
AGRICULTURE
The plan should focus on water-stressed areas such as Nongoma, Ulundi and Vryheid
Develop projects that address Water shortages that impede the development of agriculture in the district
High Priority Programme
1. Feasibility study of large scale irrigation schemes in the CDM 2. Investigate alternative sources of water supply including surface water schemes, and the re-use of water 3. Develop a plan to reconcile future water requirements
TBA Medium to Long term
Zululand DM
Department of water affairs/ DRDLR/ commercial farmers/ Private sector/ various government departments
Water infrastructure plan developed
Zululand DM
Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector
AGRICULTURE
addressing the effects of climate change on agriculture
Put in place plans to address counteracting the effects of climate change in the DM
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Feasibility study of the development of farm level mitigation methods e.g. avoiding excess nitrogen/fertilisers, crop
TBA Medium to Long term
Zululand DM
Department of water/DRDLR/ commercial farmers/ emerging farmers/ community/ SETA's
1. Feasibility study completed and reviewed 2. Projects identified and approved
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 115
choices, etc. 2. Evaluate the economic cost of interventions 3. Develop a plan to roll out the programme to local farmers
3. Project plans in place 4. Farmer education programmes rolled out
Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector
AGRICULTURE
Agri-Hub establishment & development in Vryheid
Development of Agri-Hub to foster small and medium-scale agricultural development
Catalytic - Game Changer
The AH is a production, equipment hire, processing, packaging, logistics and training unit. It is aimed at promoting small and medium-scale agricultural development
TBA Immediate
Zululand DM
DRDLR/ Traditional authorities/ community
1. Number of small Scale farmers supported 2 Relevant R&D in the agricultural sector 3. Number of markets identified and expanded 4. Number of niche commodities identified
Zululand DM
Improving productivity and competiti
AGRICULTURE
Farmer Production Support Unit developmen
Development of the FPSU for primary collection,
Catalytic - Game Chan
Review existing FPSU
R80 000 000
Immediate
Zululand DM
DRDLR/ DAFF/ Dept of small business/ Traditional authorities/
1. FPSUs identified and developed
Zululand DM
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veness in the agricultural sector
t in Ulundi, Nongoma, and uPhongolo
storage, processing for the local market, and extension services including mechanisation
ger plans and objectives
Access funding Implement projects Monitor success of projects
community/ commercial farmers/ private sector/ Emerging farmers
Developing the rural economy
TOURISM Upgrading local tourist accommodation and identification of new tourist sites.
identify houses in rural villages to upgrade for the purposes of tourist accommodation
Catalytic - Game Changer
1. Develop project proposal 2. Conduct feasibility study 3. Engage local community 4. Identify pilot areas 5. Market and promote the venture 6. Rate accommodation by national standards
TBA Medium to Long term
Zululand DM
Department of human settlements/ traditional authorities/ communities/ department of tourism/ private sector/ financial institutions
1. Increase in tourist accommodation in the area 2. Increase in income from tourism 3. Job creation
Zululand DM - rural villages close to tourist attractions
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7. Include the accommodation in local tourist centre offerings 8. Provision of technical and financial assistance to local community members to upgrade their properties
Developing the rural economy
ENERGY Development of a renewable energy research park
Development of a 'laboratory’ for renewable energy research and demonstration
Catalytic - Game Changer
1. Develop a feasibility study for Zululand DM to establish the viability of a renewable energy park to increase the viability of renewable energy technologies 2. Consideration of various forms of renewable energy including solar
R1 000 000 000
Medium to Long term
Department of minerals and energy
Zululand DM/DRDLR/ Eskom/ Independent Power Producers/ Regional and International Development Agencies/ Private Sector/ Universities/ community
1. R&D investigative activities completed and published 2. Number of renewable energy pilot projects undertaken 3. Funding identified and in place
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 118
projects, hydro power and micro wind 3. Engage local community 4. Identify pilot areas 5. Market and promote the venture 6. identify funding opportunities and potential partnerships
Developing the rural economy
TECHNOLOGY
Establishment of a technology park
Development of a technology park to foster innovation and enable its commercial application in the Zululand DM
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Develop a feasibility study for Zululand DM to establish the viability of a technology park 2. Consideration of the infrastructure required 3. Engage local community 4. Identify pilot areas 5. Market and
R2 000 000 000
Medium to Long term
Zululand DM
Department of Science and Technology/ Department of Trade and Industry/ Agri SETA/ Private Sector/ Department of economic development and tourism/ community
1. R&D investigative activities completed and published 2. Number of R&D pilot projects undertaken 3. Funding identified and in place
Zululand DM
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promote the venture 6. identify funding opportunities and potential partnerships
Investment in rural revitalisation
ALL SECTORS
Develop nodal/ growth points in the Zululand DM
Ensure the further development of identified growth points in Zululand
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Realise the development of growth points of all secondary nodes (Ulundi, Nongoma, Pongola, eDumbe and Vryheid).
TBA Short to medium term
Zululand DM
DTI/ DRDLR/ Department of Tourism/ DAFF/ Department of human settlements/ other government agencies/ community based organisations/ Traditional authorities/ community members
1. Number of nodal development projects identified 2. Number of projects implemented 3. Number of jobs created 4. Number of communities served
All identified functional regions
Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector
AGRICULTURE
Absorb small businesses and subsistence farmers into the main stream economy
Reinvigorate the agricultural sector through small scale farming
Key Enabler
1. Conduct feasibility studies for SMME related projects 2. Identify community beneficiaries 3. Undertake necessary
TBA Short to medium term
Zululand DM
DRDLR/ Dept. of Small Business/ DAFF/ Private sector
1. Number of Small Scale farmers supported; 2. Number of markets identified and expanded
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 120
training of community members 4. Develop business plans for commercial ventures 5. Upgrade subsistence agriculture in the district 6. Investigate the potential for agriculture along the rivers in the DM and implement small scale farming activities
3. Number of new SMME’s identified and supported 4. Number of Jobs created
Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector
AGRICULTURE
Fast track the process of addressing land use management schemes (LUMS) and land development in the DM
Engage traditional authorities to address the issue of releasing land for development
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Identify land for development 2. Review outstanding land claims and fast track processing 3. put in place land use management plans
TBA Medium term
Zululand DM
DRDLR/ Traditional leaders/ Local municipalities/ government departments
1. Number of land claims resolved 2. Increase in land available for development 3. Number of land claim
Zululand DM
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beneficiaries identified and supported 4. Number of Jobs created
Improving productivity and competitiveness in the agricultural sector
AGRICULTURE
Implement identified agricultural anchor projects
Revisit the CDM agricultural development strategy
Key Enabler
1. Conduct feasibility studies for those interventions identified up to pre-feasibility 2. Identify community beneficiaries 3. Undertake necessary training of community members 4. Develop business plans for the projects
TBA Short term
Zululand DM
DAFF/ DRDLR/ Farmers cooperatives/ commercial farmers/ community/ SETA's/ Financial institutions
1. Number of small scale farmers supported 2. Spending on R&D in the agricultural sector 3. Markets identification and expansion
Zululand DM
Improving productivity and competitiveness in
AGRICULTURE
Development of agro-processing hubs in the CDM
To take advantage of the agricultural raw materials
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Conduct a feasibility study on the establishment and sustainability
TBA Medium term
Zululand DM
DRDLR/ DAFF/ communities/ community based organisations/ commercial
1. Number of small scale farmers supported 2.
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 122
the agricultural sector
in the district and thereby reduce the need to export these commodities for processing
of agro processing hubs in the DM 2. Establish where each value chain of agro processing should be housed 3. investigate spin off industries
farmers/ private sector
Spending on R&D in the agricultural sector 3. Markets identification and expansion 4. Identification of niche commodities
Improving tourism competitiveness
TOURISM Enhance the tourism sector to create employment and local economic development
Leverage the natural heritage sites in the district
Catalytic - Game Changer
1. Training of tourist guides in the region to broaden their knowledge of the entire district 2. Registration of tour guides 3. Coordination of tourism routes
TBA Medium to long term
Zululand DM
Department of tourism/ Dept of education/ SETA's/ communities
1. Number of tourist guides trained 2. Number of jobs created 3. Number of tour guides registered 4. Number of new tourist routes identified
Zululand DM
Investment in rural revitalisation
MINING Investigate forward and backward linkages in
Investigate the mining value chain and
Catalytic - Game
1. Develop a mineral processing and beneficiation
TBA medium term
Department of Miner
Department of Minerals and Energy/ DAFF/ DRDLR/ DTI/
1. Number of small scale miners
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 123
the mining sector in the DM
identify opportunities for SMME's in mineral beneficiation
Changer
hub 2. Investigate the potential for the development of mining related industries such as catering
als and Energy (DME)
communities/ private sector/
supported 2. Spending on R&D in the mining sector 3. Markets identification and expansion 4. Identification of niche commodities
Investment in rural revitalisation
TRANSPORTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Build on the established road network in the region
Improve access to urban and rural areas in the ADM
Key Enabler
1. Study of the condition of the local and district roads in the DM 2. put in place a roster of activities that will ensure all roads are maintained timeously and don't interfere with economic activities 3. Recruit and train local community members
TBA medium term
Zululand DM
Department of roads and transport/ Dept of public works/ communities/ traditional authorities
1. Number of roads maintained 2. Number of jobs created 3. Number of training interventions taking place
Zululand DM
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 124
4. develop a road master plan for the Zululand district
Investment in rural revitalisation
TRANSPORTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Build on the established transportation network in the region
Develop Vryheid into a viable logistics and services centre.
Catalytic - Major Enabler
1. Conduct a feasibility study on the establishment and sustainability of logistics and services centre in the DM 2. investigate spin off industries
TBA medium term
Zululand DM
PRASA/ Department of roads and transport/ SETA's/ Dept of Education/ Dept of public works/ communities/ traditional authorities
1. Number of SMME supported 2. Spending on R&D in the transportation sector 3. Markets identification and expansion
Zululand DM
Investment in rural revitalisation
TRANSPORTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Build on the established rail network in the region
Implement projects outlined in the Zululand integrated transport plan
Key Enabler
1. Review the integrated transport management plan. 2. Identify projects that can be implemented quickly with maximum benefit to the Zululand community 3. Obtain funding
TBA medium term
Zululand DM
PRASA/ Department of roads and transport/ SETA's/ Dept of Education/ Dept of public works/ communities/ traditional authorities
1. Number of roads maintained 2. Number of jobs created 3. Number of training interventions taking place
Zululand DM
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4. Identify service provider 5. Implement projects
Conserving the natural environment
FORESTRY Address the issue of deforestation in the DM
Develop approaches to counteract the effects of deforestation in the DM
Key Enabler
1. Education of communities 2. Address the issue with commercial forestry operations 3. Put in place a framework for forestry management in the DM 4. Provision of employment opportunities to community members
TBA Long term
Zululand DM
DAFF/ DRDLR/ private sector/ commercial farmers/ emerging farmers/ community members
1. Number of information sessions held 2.No. of initiatives towards sustainable environmental planning 3. Increase in number of trees planted
Zululand DM
Source: ??
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8.1.7 Localised Rural Development Projects MUNIC. LOCAL AREA PILLAR/PROGRAMM
E PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITY
Uphongolo
Mbongombongo Communal Estate Mbongombongo Communal Estate
Crop Prodcution
Maize Supply production inputs
Uphongolo
Belgrade Communal Estate Impiloyethu Communal Estate
Crop Prodcution
Maize Supply production inputs
Uphongolo
Ntumbane Communal Estate Mgulatshani Co-operative
Grain Prodcution
Maize Supply production inputs
Edumbe Mpheku River Valley Hlahlindlela Crop & vegetable
production
Vegetable Installation of 100ha Flood irrigation production inputs
Edumbe Mandakane Communal Estate Mandakane Crop production
Maize Supply production inputs
Edumbe Ekushumayeleni Land Care Ekushumayeleni Cropping installation of irrigation &alien plant control
Ulundi Dlebe Communal Estate Mbambakunzi Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Ulundi KwaCeza Communal Estate Inhlendlana Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Ulundi Dlebe River Valley Dlebe Irrigation Crop production
Vegetable Installation of 20ha irrigation system & production inputs
Ulundi Babanango Land Reform Mcakwini Trust Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Ulundi Nhlazatshe Communal Estate BEE Goodluck Crop production
Maize Supply production inputs
Ulundi Ndindindi Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Langakazi Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Othini Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Madaka Livestock SWD Scooping of dam
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 127
Production
Ulundi Mbekuzweni Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Mbekuzweni Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Mbekuzweni Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Wela Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Ntabankulu Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Etsheni Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Ulundi Mayiwane Livestock Production
SWD Scooping of dam
Abaqulusi Othaka Communal Estate Ngenetsheni Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Isolesizwe Communal Estate Isolesizwe Goat Production
Goat Construction of goat shed, 200 goats
Abaqulusi Emadanyini Communal Estate Emadanyini Crop Production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Bhobozana Communal Estate Bhobozana Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Mnyathi Communal Estate Mnyathi Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Machanca Communal Estate Machanca Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Ubuhle bokuzenzela
Communal Estate Ubuhle bokuzenzela
Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Zamisizwe Communal Estate Zamisizwe Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Gluckstadt Communal Estate Gluckstadt Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
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Abaqulusi Bonisanani Communal Estate Bonisanani Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Nhlendlane Communal Estate Nhlendlane Crop production
Maize Production Inputs of 200ha
Abaqulusi Alpha River Valley Sizamindlela Vegetable production
Vegetable Installation of 20ha irrigation system & production inputs
Abaqulusi Macosha Land Reform Macosha Vegetable production
Vegetable Centre pivot for 5oha , pump, pipes &production inputs*
Abaqulusi Hlanganani Livestock Production
Stock watering
dam
Scooping of dam
Abaqulusi Xamu Livestock Stock Scooping of dam
Abaqulusi Oqweqwe Livestock Production
Stock watering
dam
Scooping of dam
Abaqulusi Gluckstadt Land Care Gluckstadt Cropping Conclusion of de-stumping and conservation structures
Abaqulusi Macosha Land Care Macosha Cropping Land reform project, alien plant control, fencing
Abaqulusi Mbhudula Land Care Mbhudula Veld managemen
t
Improve grazing potential
Abaqulusi Ekuhlengeni Land Care Ekuhlengeni Cropping Fencing
Zululand Louwsburg Ingadlangadla farming enterprise
The farm size is 1118ha in extent and specialise in mixed farming- Livestock, vegetables
and grains
Zululand Thelezini Thelezini communal estate
The farm size is 233ha in extent and specialise on Crop
Production- Grains
Zululand Nceceni Nceceni Communal Estate
The farm size is 170 ha in extent and specialise in crop
production - grains
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 129
Zululand Cibilili Cibilili Communal Estate
The farm size is 140ha in extent and specialise in crop
production - grains
Zululand Empangisweni Empangisweni Communal Estate
The farm size is 950 ha in extent and specialises in crop
production - grains
Zululand Hlahlindlela Mzuzini Communal Estate
The farm size is 300ha and specialises in crop production - -
grains
Zululand Isigodini Vimbindlala Communal Estate
The farm size in 300ha and specialises in crop production -
grains
Zululand Ezungwini Makwabe Communal Estate
The Project specialises in Egg production - 3000 layers
Zululand Imvula The project specialises in Pig production - 300 sow unit
Zululand Bonisanani The project specialises in broiler production - 5000 broiler units
Zululand Sonkophe The project specialises in Pig production - 300 sow unit
Zululand Uluntu co op Livestock production - 100 cow herd
Zululand Black horses primary co-op
The project specialises in broiler production 30000 broiler unit
Zululand Ukukhanya KwaseMvuzini
The farm size is 500ha and specialises in vegetable & fruit
production
Zululand Empangisweni Irrigation
The Project specialises in Egg production - 3000 layers
Zululand Ngwenya The farm size is 45 ha and specialises in grain production
Zululand HH Mthimkhulu The project specialises in Vegetable production
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 130
Zululand PW Mbokazi The farm size in 250 and specialises in crop Production -
grains
Zululand Mlindaziko Communal Estate
The farm size is 200ha and specialises in grain production -
maize & dry beans
Zululand Fuduka grain project
The farm specialise in goat production
Zululand Eziduluni The farm size is 30 ha and specialise in vegetable
production
Zululand Sizamindlela The farm size is 200ha and specialises in grain production
Zululand Bhadeni Communal Estate
The farm size is 112 ha and specialises in crop production
Zululand Mankumbu The project specialises in pig production - 50 sow unit
Zululand Zamukuzenzela Piggery
The farm size is 300ha and specialses in grain production
Zululand KwaCeza Communal Estate
The farm size is 450 ha and specialises in goat production
Zululand Ezweni Co-operative
100ha farm specialising in grain production
Zululand Nkombabantu Communal Estate
The farm size is 150 ha in extent and specialises in crop
production - grains
Zululand Good Luck Communal Estate
The farm size is 250 ha and specialises in crop production -
grains
Zululand Mbambankuzi Communal Estate
The farm size is 300 ha and specailises in crop production -
grains
Zululand Nondayana The farm size is 110 ha and
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 131
Communal Estate specialises in crop production -grains
Zululand Zilungiselele Communal Co-
operative
The farm size is 140ha in extent and specialise in crop
production - grains
Zululand Siyazisiza Cooperative
Communal Estate
The farm specialses in egg production - 3000 layers
Zululand Ikusasalethu poutry project
The farm specialise in broiler production - 6000 birds
Zululand Delangokubona poultry project
The farm size is 150 ha in extent and specialises in crop
production - grains
Zululand Ekuvukeni Communal Estate
The farm specialses in goat production - 100 goats
Zululand Ngolotshe The farm size is 200 ha and specialises in grain production -
grains
Zululand KwaMajomela Communal Estate
The farm size is 50ha and specialises in Aloe juice
processing
Zululand Kombuzi Aloe processing project
The farm size is 300 ha and specailises in crop production -
grains
Zululand Maphophoma The farm size is 80 ha and specialises in grain production
Zululand Ensimbini The farm measures 150 ha and specialises in grain production
Zululand Ezilonyeni The eMakhosini Valley lies just outside of Ulundi and has huge
potential for tourism development as it is the
birthplace of the Zulu Nation and incorporates some of the
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 132
richest historical sites in Africa, wildlife and living cultures.
Zululand eMakhosini – The Valley of Kings
The Mona Market held in the third week of each month
outside Nongoma
Zululand Events Connected to the Royal Palace
combined game reserve and heritage park in Africa has all the criteria for selection as a
World Heritage Site
Zululand Ithala Game Reserve
It is on the main access road to Vryheid from Ulundi, it is close to the town and there are eco-
tourism and cultural developments next door and across the road at iMpofini Game Reserve and at the
Inkomana Catholic Abbey and School.
Zululand Abaqalusi (Vryheid) Cultural
Village
Taka Zulu, situated in the Black Umfolozi Region near
Gluckstad, is privately owned land where 12h00 hectares
Zululand Thaka Zulu Private Game Reserve
This is a concept that was championed by Mr Michael
Seeger and it is covered in more depth in the Economic
Rejuvenation Study for the Coal Belt Region, Phase 3: Section
2.1.
Zululand Living Mine Museum Hlobane
The infrastructure exists for a tourist trip on the coal train returning from Richards Bay
with stop off or return points at Ulundi and Vryheid
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Zululand Coal Train Tourist Trips
The Zululand DM area has more than 370 species of birds which
are endemic to the area. Currently very little
infrastructure is available for bird watchers to the area but there are nonetheless a wide range of avi-tourism events taking place throughout the
year around Vryheid. The Zululand Bird Route is well
organised
Abaqulusi Alpha subsistance Sizamindlela Vegetable production
Vegetable Install 30ha irrigation system,erect fence and
construct pack house with cold room
Abaqulusi Ngoje Smallholder Gcamshana River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Abaqulusi Zwathi Smallholder Mpangisweni Vegetable Project
Vegetable production
Vegetables Repairs of irrigation equipment
Abaqulusi Zwathi Smallholder Songobe Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 400ha irrigation infrastructure
Abaqulusi Mvunyane Smallholder Siqophumlando Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 5ha irrigation infrastructure,
fencing, land preparation & production inputs
Edumbe KwaMpheku subsintance Hlahlindlela Cummunity
Irrigation Project
Vegetable & crops
Vegetable Flood Irrigation infrastructure development & fencing
Edumbe Mahloshana subsintance Siyaya Community Irrigation project
Vegetable & crops
Vegetable Flood Irrigation infrastructure development & 7.08km fencing
Nongoma KwaMusi small holder KwaMusi River Valley Project
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 250ha irrigation infrastructure
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Ulundi Dlebe Smallholder Dlebe River Valley Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 30ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Ulundi Dlabane Smallholder Dlabane River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 25ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Ulundi KwaMlaba Smallholder Njomelwane River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Ulundi KwaNobamba Smallholder KwaNobamba River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 30ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Nongoma Emaqhineni Smallholder Emaqhineni River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Nongoma Osuthu Smallholder Bululwane Irrigation
Vegetable production
Vegetables Construction of a Nursery & Packhouse
Edumbe Msoco Smallholder Msoco River Valley Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Edumbe oPhuzana Smallholder Sibonokunye River valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables Development of the 40ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
oPhongolo KwaNdlangamandla
Smallholder Zamokuhle River Valley
Vegetation production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
oPhongolo Mbongombongo Smallholder Mbongombongo River Valley
Vegetation production
Vegetables Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and
fencing
Abaqulusi Louwsburg Ingadlangadla farming enterprise
Mixed farming
Livestock, vegetables and grains
Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure and erection of
fence
Abaqulusi Thelezini Thelezini Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 233ha
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 135
Abaqulusi Nceceni Nceceni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 170ha
Abaqulusi Cibilili Cibilili Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 140ha
Abaqulusi Empangisweni Empangisweni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and construction of a grain milling
plant
Abaqulusi Hlahlindlela Mzuzini Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 300ha
Abaqulusi Isigodini Vimbindlala Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Abaqulusi Ezungwini Makwabe Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Abaqulusi Vaalbank Imvula Egg production
Layers Construct 3x1000 layer units, storeroom with inputs and
bakkie to deliver orders
Abaqulusi Thelezini Bonisanani Pig production
Piggery Construction of sow unit 300 sow units
Abaqulusi Kwa Vilikazi Sonkophe Broiler production
Broiler Construction of 5x1000 broiler units
Abaqulusi Zaailagte Uluntu co op Pig production
Piggery Construction of 300 sow unit
Abaqulusi Dagbreek Black horses primary co-op
Livestock production
Beef Drilling of borehole, development of 40ha of Irrigated pastures and
construction of diptank
Abaqulusi Mshomoloza Ukukhanya KwaseMvuzini
Broiler production
Poultry Refurbishment of 7 existing broiler houses. Supply of 30 000 day-old chiks, feed, medicine &
vaccine
Abaqulusi Empangisweni Empangisweni Irrigation
Vegetable & Fruit
Production
Vegetable & Fruit
Production
Rehabilitation of Irrigation (Centre Pivots) Supply of
production input & Mechanization
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 136
Abaqulusi Othini Ngwenya Egg production
Layers Construction of 3x1000 layer unit
Ulundi Babanango HH Mthimkhulu Grain production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Ulundi Denny Dalton PW Mbokazi Vegetable production
eDumbe Mlindaziko Mlindaziko Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Phongolo Fuduka Fuduka grain project
Grain production
Maize and dry beans
Fencing of 200ha and erection of grain starages silos
oPhongolo Mbongombongo Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
Abaqulusi Ezidulini Eziduluni Goat production
Goat Goat Shed, Fencing, handling facilities and equipments
Abaqulusi Alpha Sizamindlela Vegetable production
Vegetable Fencing and irrigation
eDumbe Mshalane, Bhadeni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
eDumbe Ophuzane Mankumbu Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
eDumbe Mahloni Zamukuzenzela Piggery
Pig Production
Pig Production
Construction of 50 sows unit & 50 sows feed
Ulundi KwaCeza KwaCeza Communal Estate
Grain production
Grains Fencing of 300ha of arable lands for Ceza communal lands
Ulundi KwaMphothi Ezweni Co-operative
Goat production
Goats Fencing , borehole drilling and construction of the goat shed
Ulundi Nkonjeni Nkombabantu Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
Ulundi Nhlazatshe Good Luck Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 137
facilities
Ulundi Dlebe Mbambankuzi Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Ulundi KwaCeza Nondayana Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Ulundi Mabedlana Zilungiselele Communal Co-
operative
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Ulundi Ezibindini Siyazisiza Cooperative
Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
Phongolo Godlwayo Ikusasalethu poutry project
Egg production
EGGS Construction of 3x1000 layer unit
Phongolo Fuduka Fuduka grain project
Grain production
Maize and dry beans
Fencing of 200ha and erection of grain starages silos
Phongolo Khiphinyawo Delangokubona poultry project
Broiler production
Broiler Construction of 4x1500 broiler unit
Nongoma Ekuvukeni Ekuvukeni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
Nongoma Ngolotshe Ngolotshe Goat production
Goat Construction of goat shed and provision of stock
Nongoma KwaMajomela KwaMajomela Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
facilities
Nongoma Kombuzi Kombuzi Aloe processing project
Aloe Processing
Aloe juice Construction of the aloe processing plant, building of the eath water dam and fencing of
the project
Nongoma Maphophoma Maphophoma Crop Production
Grains Fencing of 10km, Mechanization and production
inputs
Nongoma Ensimbini Ensimbini Crop Grains Fencing of 9km, Mechanization
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 138
Production and production inputs
Nongoma Ezilonyeni Ezilonyeni Crop Production
Grains Fencing of 14km, Mechanization and production
inputs
PONGOLO PONGOLA SUGAR PRODUCTION
47 EMERGING FARMERS SETTLED ON 10 HEACTARE
SUGAR FARM
USUTHU BULELWANE IRRIGATION
544 FOOD IRRIGATION PROGRAMME,PRESENTLY 70%
OF PLOTS A RE ALLOCATED BUT 40% ARE UTULISED,311
FARMERS ARE ALLOCATED PLOTS ON AVERAGE OF 0.654
HA EACH
ZULULAND FOOD GARDENERS PROJECT AIMED AT ORGANISING WOMEN TO DO
GARDENING
EMAPHOPHOMA,EMAHASHINI SMALL SCALE TIMBER
GROWING OF TIMBER
ABAQULUSI NGOME TEA ESTATE
500 HACTARE TEA ESTATE
EDUMBE PECAN NUT PLANTATION
GROWING OF PECANS
NONGOMA MAPHOPHOMA IRRIGATION
SCHEME
80 HACTARE SCHEME WHICH RECQURES THE CONSTRUCTION
OF DAMS
CORONATION MINE AGRI VILLAGE AT CORONATION
MINE
ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRI VILLAGE TO PROVIDE
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY TO THE PEOPLE AROUND THIS
PLACE
VRYHEID BEEF PROCESSING UNIT
TWO ABATOIRS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED
UKUZAKHA NOKUZENZELA THERE ARE FIVE TRACTORS
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 139
PROGRAMME THAT ARE PHOUGHING FOR COMMUNTITY AND SEEDS ARE
GICEN
UMKHUZE GAME MEAT PROCESSING UNIT
ESTABLISHEMENT OF GAME PROCESSING MEAT FOR
VENISON
ABAQULUSI AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITY
INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
ABAQULUSI SESAME SEED PRODUCTION
INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
ABAQULUSI ORGANIS SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION
INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
ABAQULUSI AQUCULTURE AND HYDROPONIC PROJECT
INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
ULUNDI MPUNGOSE PASTURES
BABANANGO UQWEQWE PLACE THAT ATTRACTS FRENCH
NSIBAYA AND ENYOKENI ZULU REED DANCE CELEBRATIONS OF ZULU DANCE
ITHALA ITHALA GAME RESERVE
A TOURISM PLACE FOR GAME RESERVE
ULUNDI ULUNDI TOIURISIM
UPHONGOLO UPHONGOLO TOURISM
THERE ARE SOME DAMS AND LAKES FOR TOURISTS
ATRRACTION
NONGOMA NONGOMA TOURISM
TOURISTS WANT TO VISIST THE ROYAL FAMILY
ABAQULISI ABAQULISI TOURISM
WILD LIF CONSERVATION
PHONGOLA ILLOVO SUGAR MANUFACTURING
A AGRO PROCESSING MILL OF SUGAR
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 140
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 141
7.3 Institutional Framework The implementation of the Zululand DRDP is dependent on the strengthening of the existing
institutional framework. As aptly articulated in the NDP (chapter 13) the realisation of all development-
oriented is intrinsically linked to the building of a capable state. A capable state therefore is defined by
the existence of functional, well-capacitated and well-funded institutions. Put succinctly, a capable,
developmental state is characterised by the existence of institutional thickness and resilience primarily
within government. As the NDP and the Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP) also outlines,
the private sector, as well as civil society have an integral role to play in the development of
communities.
In implementing the identified projects, programmes and initiatives, an integrated approach to
development planning will be critical. As the DRDP is located at a district level, the Zululand district will
play a leading role in the implementation process. Moreover, the Department of Rural Development and
Land Reform (DRDLR) will be one of the key custodians of the DRDP. The departments engaged in
agricultural development, economic development, and social development and environmental planning
also roles to play in realising the objectives of the DRDP.
The DRDP for Zululand is also meant to allow for strategic planning and coordination within the internal
branches of DRDLR i.e. Land Reform and Administration (LRA), Rural Enterprise and Industrial
Development (REID), as well as Rural Infrastructure Development (RID). Moreover, the Spatial Planning
and Land Use Management unit within the DRDLR is mandated with ensuring that there is alignment
and harmonisation of spatial planning, land reform as well as rural development initiatives, projects and
programmes.
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 142
FIGURE 37: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
SOURCE: ??
Institutional Framework for Rural Economic TransformationIn
terg
ove
rnm
enta
l dev
elo
pm
ent
init
iati
ves
& m
ult
i-st
akeh
old
er p
arti
cip
atio
n &
act
ion
Improving the competitiveness of the
agricultural sector
Improving the mining sector
Promoting competitive tourism sector
Key Rural Development
ObjectivesKey Role Players
Development Outcomes
Promoting rural Industrialisation
Departments/ Agencies Agriculture Forestry Economic Development Enterprise Development Agricultural research
institutions & Agencies Private sector Communities
Agrarian revolution (broad-based participation in the Agricultural sector)
Participation of emerging and small-scale farmers in new & existing agric. Value
Food security Job creation
Key Development Indicators
Number of small-scale farmers participating in new and existing value chains
Number of successful women & youth participating in commercial agriculture
Number of successful land reform programme
Departments /Agencies Minerals & Energy Economic Development Enterprise Development Private sector Communities
Meaningful beneficiation in the mining sector
Proper land-use planning that supports responsible mining
Job creation and security
Number of SMMEs benefitting from the mining activities
Departments/Agencies Tourism Economic Development Enterprise Development Private sector Communities
Participation of SMMEs in the tourism sector
Job creation
Number of successful SMMEs in the tourism sector
Number of jobs created in the sector
Departments/ Agencies Presidential Infrastructure
Coordination Commission (PICC)
DRDLR Transport Department of Human
Settlements Private sector
Provision of physical infrastructure and supporting services
Job creation
Number of physical infrastructure developed in rural nodes, settlements & villages
Number of families benefitting from bulk infrastructure services
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 143
While rural development forms one of the key focus areas of the Department of Rural Development and
Land Reform (DRDLR), the district municipality as well as other sector departments also have a critical
for to play in the realisation of rural economic transformation. As well articulated in the NDP and other
related national development planning policies, the private sector, the civil society as well as
communities that are in need of development must partake in the realisation of the DRDP objectives.
Figure 38: Multi-stakeholder Mapping for Rural Development
District Rural Development
Plan
MULTI-STAKEHOLDER MAPPING
DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT & LAND REFORM
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT OF TRADE & INDUSTRY
DEPARTMENT OF SMALL & MEDIUM BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
SPATIAL PLANNING AND
LAND-USE PLANNING ACT
DEVELOPMENT BANKS
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIESFINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONSUNIVERSITIES CIVIL SOCIETY COMMUNITIES
VIBRAND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION
Source: ??
The Quadruple Helix as a Sound Institutional Framework for Rural Development
Recent literature on rural development and regional economics also emphasises a quadruple-helix
approach to the funding, implementation as well as monitoring and evaluation of development plans.
This stems from the realisation that the traditional triple helix-informed institutional arrangements
comprising of the government, the private sector and universities did not take into account the salience
of civil society in the production of knowledge for growth.60
60
Rosalba Casas & Matilde Luna, Government, Academia and the Private Sector in Mexico: Towards a New Configuration
of Relationships.
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 144
FIGURE 39: A QUADRUPLE HELIX FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
THe Quadruple Helix for Rural Development PlanningSh
are
d V
isio
n f
or
rura
l de
velo
pm
en
t
Public AdministrationParticipation of sector departments, state-owned
enterprises and agencies in the production of knowledge critical for rural & regional
development
Public & Private Research InstitutionsUniversities, Technology parks, Agricultural
CollegesThese are critical for spearheading Research &
Development in the areas of rural economic innovation, resilience and climate change
Private Sector/BusinessAgriculture, manufacturing, mining sectors as well as ICT firms, creative industries, services
industries, all contributing towards setting the agenda for rural development & job creation
Civil SocietyNGOs, CBOs and citizen-led social movementsall geared towards mobilising resources for the development of sustainable rural settlements
and economies
Source: ??
When tied to a functional regional approach to rural development, the quadruple helix for rural
development results in the emergence of a sound institutional framework with the thickness needed for
scaffolding rural development initiatives. Such an institutional framework also allows for both horizontal
and vertical knowledge generation across all development-oriented stakeholders. So, rural development
as well as regional economic development at large, ceases to become the sole mandate of a single
stakeholder. The intellectual, financial and social capital generated through the quadruple helix
approach to rural development also results in the creation of sound monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
mechanisms.
7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation The significance of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of projects identified in this district rural
development plan cannot be overemphasised. It is suggested therefore that there is a need for
departments tasked with rural development, agriculture, as well as cooperative governance to put in
place sound M&E systems as part of project management. Moreover, the internal governance processes
of DRDLR’s units (i.e. Land Reform and Administration (LRA), Rural Enterprise and Industrial
Development (REID), as well as Rural Infrastructure Development (RID)) must rely on the M&E systems
put in place by the Department to ensure the successful implementation of all identified projects.
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 145
Similarly, as this is a district-specific development plan, the district municipality’s capacity to effectively
implement identified projects must be strengthened. Such an initiative would require the employment
of sound M&E techniques as identified in reputable project management systems. These include the
continued refinement of rural development goals, outcomes, outputs, as well as activities and inputs.
The M&E logical framework for instance provides relevant pointers for effective project management.
According to Chaplowe, a logical framework for M&E must comprise of the following components:
TABLE 26: M & E COMPONENENTYS
Project Objectives Indicators Mechanisms for Verification
Assumptions
Goal Project goals must be clear, and they must also include the desired impact of the project.
Impact Indicator Quantitative or qualitative means to measure achievement or to reflect the changes connected to stated goal
Measurement method, data source, and data collection frequency for stated indicator
External factors necessary to sustain the long-term impact, but beyond the control of the project
Outcomes Set of beneficiary and population-level changes needed to achieve the goal (usually knowledge, attitudes and practices)
Outcome Indicator Quantitative or qualitative means to measure achievement or to reflect the changes connected to stated outcomes
Measurement method, data source, and data collection frequency for stated indicator
External conditions necessary if the outcomes are to contribute to achieving the goal
Outputs Products or services needed to achieve the outcomes
Output Indicator Quantitative or qualitative means to measure completion of stated outputs
Measurement method, data source, and data collection frequency for stated indicator
Factors out of the project’s control that could restrict or prevent the outputs from achieving the outcomes
Activities Regular efforts needed to produce the outputs
Quantitative or qualitative means to measure completion of stated activities, i.e., attendance at the activities
Measurement method, data source, and data collection frequency for stated indicator
Factors out of the project’s control that could restrict or prevent the activities from achieving the outcomes
Inputs Resources used to implement activities (financial, materials, human
Quantitative or qualitative means to measure utilization of stated inputs (resources used for activities)
Measurement method, data source, and data collection frequency for stated indicator
Factors out of the project’s control that could restrict or prevent access to the inputs.61
SOURCE: ??
61
Chaplowe, S.G. (2008) Monitoring and Evaluation Planning: Guidelines and Tool. American Red Cr oss, p. 8.
SECTION SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 146
This logical framework is important not only for rural development but also for strategic spatial planning
at large. It takes into account the varied resources needed for the execution of rural development goals
and objectives. Moreover, it allows for the monitoring of activities tied to the realisation of rural
development projects. Over above this M&E framework, the Department of Performance and
Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME) has developed various M&E instruments that all sector departments
can employ as part of developing effective project management systems in the public service as well as
at local government level.
Annexure 1 147
9 Annexure 1 TABLE 27: STRATEGIC PILLAR / PROGRAMME - RIVER VALLEY
LM WARD NO.
LOCAL AREA
APPROVED BUSINESS PLAN (YES/NO)
FUNDING PACKAGE
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
PROJECT SIZE
SOURCE OF FUNDING/LOANS
CATEGORY OF FARMER/S
LAND OWNERSHIP
PROJECT ESTIMATED BUDGET
Abaqulusi
6 Alpha
Yes Household Production
Sizamindlela Vegetable production
Vegetable
Install 30ha irrigation system,erect fence and construct pack house with cold room
30ha subsistance
communal
R 2 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
1 Ngoje
No Household Production
Gcamshana River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigatio
20ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
Annexure 1 148
n infrastructure and fencing
Abaqulusi
4 Zwathi
No Commercialisation
Mpangisweni Vegetable Project
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Repairs of irrigation equipment
500ha Voted Smallholder
Private land
R 2 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
4 Zwathi
Yes Commercialisation
Songobe Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 400ha irrigation infrastructure
400ha Voted Smallholder
Private land
R 3 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
14 Mvunyane
No Household Production
Siqophumlando
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 5ha irrigation infrastructure, fencing, land preparation & production inputs
5ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 400 000.00
Annexure 1 149
Edumbe
8 KwaMpheku
Yes Household Production
Hlahlindlela Cummunity Irrigation Project
Vegetable & crops
Vegetable
Flood Irrigation infrastructure development & fencing
100ha Voted subsintance
Communal
R 3 500 000.00
Edumbe
6 Mahloshana
Yes Household Production
Siyaya Community Irrigation project
Vegetable & crops
Vegetable
Flood Irrigation infrastructure development & 7.08km fencing
84ha Voted subsintance
Communal
R 2 500 000.00
Nongoma
14 KwaMusi
No Commercialisation
KwaMusi River Valley Project
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 250ha irrigation infrastructure
250ha Voted small holder
communal
R 4 000 000.00
Ulundi
6 Dlebe
Yes Household Production
Dlebe River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 30ha irrigation infrastructure and
30ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 2 300 000.00
Annexure 1 150
fencing
Ulundi
5 Dlabane
No Household Production
Dlabane River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 25ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
25ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 900 000.00
Ulundi
14 KwaMlaba
No Household Production
Njomelwane River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
20ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
Ulundi
17 KwaNobamba
No Household Production
KwaNobamba River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 30ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
30ha CASP Smallholder
communal
R 1 600 000.00
Annexure 1 151
Nongoma
13 Emaqhineni
Yes Commercialisation
Emaqhineni River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
20ha CASP Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
Nongoma
15 Osuthu
Yes Commercialisation
Bululwane Irrigation
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Construction of a Nursery & Packhouse
550ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
Edumbe
6 Msoco
No Commercialisation
Msoco River Valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
20ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
Edumbe
8 oPhuzana
No Commercialisation
Sibonokunye River valley
Vegetable production
Vegetables
Development of the 40ha irrigation infrastr
40ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 2 000 000.00
Annexure 1 152
ucture and fencing
oPhongolo
12 KwaNdlangamandla
No Commercialisation
Zamokuhle River Valley
Vegetation production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
20ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
oPhongolo
1 Mbongombongo
No Commercialisation
Mbongombongo River Valley
Vegetation production
Vegetables
Development of the 20ha irrigation infrastructure and fencing
20ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 500 000.00
SOURCE: ??
Annexure 1 153
TABLE 28: LAND REFORM
LM WARD NO.
LOCAL AREA
APPROVED BUSINESS PLAN (YES/NO)
FUNDING PACKAGE
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
PROJECT SIZE
SOURCE OF FUNDING/LOANS
CATEGORY OF FARMER/S
PROJECT ESTIMATED BUDGET
Abaqulusi
1 Louwsburg
Yes Commercialisation
Ingadlangadla farming enterprise
Mixed farming
Livestock, vegetables and grains
Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure and erection of fence
1118ha
Voted Smallholder
R 6 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
15 Thelezini
No Community Investment
Thelezini Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 233ha
233ha Voted Smallholder
R 3 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
15 Nceceni No Community Investment
Nceceni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 170ha
170ha Voted Smallholder
R 2 800 000.00
Abaqulusi
3 Cibilili No Community Investment
Cibilili Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 140ha
140ha Voted Smallholder
R 2 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
4 Empangisweni
No Community Investment
Empangisweni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and construction of a grain milling plant
950ha Voted Smallholder
R 5 000 000.00
Annexure 1 154
Abaqulusi
17 Hlahlindlela
No Community Investment
Mzuzini Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing of 300ha
300ha Voted Smallholder
R 4 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
15 Isigodini No Community Investment
Vimbindlala Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
300ha Voted Smallholder
R 4 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
21 Ezungwini
No Community Investment
Makwabe Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
150ha Voted Smallholder
R 2 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
22 Vaalbank
not finished
Commercialisation
Imvula Egg production
Layers Construct 3x1000 layer units, storeroom with inputs and bakkie to deliver orders
3000 layers
Voted small holder
R 3 500 000.00
Abaqulusi
15 Thelezini
not finished
Commercialisation
Bonisanani Pig production
Piggery Construction of sow unit 300 sow units
300 sows
Voted subsistance R 12 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
6 Kwa Vilikazi
Not finished
Commercialisation
Sonkophe Broiler production
Broiler Construction of 5x1000 broiler units
5000 broiler units
Voted subsistance R 2 300 000.00
Abaqulusi
22 Zaailagte
Yes Commercialisation
Uluntu co op
Pig produ
Piggery Construction of
300 sows
Voted commercial R 12 000
Annexure 1 155
ction 300 sow unit
000.00
Abaqulusi
7 Dagbreek
Yes Commercialisation
Black horses primary co-op
Livestock production
Beef Drilling of borehole, development of 40ha of Irrigated pastures and construction of diptank
100 cow herd
Voted small holder
R 1 800 000.00
Abaqulusi
22 Mshomoloza
Yes Commercialisation
Ukukhanya KwaseMvuzini
Broiler production
Poultry Refurbishment of 7 existing broiler houses. Supply of 30 000 day-old chiks, feed, medicine & vaccine
30 000 broiler unit
CASP commercial R 8 000 000.00
Abaqulusi
4 Empangisweni
No Commercialisation
Empangisweni Irrigation
Vegetable & Fruit Production
Vegetable & Fruit Production
Rehabilitation of Irrigation (Centre Pivots) Supply of production input &
500ha Voted Smallholder
R 4 500 000.00
Annexure 1 156
Mechanization
Abaqulusi
12 Othini not finished
Commercialisation
Ngwenya Egg production
Layers Construction of 3x1000 layer unit
3000 layers
small holder
R 2 000 000.00
Ulundi 16 Babanango
No No HH Mthimkhulu
Grain production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
45
Ulundi 23 Denny Dalton
No No PW Mbokazi
Vegetable production
eDumbe
8 Mlindaziko
No Commercialisation
Mlindaziko Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
250ha Voted Smallholder
R 4 000 000.00
Phongolo
1 Fuduka Yes Commercialisation
Fuduka grain project
Grain production
Maize and dry beans
Fencing of 200ha and erection of grain starages silos
200ha Voted Smallholder
R 3 000 000.00
oPhongolo
1 Mbongombongo
E31° 34' 84.7''
No Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage
155ha Voted Smallholder
Cooperative
Annexure 1 157
facilities
SOURCE: ??
Annexure 1 158
TABLE 29: COMMUNAL ESTATE PROJECTS
LM WARD NO.
LOCAL AREA
APPROVED BUSINESS PLAN (YES/NO)
FUNDING PACKAGE
STRATEGIC PILLAR / PROGRAMME
PROJECT/FARM NAME
PROJECT TYPE
COMMODITY
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
PROJECT SIZE
SOURCE OF FUNDING
CATEGORY OF FARMER/S
LAND OWNERSHIP
PROJECT ESTIMATED BUDGET
Abaqulusi
21 Ezidulini
Yes Community Investment
Communal Estate
Eziduluni
Goat production
Goat Goat Shed, Fencing, handling facilities and equipments
200 heads of cattle
Voted subsistance
communal
R 736 100-00
Abaqulusi
6 Alpha Yes Community Investment
Communal Estate
Sizamindlela
Vegetable production
Vegetable
Fencing and irrigation
30ha Voted subsistance
communal
R 1 800 000
eDumbe 5 Mshalane,
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Bhadeni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage facilities
200ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 1 800 000
Annexure 1 159
eDumbe 8 Ophuzane
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Mankumbu
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage facilities
112ha Voted Smallholder
communal
0
eDumbe 7 Mahloni
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Zamukuzenzela Piggery
Pig Production
Pig Production
Construction of 50 sows unit & 50 sows feed
50 sows CASP Smallholder
communal
R1 900 000
Ulundi 4 KwaCeza
Yes Community Investment
Communal Estate
KwaCeza Communal Estate
Grain production
Grains Fencing of 300ha of arable lands for Ceza communal lands
300ha Voted Smallholder
Communal
R2 400 000
Ulundi 10 KwaMphothi
Yes Community Investment
Communal Estate
Ezweni Co-operative
Goat production
Goats Fencing , borehole drilling and construction of the goat shed
450ha Voted Smallholder
Communal
R1 450 000
Annexure 1 160
Ulundi 9 Nkonjeni
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Nkombabantu Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage facilities
100ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R2 400 000
Ulundi 13 Nhlazatshe
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Good Luck Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage facilities
150ha Voted Smallholder
CPA R1 300 000.00
Ulundi 6 Dlebe No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Mbambankuzi Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
250ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R750 000.00
Ulundi 3 KwaCeza
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Nondayana Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
300ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R800 000
Ulundi 17 Mabedlana
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Zilungiselele Communal Co-
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
110ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R600 000
Annexure 1 161
operative
Ulundi 17 Ezibindini
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Siyazisiza Cooperative Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization and fencing
140ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R600 000
Phongolo
4 Godlwayo
Yes Commercialisation
Communal Estate
Ikusasalethu poutry project
Egg production
EGGS Construction of 3x1000 layer unit
3000 layers
Voted Smallholder
communal
R 2 000 000.00
Phongolo
1 Fuduka
Yes Commercialisation
Communal Estate
Fuduka grain project
Grain production
Maize and dry beans
Fencing of 200ha and erection of grain starages silos
200ha Voted Smallholder
Freehold R 3 000 000.00
Phongolo
3 Khiphinyawo
Yes Commercialisation
Communal Estate
Delangokubona poultry project
Broiler production
Broiler Construction of 4x1500 broiler unit
6000 birds
Voted Smallholder
communal
R 2 500 000.00
Nongoma
10 Ekuvukeni
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
Ekuvukeni Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain
150ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 2 500 000.00
Annexure 1 162
storage facilities
Nongoma
11 Ngolotshe
No Communal investment
Communal Estate
Ngolotshe
Goat production
Goat Construction of goat shed and provision of stock
100 goats
subsistence
communal
R 300 000.00
Nongoma
17 KwaMajomela
No Community Investment
Communal Estate
KwaMajomela Communal Estate
Crop Production
Grains Mechanization, fencing and installation of grain storage facilities
200ha Voted Smallholder
communal
R 3 000 000.00
Nongoma
16 Kombuzi
No Yes Communal Estate
Kombuzi Aloe processing project
Aloe Processing
Aloe juice
Construction of the aloe processing plant, building of the eath water dam and fencing of the project
50ha Voted subsitance
communal
R5 000 000
Annexure 1 163
Nongoma
11 Maphophoma
No Yes Communal Estate
Maphophoma
Crop Production
Grains Fencing of 10km, Mechanization and production inputs
300ha Voted subsitance
communal
R2 800 000
Nongoma
14 Ensimbini
No Yes Communal Estate
Ensimbini
Crop Production
Grains Fencing of 9km, Mechanization and production inputs
80ha Voted subsitance
communal
0
Nongoma
13 Ezilonyeni
No Yes Communal Estate
Ezilonyeni
Crop Production
Grains Fencing of 14km, Mechanization and production inputs
150ha Voted subsitance
communal
0
SOURCE: ??
Annexure 1 164
9.1 OTHER EXISTING PROJECTS TABLE 30: OTHER EXISTING PROJECTS
NAME AREA DISCRIPTION PROJECT CORDINATOR
1. AGRICULTURE
PONGOLA SUGAR PRODUCTION
PONGOLO 47 EMERGING FARMERS SETTLED ON 10 HEACTARE SUGAR FARM
ILLOVO SUGAR COMPANY
BULELWANE IRRIGATION USUTHU 544 FOOD IRRIGATION PROGRAMME,PRESENTLY 70% OF PLOTS A RE ALLOCATED BUT 40% ARE UTULISED,311 FARMERS ARE ALLOCATED PLOTS ON AVERAGE OF 0.654 HA EACH
LIMA RURAL DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION
FOOD GARDENERS ZULULAND PROJECT AIMED AT ORGANISING WOMEN TO DO GARDENING
ZULULAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
SMALL SCALE TIMBER EMAPHOPHOMA,EMAHASHINI
GROWING OF TIMBER
NGOME TEA ESTATE ABAQULUSI 500 HACTARE TEA ESTATE
SAPEKOA TEA ESTATE SUBSIDIARY OF IDC
PECAN NUT PLANTATION EDUMBE GROWING OF PECANS
MAPHOPHOMA IRRIGATION SCHEME
NONGOMA 80 HACTARE SCHEME WHICH RECQURES THE CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRI VILLAGE AT CORONATION MINE
CORONATION MINE ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRI VILLAGE TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY TO THE PEOPLE AROUND THIS PLACE
DEDTS LED
BEEF PROCESSING UNIT VRYHEID TWO ABATOIRS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED
STOCK OWNER COOPERATIVE
UKUZAKHA NOKUZENZELA PROGRAMME
THERE ARE FIVE TRACTORS THAT ARE PHOUGHING FOR COMMUNTITY AND SEEDS ARE GICEN
ZULULAND MUNICIPALITY
GAME MEAT PROCESSING UMKHUZE ESTABLISHEMENT OF
Annexure 1 165
UNIT GAME PROCESSING MEAT FOR VENISON
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITY
ABAQULUSI INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
ZDM INVESTMENT
SESAME SEED PRODUCTION ABAQULUSI INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
VRYHEID ECONOMIC REGENERATION
ORGANIS SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION
ABAQULUSI INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
VRYHEID ECONOMIC REGENERATION
AQUCULTURE AND HYDROPONIC PROJECT
ABAQULUSI INVESTMENT PROSPECTUS FOR ABAQULUSI
VRYHEID ECONOMIC REGENERATION
MPUNGOSE PASTURES ULUNDI
2. TOURISM
UQWEQWE BABANANGO PLACE THAT ATTRACTS FRENCH
ZULU REED DANCE NSIBAYA AND ENYOKENI CELEBRATIONS OF ZULU DANCE
ITHALA GAME RESERVE ITHALA A TOURISM PLACE FOR GAME RESERVE
ULUNDI TOIURISIM ULUNDI
UPHONGOLO TOURISM UPHONGOLO THERE ARE SOME DAMS AND LAKES FOR TOURISTS ATRRACTION
NONGOMA TOURISM NONGOMA TOURISTS WANT TO VISIST THE ROYAL FAMILY
ABAQULISI TOURISM ABAQULISI WILD LIF CONSERVATION
3. MANUFACTURING
ILLOVO SUGAR MANUFACTURING
PHONGOLA A AGRO PROCESSING MILL OF SUGAR
ILLOVO COMPANY
SOURCE: ?? TABLE 31: REGIONAL WATER SCHEME PROJECTS
Annexure 1 166
1.Regional Water Scheme projects: Mandlakazi Regional Water Scheme Nkonjeni Regional Water Scheme Coronation Regional Water Scheme eMondlo Regional Water Scheme Khambi Regional Water Scheme (Mountain View Usuthu Regional Water Scheme
2.Buxedeni Cluster This project includes the establishment of Market stalls; community gardens
3. Mkhazana Cluster This project includes the establishment of: Community gardens; crèche and nursery
4. Babanango Cluster This project includes the establishment of Community gardens; crèche and market stalls.
5. Mangosuthu Cluster This project includes the establishment of Craft centre; market stalls, access road; crèche, poultry, sports field.
6. Umzamo Cluster This project includes the establishment of; Crèche, poultry project and a community garden. Project coordinator these projects- CMIP. ZDM. DWAF: CBPWP
SOURCE: ??
TABLE 32: AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS
Annexure 1 167
1.AGRICULTURAL INCUBATION PROGRAMME The agricultural incubation programme aimed to provide technical support to local emerging farmers. The Municipality had engaged the services of Mpumalanga Agri-Skills Development Training to provide training and mentorship. A total of 45 emerging farmers were supported during the three years contract which came to an end in September 2013. The service is currently offered internally through the support of the LED agriculture facilitators. In financial year ending June 2013, a total of eleven emerging farmers received mentorship as well as financial support through the District maize production programme. Moreover the farmers were linked to local markets and will continue to receive further support in preparation for the oncoming planting seasons.
2.MANKOMFANE/MSINGA VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Activities undertaken in the financial ending June 2013 involved mainly infrastructure development. The scope of work done includes fencing of the earmark area i.e. 150 ha, clearing of trees and vegetation, construction of access roads and installation of centre pivots irrigation system. 2012/13 Annual Report Page 47 UMzinyathi District Municipality 3.3 Agriculture mechanization Thirteen emerging farmers (300 ha of land) were supported with ploughing and planting as part of the mechanization programme. Eight temporary job opportunities for tractor drivers were created during the September 2012- January 2013 planting season.
3. UMZINYATHI MAIZE PRODUCTION Three hundred (300) sites / 11 farms were identified for the 2012/13 maize production initiative which aims to address the socio-economic needs of food security and job creation amongst local communities,
Annexure 1 168
particularly in land reform farms. The beneficiaries received agricultural inputs for maize production, ploughing and planting services under the mechanization programme and continued mentorship and support from the LED agriculture facilitators. At the end of June, some of the sites had completed harvesting e.g. Mankomfane harvested 61 tons of maize which was sold to the local market at R 1 800 per ton.
SOURCE: ??