Course plan of endocrinology for physiological master students.

Total Unit: 2.5 theory Lecturer; Dr. Farnaz Nikbakht

1 & 2 Sessions: Introduction to endocrinology (2 hours)

In this session students will learn how hormones coordinate body functions and the

chemical structure and mechanism of action of the hormones.

3 & 4- sessions: Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus

In this session students will learn about Pituitary Gland hormones

(adenohypophysis and posterior hormones) and their relation to the Hypothalamus

with emphasis to growth hormones.

5 & 6 sessions- Thyroid Metabolic Hormones

In this session students will learn about Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid

Metabolic Hormones, Physiological Functions and regulation of the Thyroid

Hormones

7 & 8- Fifth and sixth sessions: Adrenocortical Hormones

In this session students will learn about synthesis secretion and function of adrenal

hormones.

9 & 10- seven and eight sessions. Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus.

In this session, student will learn about the metabolic action of insulin and

glucagon and the physiological action of these two hormones.

11 -13 sessions- Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate

Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone. In this session the students will learn about calcium

and phosphate regulation in the body. The structure and role of bone in regulation

of calcium and phosphate in the body.

The role of Vitamin D3, PTH and calcitonin in regulation of calcium.

14-16 sessions- Female sex hormones.

In this session, the student will learn about the synthesis and regulation of

estradiol.

17-18 sessions- Male sex hormones. In this session, the student will learn about the

synthesis and regulation of male testosterone.

CA1

KA

KA+ GBP

GBP

AKA+ GBP

GBP

Fig. 1A: Degenerating neurons 1 month after the status epilepticus,

visualized by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) in different regions of hippocampus.

KA-treated rat showed massive hippocampal injury. FJB positive neurons

were considerable in the dentate Gyrus (DG) and the CA1 subfield but

modest in the CA3 region.

protective effects of Gabapentin (GBP) on neurons in CA1 and CA3 and

DG regions was observed by Fluoro-Jade staining in gabapentin and kainite

(KA and GBP group). Scale bar: 100µm.

B: Quantification of the neuronal cell loss in CA1, CA3 and DG of

hippocampus. Values represent mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with

Tukey post hoc method *P<0.05 compared with Saline (NS group)

# p<0.05 compared with Kainate (KA group)

CA1 CA3 DG0

5

10

15

20

25

NS

KA

KA+GBP

GBP

Pos

itive

nec

rotic

cel

ls(4

00µm

2)

***

***

***

***#

Fig. 2 A :The bar chart depicted the number of lost neurons in different regions

of the hippocampus visualized by Nissl staining. Values represented mean ±

SEM. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc method

* represented significance compared with saline control group ( NS group)

# P<0.05 compared with Kainate (KA group)

B: Hippocampal neurons of each group were shown by Nissl staining. CA1, CA3

and DG were enlarged from the above hippocampus corresponding regions. Arrows

were represented necrotic cells.

Scale bar (a-c):500µm; (d-o):100 µm

CA1

NS

B

KA+GBP

GBP

j k lj

GBP

KA+GBP

GBP

NS KA KA+GBP GBP0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Tim

m in

dex

***

***###

Fig. 3 A Comparison of KA-lesion induced MFS using Timm’s staining. The

extent of aberrant MFS in KA-treated group with severe hippocampal injury,

GBP-treated group with moderate hippocampal injury (KA+GBP) in

comparison with control group (NS), visualized by Timm’s histochemical

staining.

B: Quantitative data for Timm index of sprouting into DSGL were presented

in (B). Scale bars = 500 µm in column a and 200 m in column b.

Arrows showed the sprouting of mossy fibers in the upper granule cell

layers.

***P<0.001, vs. the NS group

### P<0.001, vs Ka group