dpwh - cost estimation

5/24/2018 DPWH - Cost Estimation

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Department of Public Works and Highways


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Cost Estimation Process

The Cost EstimationProcess as it evolves tospecific stages of projectdevelopment.

Planning Design Procurement

Identify and PrepareFeasibility Studies

and PreliminaryDesign

PerformDetailed Design

PrepareBidding

Documents

Receiveand

EvaluateBids

BBPEE BBDEE Estimate forthe ABC

Planning Service, PMO-Feasibility Studies

Implementing OfficesPMOs, ROs and DEOs

POCW with the assistancefrom PMOs, ROs, DEOs


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Cost Estimation Process

Review/Study Design Drawings

Data Collection Field Surveys

Labor Equipment Materials Materials Sources Labor

Evaluation/processing of DataPay Item Quantity

Calculation (Bill

of Quantities)

Cost Estimate

Unit Price Analysis

Construction Pay

Items Unit Rates

Maintenance Unit

Rates

Maintenance

Activities

Project CostMaintenance Cost


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Project Estimate Components BBPEE BBDEE ABCA. Direct Cost ! ! !Materials ! ! !Labor ! ! !Equipment ! ! !Dayworks !Per DO 46 s2007Provisional Sum !Per DO 46 s2007B. Indirect Cost Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002 Per DO 57 s2002OCM ! ! !Profit ! ! !Mobilization/Demobilization ! ! !C. VAT 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B) 12% (A+B)D. Total Civil Works Cost A+B+C A+B+C A+B+CE. Contingency 10% of D 10% of D 5% of D

F. Engineering Costs Per NEDA Per NEDADetailed Engineering 4-6% (D+E)Construction Supervision* 8-10% (D+E) 8-10% (D+E)*

Administrative Cost 3.5% (D+E) 3.5% (D+E)G. Feasibility Cost (Optional for Pre-FS) 1-3% (D+E)H. IROW Acquisition Cost ! !I. Total Estimated Project Cost D+E+F+G+H D+E+F+G+H D+E

Project Estimation Phase

*Construction Supervision only applies to foreign-assisted projects


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Work type proposed improvement works of the project Location of the project includes terrain types andembankment and aggregate material sources

Design plans and specification working drawings andDPWH Standard Specifications Vol. II, Ed. 2004

Equipment rental rates ACEL Guidebook, ed. 22, yr.2003

Labor rates and fringe benefits DOLE, Regional WageBoard, SSS, Philhealth, Pag-Ibig, & bonus

Construction Materials List and Material Sources Map DPWH Department Orders DOs relevant to cost

estimation

NEDA Circular Circular/memo relevant to costestimation

Basic Consideration or Basis of Cost Estimate


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Unit Price Analysis

Two Main Parts:

Direct Cost Labor Materials Equipment

Indirect Cost (% of Direct Cost as defined in DO 57) OCM (overhead, contingency & miscellaneous) profit Mobilization/Demobilization


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Unit Price Analysis

Elements of the Direct Cost Labor

basic wage fringe benefits bonuses social security & other social charges

Equipment bare hourly & rental operating cost fuels & lubricants repairs & maintenance labor

Materials labor equipment

processing & transport

Production Rate


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Unit Price Analysis

Labor Categories

Labor Category Labor Index

1. Foreman, construction2.

Leadman

3. Operator, Heavy4. Operator, Light5. Labor, Highly Skilled6. Driver7. Labor, Skilled8. Labor, Unskilled

1.80

1.651.50

1.40

1.40

1.30

1.30

1.00


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Basic Labor Rates Calculation

Monthly Wages based on 314 days per year, 8 hours per day (Basic DailyWage x (314/12))

Leave, vacation and sick = Basic Monthly Pay / 12 Bonus, 13th Month Pay = Basic Monthly Pay / 12 SSS, Medicare, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing

Employer's Contribution, Graduated Scale

Pag-ibig, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing Employer'sContribution, (2% of Basic Monthly Wage or P100 max.)

Rate per Hour = Total rate per month x (12/314/8)

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Take the value ofnon-agriculturalsector


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Unit Price Analysis

Take the values under thecolumn of total monthlycontributions in reference

with range of compensation


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Unit Price Analysis

Take the values under thecolumn of total monthlycontributions


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Unit Price Analysis


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Equipment Category Sample Equipments

Earthmoving equipmentCompaction equipmentLifting equipmentExcavating equipmentFoundation equipmentAsphalting equipmentConcreting equipmentHauling equipmentAir equipmentPumping equipmentPower generating equipmentShop equipmentSpecial support equipmentMiscellaneous equipmentPlantsOffshore equipmentCable stringing equipmentOthers

wheel loader, grader, tractor dozervibratory steel drum, plate compactorcranes, forkliftsbackhoe, trencherspile vibratory driver, pile hammer, drill rigasphalt paver/finisher, asphalt distributorpaver/finisher, mixer, transit mixerdump truck, cargo truck, trailercompressor, pneumatic breakers handheldsubmersible pump, diaphragm pumpgenerator setwelding machine, shop machinetruck water wagon/pumpjoint sealer, rebar cutter/benderasphalt concrete plant, concrete batching plantdredger, crane barge, tugboatcable tensioner/puller, splicing machinechip spreader, power broom

Unit Price Analysis


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Equipment Unit Rate Analysis

Basic Calculation

Bare Month Rental Bare monthly rate 200h/mo. Repair & Miscellaneous

Repair - 6.3% of Bare Rental Spare Parts 5.1% of Bare Rental Miscellaneous 0.6% of Bare Rental

Fuel Fuel Price/lit.xHPx0.1514 Oil & Lubricant Price/lit.xHPx0.003

Labor Operator or driver Labor rate/hr

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Sample calculation of

adjusted equipment

rates in spreadsheet


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Materials Category Sample Materials

Commercial Materials

Contractors processed materials

Portland CementReinforcing Steel Bars (RSB or Rebars)LumberPlywoodTie WireStructural SteelCommon Wire Nails (CWN) assorted sizesEmulsified Asphalt (SS-1)Cut-Back Asphalt (MC-70/MC-250)Asphalt Cement Penetration 85/100Joint SealerReflective PaintsMetal Beam Guard Rails,Guard End PiecesReflective Pavement Stud (raised or low profile)Fuel (Diesel/gasoline/premium gasolineLubricantsReinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert (RCPC)Base/Subbased Courses

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Sample of contractors process

materials


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Unit Price AnalysisHauling Unit Rate Analysis

Basic Consideration Terrain type Road condition Dump truck capacity Selection of loader capacity, output, bucket fill factor and operating

factor (to estimate loader production rate) Material type Cycle time

Loader Load bucket and shift gears

Turn and dump the load

Travel distance and time from dumping to loading position and return tothe loading position

TotalCycleTime,

T


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Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)

Cycle time Dump Truck

Average hauling distance

Terrain type

Loading time Loaded travel time

Initial traveled distance during acceleration

Succeeding traveled distance at an average speed

Final speed at a distance until it stops

Unload and maneuver

Return empty

Same as loaded but at a greater speed

Allowance for delay

Number of dump truck trips, n

Unit Price Analysis

TotalCycleTime,

T


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Unit Price AnalysisHauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.)

Number of dump trucks

Average hauling output

Total hauling cost per hour Equipment

1 Wheel loader, ___ m3/hr -------------- _____ P/hr

N Dump trucks, ___ m3------------------ _____ P/hr

Labor1 Leadman, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr

2 Laborers, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr

Total Cost per hour _____ P/hr

Total unit cost per m3, (loose volume)


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Sample of hauling cost analysis using spreadsheet

Unit Price Analysis


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Production Rate Derivation of a Pay Item

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Elements of the Indirect Cost

Profit contractors profit Overhead Expenses

Office Expenses (office equipment and supplies) Engineering and Administrative Cost Transportation allowances Contractors All Risk Insurance Premiums on Bid Security and Performance Security Premium/charges/fees on credit lines

Contingencies Miscellaneous Expenses Laboratory Tests Other expenses

Mobilization/Demobilization


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Estimated

Direct Cost(EDC)

Indirect Cost % for OCM

and Profit (MaximumRanges) % Cost for

Mob/Demob(Maximum)

TotalMaximumIndirect

Cost % forOCM, Profit

and Mob/

Demob

OCM (% of

EDC)

Profit (% of

EDC)

Up to P1Million 13 15 1 29

Above P1M to

P5M12 14 1 27

Above P5M to

P10M12 13 1 26

Above P10M to

P20M11 12 1 24

Above 20M to

P50M11 11 1 23

Above P50M 10 10 1 21

Unit Price AnalysisDO 57s 2002


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Unit Price Analysis

Cost Currency Components:

Foreign Cost Component imported equipment & spare parts foreign currency component of locally goods

& services wages of expatriate personnel foreign overheads & profits

Local Cost Component local materials

equipment & supplies wages, local supervision transport & freight overhead & profits

Tax Component revenue for the government derived from each item


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Cost Component of Selected Construction Items

Unit Price Analysis

DescriptionComponents

Foreign Local Tax

(%) (%) (%)

Heavy Equipment

Light Equipment

Reinforcing Steel

Structural Steel

Lumber

Asphalt

Cement

Diesel fuel

Engine oil

Tires

Imported Miscellaneous Materials

Locally Produced Miscellaneous Materials

Skilled Foreign Labor

Unskilled Labor

Royalty

68

65

54

85

33

76

40

60

60

47

64

17

65

0

0

10

15

35

4

57

2

45

13

13

43

7

69

25

90

90

22

20

11

11

10

22

15

27

27

10

29

14

10

10

10


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Quantity Calculations for Pay Items Bill of Quantities

Pointers in the conduct of quantity calculations:

Based on the design plans and specifications Units of measurement are all in metric based on

DPWH Standard Specifications. Solid mensuration is extensively used and other

mathematical formulae.

Used of computer softwares in calculations. Used of calculators (simple or scientific) Conversion factors Rates of application of materials such as, liquified

asphalt materials, paints, etc.

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price AnalysisSample Formula of Plane Shapes & Figures

Area of a TriangleA= "xbase x height= "(bh)

Perimeter of a Triangle

P = side1+ side2+ side3

Area of a ParallelogramA =!x base x height = !(bh)

Perimeter of a Parallelogram

P = 2a + 2b

Area of a RectangleA = width x length = (wl)

Perimeter of a Rectangle

P = 2(lwidth) + 2(length) = 2(w) + 2(l)

Area of a CircleA = !r2

Circumference of a Circle

C = 2!r= !D != 3.14 159


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Sample Formula of Solid Geometric Figures

Unit Price Analysis

Volume of Rectangular SolidV = abc

Surface Area

SA = 2(ab + ac + bc)

Volume of CubeV = a3

Surface Area

SA = 6a2

Volume of SphereV = 4/3 !r3

Surface Area

SA = 4!r2

Volume of Circular ConeV = 1/3 !r2h

Surface Area

SA = !r2+ !rl

Volume of Circular CylinderV = !r2h or !D2 4

Surface Area

SA = 2 !rh + 2!r2


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Unit Price AnalysisSample Typical Road Sections


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# Estimating the work output of a piece of equipment is determined in 2 ways: Using work output formula based on the cycle of operation and other factors whichcontrolled production. Using tables based on past experiences of average work output under varying conditions for

different operations.

# To calculate earthmoving equipment consider the volume changes in earth caused byhandling. These volume changes have the following terms, to wit:

Swell increase in volume of earth that results when it is dug from its natural position. Shrinkage decrease in volume of earth when compacted. Loose yards volume of earth after it has been removed from its natural location and swell

has taken place.

In-place yards volume of earth in its natural location before handling. Compacted yards volume of earth that has been properly compacted in embankment on

fill.

# Basis of calculations for excavation and fill Loose yards are used to express the carrying capacity of earth moving equipment. In-place yards are converted to compacted yards to determine the volume of materials in a

fill that will be realized from a given amount of materials in its natural location. In-place yards are converted to loose yards to determine the amount of earth moving

equipment required to handle the materials.

The output of equipment in loose yards must be converted to compacted yards to determinethe final volume of fill

Methods of Estimating Work Output

Unit Price Analysis


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1.0 m3

in natural condition(in-place yards)

1.25 m3after digging

(loose yards)

0.9 m3after compaction

(compacted yards)

Volume Changes in Common Earth Caused by Handling

Bowl Capacity of Dozer

Illustrations of Soil Handling

Unit Price Analysis


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Formula for Earthmoving Equipment Work Output

where:

Q = bowl capacity in loose cubic meters

f = soil conversion factor60 = minutes per hour

E = efficiency factor

Cm = total cycle time in minutes

The working capacity of construction equipment is expressed by

the work practically done by the operation of equipment per unit

time ( 1 hour or day)

Unit Price Analysis


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Conversion Factors, f

Soil TypePresent

Condition

Converted to

In-place Loose Compacted

Sand

Common Earth

Clay

In-place

Loose

Compacted

In-placeLoose

Compacted

In-place

Loose

Compacted

1.00

0.90

1.05

1.000.80

1.11

1.00

0.70

1.11

1.11

1.00

1.17

1.251.00

1.39

1.43

1.00

1.59

0.95

0.86

1.00

0.900.72

1.00

0.93

0.63

1.00

Tractor Model Bulldozer Angle Dozer

D4

D6

D7

D8

1.25 m3

1.44 m3

2.20 m3

2.40 m3

1.82 m3

2.01 m3

2.58 m3

2.97 m3

Bowl Capacity of Dozers (loose yards)

Unit Price Analysis

Source: Construction Equipment Manual, BRS/DPWH


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Sample Calculation for Work Output

Given: Average haul distance one way 30 m

Soil type - common earth

Efficiency factor (E) - 80%

Speed - 2.5 kph

Required: Determine in place cubic meters moved per hour if D7 tractor dozer is to be used.

Solution:

Step 1. From conversion factor table, the soil conversion factor (f), soil type common earth loose to in-place,

f = 0.80

From dozer bowl capacity table, D7 tractor dozer, Q = 2.2 m3

Step 2. Determine fixed time

@ 2 gear shift @ 10 sec. per shift = 20 sec = 0.33 min

Step 3. Determine variable timeTravel forward 30 m @ 2.5 kph

Travel backward 30 m @ 5.0 kph

Step 4. Add fixed and variable time

Total cycle time, Cm = 0.33 + 0.72 + 0.36 = 1.41 min.

Step 5. Substitute in work output formula

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price AnalysisSample Typical Cross-Section of Drainage Structures

Sample Quantity Calculation for Volume of Excavation:Sample: Given a RCPC 1220mm and a length of 5.0 meters, compute volume of excavation.

Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mm:width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m

Volume = wxhxl = 1.6x2 x 5 = 16 m3compacted volume (stated in the plans)

Applying the soil conversion factor, common earth from compacted to loose, use

factor, f= 1.39 the excavated loose volume = 16x1.39 = 22.24 m3


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Volume of Backfill and Bedding Materials:Sample: Using the same sample, calculate backfill and bedding materials

Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mm:width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m

Volume of trench = wxhxl = 1.6x2 x 5 = 16 m3

Volume of bedding materials at compacted state, using thickness of 15cm

= 1.6x 0.15x5 = 1.2 m3

Using soil conversion factor, compacted to loose, f= 1.17

Volume of bedding materials required to purchase = 1.2 x 1.17 = 1.404m3Volume of backfill = Voltrench (VolRCPC+ Volbedding) = 16 (7.371+1.2) = 7.429 m

3

Applying conversion factor, compacted to loose, f= 1.39

Volume of backfill required = 7.429x1.39 = 10.326 m3

Sample Quantity Calculation

Unit Price Analysis


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Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures

This composition of concrete is used for concrete batching plant.

Unit Price Analysis


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Mixture

Class of

Concrete

Proportion Cementin Bags

Sand

cu. m.

Gravel

cu. m.

AA

A

B

C

1:1":3

1:2:4

1:2":5

1:3:6

12.0

9.0

7.5

6.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Concrete Proportion

This concrete proportion is used for manual mix.

Unit Price Analysis


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MixtureClass of

Concrete

ProportionCementin Bags

40 kgs.

Sandcu. m.

A

B

C

D

1:2

1:3

1:4

1:5

18.0

12.0

9.0

7.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Cement and Sand Proportion for Mortar and Plastering

Unit Price Analysis

Sample Calculation:

Given: Volume = 10 m3

of mortar, use class ASolution: Refer to the above table

Cement = 10 x 18 = 180 bags

Sand = 10 x 1.0 = 10 m3


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Sample Calculation for Asphalt Concrete Pavement:

Given: Carriageway width = 6.7m, Length = 1 km., thickness = 50cm,use 301(1) - MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt

Solution:

Determine Item 301(1) - Bituminous Prime Coat

Determine Item 310 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid (AC Asphalt Concrete)

The derived quantities are then summarized in the bill of quantities and subsequently,manually entered in the estimated construction cost spreadsheet which are multiplied bythe unit prices to come up with total cost of that item and summed up all the pay items tocalculate the total direct cost. After which, indirect cost is applied to determined the totalestimated project cost.

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Item Number Description Unit Quantity100(1)

102(1)

102(2)

103(3)

103(6)104(1)

105(1)

105(3)

200

201

301(1)

310

500(1)

Clearing and Grubbing

Unsuitable Excavation

Surplus Common Excavation

Foundation Fill

Pipe Culverts and Drainage ExcavationEmbankment

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

Subgrade Preparation (Unsuitable Material)

Aggregate Subbase Course

Aggregate Base Course

Bituminous Prime (MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt)

Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid

RCPC 610mm

ha.

m3

m3

m3

m3

m3

m2

m2

m3

m3

ton

m2

l.m.

20

1,000

11,000

2,000

1,8587,500

3,000

5,000

10,455

12,156

30,780

5,689

3,105

Sample of Bill of Quantities


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Sample of unit

price analysis in

spreadsheet

Unit Price Analysis


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Unit Price Analysis

Sample of Summary of Construction Pay Items Unit Prices


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Unit Price AnalysisSample of Total Estimated Project Cost


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Unit Price Analysis

Sample of the Program of Work (POW)


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Unit Price AnalysisSample of the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC)


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Unit Price AnalysisSample of the Minimum Equipment Requirement


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Maintenance Cost

Highway Maintenance

- is defined as the act of preserving and keeping each

highway type of highway as nearly as possible in its

original conditions as constructed or as subsequently

improved. It does not include rehabilitation, bettermentand improvement

Two calculation methods for maintenance cost

- EMK (Equivalent Maintenance Kilometrage)

- Traffic Dependent Method


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Two Categories: Routine Maintenance

vegetation control cleaning and repairing culverts cleaning ditches cleaning and repairing traffic signs climatic loss of gravel on shoulder

Periodic Maintenance road surface repairs resurfacing shoulder repair & resurfacing

General Cost

Maintenance Cost


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Maintenance Cost

EMK Factors

Source: BOM/

DPWH

0

AADT

AADT

Basic Formula:

Road:

MCR= EMKbudgetxFtxFwxLength

where:

MCR= maintenance cost for road

EMKbudget= annual allocation

Ft= factor for surface type

Fw= factor for carriageway width

Length = in kilometer

Bridge:

MCB= EMKbudgetxFbxLength

where:

MCB= maintenance cost for bridge

EMKbudget= annual allocation

Fb= factor for bridge type

Length = in meter


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Traffic Dependent Method

Traffic volume in terms of vehicle units:

Light vehicles !0.4 vehicle units Buses !2.5 vehicle units Trucks !3.0 vehicle units

Maintenance Cost


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Maintenance CostBasic assumptions in calculating routine maintenance unit rates :

Vegetation Control 0.5 ha/km/year 400 m2/crew day 2 - knapsack movers 2 - unskilled laborers

Cleaning and Repair of Culverts 1 4 number units/day/km 1 dump truck 3 unskilled laborers Materials

Replace, Clean and Repair Traffic Signs 2 5 units repaired, repainted or replace daily 1 pick-up vehicle Materials

Clearing Side Ditches 40 1000 l.m./day (half by grader and half by hand or manual) 1 grader 3 unskilled laborers

Source: Road Maintenance Manual, BOM-DPWH


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Maintenance Cost

Periodic Maintenance

Road Surface Repair Regravelling gravel road and gravel shoulder Grading & reshaping gravel road Joint & crack sealing for PCCP Pothole repair (spot regravel) for gravel road Patch potholes for ACP Crack sealing for ACP Edge break for ACP

Resurfacing Asphalt Concrete Overlay

Shoulder Repair & Resurfacing Regravelling Grading and reshaping Asphalt Concrete Overlay


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Maintenance Cost

Sample of routine maintenance unit

price analysis


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Maintenance CostPeriodic Maintenance Task


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Maintenance Cost

General Formula for Maintenance Cost Calculations Routine Maintenance (peso/km)

Maintenance Task = QtytablexLshoulderx W x 365 days x unit rateactivity General Cost

Periodic Maintenance (peso-vehicle unit/km) Maintenance Task = (QtytablexLx Wx 365 daysxunit rateactivity) Frequencyvehiclewhere:

L = length in meters

W = width in meters

Qtytable = Periodic Maintenance Task Tableunit rateactivity = maintenance unit price analysis

Frequency = benchmark of traffic volume in terms of v.u. as shown in PeriodicMaintenance Task Table


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Maintenance Cost

Routine Maintenance Unit Cost

Road Segment Economic Financial

a. Vegetation controlb. Cleaning and repair culvertsc. Replace, clean and repair traffic signsd. Clearing side ditches

P 5,312.58/km

4,880.19/km

5,384.64/km

10,813.92/km

P 6,498.57/km

7,055.90/km

6,667.53/km

13,250.68/km

Total per annum P 26,391.34/km P 33,472.67/km

Routine Maintenance Unit Cost

Bridge Segment Economic Financial

a. Concrete bridgeb. Steel bridge P 568.79/l.m.3,714.14/l.m. P 721.41/l.m.4,710.72/l.m.

Sample of Summary Routine Maintenance Unit Cost


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Maintenance Cost

Maintenance Tasks Unit Cost

Economic Financial

1. Gravel ( Surface )2. Regrade and Reshape

a. Carriagewayb. Shoulder

3. AC Resurfacing ( 3 cm.)4. AC Overlay ( 5 cm. )5. Replacement of Failed Bay

a. t = 230 mmb. t = 200 mm

6. Repair of Cracks/Joints7. Patching and Pothole Repair

a. Pothole Repair ( Gravel )b. Pothole Repair (AC)c. Sealing and Patching (AC)

8. Road Stripping (painted lines)

P 481.87/m3

5.14/m215.41/m2

94.36/m2135.51/m2

2,527.25/m22,197.69/m2

18,066.78/m2

498.56/m3

494.06/m2

510.81/m2

48.53/m

P 579.45/m3

6.29/m218.87/m2

113.28/m2162.25/m2

3,089.00/m22,686.20/m2

22,123.42/m2

598.08/m3

597.05/m2

617.50/m2

57.48/m

Sample of Summary of Periodic Maintenance Unit Cost


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Summary of Maintenance Costs

Road TypeMaintenance Category

Routine Periodic

Economic Financial Economic Financial

Gravel Roads (5.0m roadway)AC with gravel shoulders

a.0.5+6.1+0.5b.1.0+6.1+1.0c.1.5+6.1+1.5d.3.0+6.7+3.0

PCC with gravel shoulders

a.0.5+6.1+0.5t = 230 mm

t = 200 mmb. 1.0+6.1+1.0

t = 230 mm

t = 200 mmc. 1.5+6.1+1.5

t = 230 mmt = 200 mm

d. 3.0+6.7+3.0

t = 230 mmt = 200 mm

49,521.08

31,210.0336,028.73

40,847.4255,303.51

31,210.03

31,210.03

36,028.73

36,028.73

40,847.4240,847.42

55,303.5155,303.51

61,286.05

39,267.1345,061.58

50,856.0368,239.39

39,267.13

39,267.13

45,061.58

45,061.58

50,856.0350,856.03

68,239.3968,239.39

737.36a

80.05a100.55a

121.06a186.01a

62.77a

62.12a

83.27a

82.62a

103.77a103.12a

166.34a165.69a

896.59a

96.33a121.40a

146.47a225.81a

75.81a

75.01a

100.88a

100.08a

125.95a125.15a

202.43a201.63a

Maintenance CostSample of Summary Maintenance Cost

Note: a = vehicle unit, v.u.


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Sample of Summary of

Work Unit Cost usedin HDM-4


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