dr. ahmed al-hammouri - university of florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
![Page 2: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri
![Page 3: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita on Capsicum annuum from Sequentially Infested
Soil
A. Al-Hammouri1, W. Lindemann2, S. Thomas3, S. Sanogo3, J.
Maruthavanan2, and R. Steiner4.
1Department of Land Management & Environment, Faculty of Natural
Resources & Environment, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127,
Zarqa 13133, Jordan. 2Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences,
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003. 3Department of
Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM 88003. 4Applied Statistics Group, Box 3 CQ
Department of Economics and International Business. New Mexico
State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003.
![Page 4: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“Ah, New Mexico, how do I love thee? Let me count the ways: The sunshine; the dry, light air; the cultural diversity; and, oh yes, THE CHILE!Whether it's the delicious Green Chile of late Summer, or the rich Red Chile of Autumn, here in the heart of chile country, we lovers of New Mexico Red and Green are truly blessed!”
4
![Page 5: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Root knot nematode (RKN) by itself is
known to be a powerful plant parasite
which kills chile.
Rhizoctonia solani by itself causes root rot
and it kills chile seedlings early in the
season and also infects mature plants leads
to chile wilting and death.
Introduction
![Page 7: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Results form studies in New Mexico chile
fields indicated a wide distribution of root
knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in
sandy soils.
Additionally, Rhizoctonia solani was isolated
from chile in most fields.
8Introduction…
![Page 9: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hypothesis
Sequential inoculation of R. solani and
M. incognita had a synergistic effect on
chile injury in greenhouse experiments
9
![Page 10: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Objectives
To determine if sequential inoculation of
R. solani and M. incognita affects
reproduction rates of M. incognita and
frequency of recovery of R. solani from
chile roots.
10
![Page 11: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Objectives…
To investigate whether this sequential
inoculation affects plant growth
parameters more than either
microorganism alone.
11
![Page 12: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Material and Methods 12
Describe 2 experiments under
greenhouse conditions (pot experiments).
These experiments are replicates.
![Page 13: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Experimental Design
Each experiment was conducted in a
randomized complete block design with
five replications per each of the nine
treatments.
13
![Page 14: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
1. Control: Un-inoculated soil.
2. M. incognita 1: Soil inoculated with M.
incognita alone 57 days after seed
germination.
3. R. solani 1: Soil inoculated with R. solani
alone 57 days after seed germination.
Treatments
![Page 15: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
4. M. incognita 1 + R. solani 1: Soil
inoculated with both M. incognita and R.
solani 57 days after seed germination.
5. M. incognita 2: Soil inoculated with M.
incognita alone 70 days after seed
germination.
Treatments…
![Page 16: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
6. R. solani 2: Soil inoculated with R. solani
alone 70 days after seed germination.
7. M. incognita 2 + R. solani 2: Soil
inoculated with both M. incognita and R.
solani 70 days after seed germination.
![Page 17: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
8. M. incognita 1 + R. solani 2: Soil
inoculated with M. incognita 57 days after
seed germination and then inoculated with R.
solani 70 days after seed germination.
![Page 18: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
9. R. solani 1+ M. incognita 2: Soil
inoculated with R. solani 57 days after seed
germination and then inoculated with M.
incognita 70 days after seed germination.
![Page 19: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Treatment Description
Control Un-inoculated soil
M. incognita 1 Soil inoculated with M. incognita alone
57 days after seed germination
R. solani 1 Soil inoculated with R. solani alone
57 days after seed germination.
M. incognita 1 + R. solani 1 Soil inoculated with both M. incognita and R. solani
57 days after seed germination
M. incognita 2 Soil inoculated with M. incognita alone
70 days after seed germination
R. solani 2 Soil inoculated with R. solani alone
70 days after seed germination
M. incognita 2 + R. solani 2 Soil inoculated with both M. incognita and R. solani
70 days after seed germination.
M. incognita 1 + R. solani 2 Soil inoculated with M. incognita
57 days after seed germination and
then inoculated with R. solani 70 days after seed
germination
R. solani 1+ M. incognita 2 Soil inoculated with R. solani
57 days after seed germination and
then inoculated with M. incognita 70 days after seed
germination
1
![Page 20: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Treatment Application
Pasteurized soil (82-93 ◦C) was placed into pots
Chile seeds planted (cv. Nu Mexico-64)
Soil was inoculated when plants were at the 10 to 12 leaf growth stage (57 day after germination) & 12-14 leaf growth stage (70 day after germination) according to
treatments
20
![Page 21: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Treatment Application…
22
![Page 23: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Inoculation of RKN (5,000 eggs per plant)
Inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani
( 5 culture pellets per plant)
23
![Page 24: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Plastic straw at depth of 2.5 cm
for RKN inoculation
2.5 cm deep hole
for Rhizoctonia
inoculation
![Page 25: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28RKN Assessment:
Chile root system harvested and tap roots
separated from lateral roots.
Roots clipped into small pieces, placed into
sodium hypochlorite solution, and
macerated in rotary stirrer.
![Page 29: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Root suspension filtered and collected
through 2mm, 74µm, & 30µm sieves.
RKN eggs counted using chambered counting
microscopic slide.
RKN Assessment…
![Page 30: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
![Page 31: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31Rhizoctonia Assessment
The tap root & stem for each plant was
clipped into homogeneous segments under
aseptic conditions.
Colony development of Rhizoctonia was
evaluated by placing 4 pieces of tap root/
stem on a Petri plate containing acidified
potato dextrose agar.
![Page 32: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32Rhizoctonia Assessment…
All plates were incubated at room
temperature. Two weeks after incubation,
colonies of Rhizoctonia were counted to
give Rhizoctonia frequency based on 8 tap
root segments.
![Page 33: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
8 Rhizoctonia colonies/ 8 tap root segments
i.e. Rhizoctonia frequency is 100%
![Page 34: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 35: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Studied Parameters
Root knot nematode eggs recovery:
eggs count expressed as:
(log (X + 1)/ g dry root weight).
Reproduction Factor (RF): X/ PI. Where X is
the number of RKN eggs per plant and PI is
the rate of RKN eggs inoculum = 5000 egg.
35
![Page 36: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Studied Parameters…
Frequency of recovery of Rhizoctonia solani
from root & stem segments.
Plant dry weights were taken at the end of
the experiment (oven drying at 68 ◦C).
36
![Page 37: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Studied Parameters…
Physiological plant measurements were
taken using Li-Cor instrument.
Plant heights & fruit numbers were taken.
Statistical analysis: Using analysis of
variance SAS Proc GLM….LSD, α = 0.05
37
![Page 38: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Results38
![Page 39: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 1. Dry weight of plant above ground biomass in
experiment 1. 39
![Page 40: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Figure 2. Dry weight of plant above ground biomass in
experiment 240
![Page 41: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Figure 3. Photosynthesis rates of chile plants in
experiment 2.41
![Page 42: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 4. Transpiration rates of chile plants in experiment 242
![Page 43: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Table 2. Meloidogyne incognita reproduction factor (RF)
and egg counts.43
Treatment
Meloidogyne incognita
Reproduction factor (RF)Total egg counts/ g dry
root
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Control 0.1 c 0.3 c 0.10 b 0.94 c
M. incognita 1 267.7 a 348.6 bc 2.35 a 3.85 ab
R. solani 1 0.0 c 0.1 c 0.00 b 0.50 c
M. incognita 1+ R. solani 1 194.2 ab 470.7 ab 2.03 a 4.76 a
M. incognita 2 291.1a 796.3 a 1.74 a 1.74 bc
R. solani 2 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.15 b 0.68 c
M. incognita 2 + R. solani 2 97.6 bc 633.3 ab 2.00 a 1.97 bc
M. incognita 1 + R. solani 2 158.8 ab 578.1 ab 1.99 a 2.44 bc
R. solani 1+ M. incognita 2 184.5 ab 354.0 bc 1.75 a 3.38 ab
![Page 44: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
![Page 45: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Table 3. Frequency of recovery of Rhizoctonia solani from
stem and tap root segments of chile.45
Rhizoctonia solani frequency %
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Treatments roots stems roots stems
Control 73 NS 88 NS 65 a 80 ab
M. incognita 1 63 NS 45 NS 98 a 45 bc
R. solani 1 75 NS 67 NS 90 a 25 c
M. incognita 1 + R. solani 1 80 NS 80 NS 90 a 100 a
M. incognita 2 33 NS 20 NS 60 a 83 ab
R. solani 2 100 NS 60 NS 60 a 20 c
M. incognita 2 + R. solani 2 100 NS 100 NS 70 a 75 ab
M. incognita 1 + R. solani 2 40 NS 40 NS 0 b 0 c
R. solani 1+ M. incognita 2 80 NS 100 NS 78 a 100 a
1
![Page 46: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Discussion
Under field conditions, chile plants are
exposed to numerous soilborne pathogens
such as R. solani and M. incognita.
Generally the nature of the interaction
between soilborne fungi and root-knot
nematodes does not necessarily have one
pronounced effect on a host plant.
46
![Page 47: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Discussion…
The interaction between soilborne
pathogens depends on different factors such
as those involving field and experimental
conditions.
47
![Page 48: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Discussion…
Variations in these conditions can result in
variations in measured parameters in
interaction studies such as nematode
reproduction rate and fungal growth rate.
48
![Page 49: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Discussion…
Our study showed death of a few chile
seedlings three weeks after soil inoculation
with R. solani alone or in combination with M.
incognita.
49
![Page 50: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Discussion…
Early death of chile seedlings caused by R.
solani indicated the pathogenic effect of
the fungus on chile seedlings.
50
![Page 51: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Discussion…
However, other chile seedlings continued
growing without showing symptoms of
infection by the fungus even though later
analysis showed they were infected.
51
![Page 52: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Discussion…
Assessment of M. incognita in our study
showed no consistent trends of RF and egg
counts regarding either simultaneous or
sequential inoculation of M. incognita and
R. solani.
52
![Page 53: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Discussion…
The reasons for lower RF in the presence of
R. solani in our study may be attributed to
the damage to chile plants caused by the
fungus.
53
![Page 54: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Discussion…
Lower RF of M. incognita in plants
inoculated 57 days after seed germination
compared to plants inoculated 70 days
after soil inoculation may be attributed to
soil temperature.
54
![Page 55: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Discussion…
Higher RF in our study when plants were
inoculated with M. incognita alone 70 days
after seed germination than when plants
were inoculated with M. incognita alone 57
days after seed germination in experiment
2 can be explained by the fact that:
55
![Page 56: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Chile plants at 70 days after inoculation
were larger in size than younger chile
plants at the earlier inoculation time.
Mature chile plants contain more
photosynthates and nutrients available for
M. incognita reproduction.
56Discussion…
![Page 57: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Sequential inoculation when M. incognita
was inoculated after R. solani produced
lower M. incognita egg counts than the
sequential inoculation when M. incognita
was inoculated before R. solani in
experiment 1.
57Discussion…
![Page 58: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Presence of R. solani two weeks earlier
than M. incognita may have adversely
affected chile roots, made roots less
suitable for M. incognita development, and
consequently reduced root-knot nematode
egg counts.
58Discussion…
![Page 59: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
In addition, R. solani has vigorous hyphae
which might suppress M. incognita
reproduction.
Furthermore, the adverse effect of R. solani
on M. incognita could be a result of the
fungus disturbing M. incognita feeding
sites and producing fungal toxins.
59Discussion…
![Page 60: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Lower frequency of R. solani in the
sequential inoculation when root-knot
nematode preceded the fungus could be
due to compounds toxic to R. solani
excreted from chile roots in response to
infection with M. incognita.
60Discussion…
![Page 61: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Generally, treatments with M. incognita
alone or in combination with R. solani
produced significant reduction in the dry
biomass of chile plants.
61Discussion…
![Page 62: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The small variability in plant dry weight
among treatments in our study could be
attributed to the experimental conditions
as we supplied plants with irrigation water
and fertilization over the growing season.
Plant stress was minor.
62Discussion…
![Page 63: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Conclusion
Our experiments showed a slight indication
that R. solani and M. incognita act
synergistically if inoculated sequentially to
soils planted with chile.
63
![Page 64: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Conclusion…
Under conditions of sequential inoculation,
M. incognita and R. solani may infect chile
plants without causing death and the
interaction has some pronounced effect on
frequency of R. solani, reproduction of M.
incognita, and plant growth parameters.
64
![Page 65: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Acknowledgment to
New Mexico Chile Association. The Hashemite University-Jordan. The 24th International Pepper Conference
Organizers.
![Page 66: Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri - University of Florida › pepper2018 › presentations... · 2018-11-06 · Dr. Ahmed Al-Hammouri. 3 Interaction between Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070818/5f17effc91c17e32471be55c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Thank You
Questions???
66