dr. ashraf ramzy - humsc
TRANSCRIPT
General AnatomyPractical Revision (1): Skeletal System
Dr. Ashraf RamzyProfessor of Anatomy & Embryology
I. Skull
5 Unpaired bones
1. Frontal
2. Occipital
3. Ethmoid
4. Sphenoid
5. Vomer
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
8 Paired bones1. Parietal
2. Temporal
3. Maxillary
4. Zygomatic
5. Nasal
6. Lacrimal
7. Palatine
8. Inferior concha
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Lambdoid Suture
Sagittal Suture
Coronal Suture
Bregma
Lambda
* It presents 3 sutures:
1. coronal suture:
2. The sagittal suture:
3. The lambdoid suture:
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* It presents 2 meeting points:
1. The bregma: is the meeting of coronal and sagittal sutures.
2. The lambda: is the meeting of the lambdoidand sagittal sutures.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Parietal Bone
Temporal Bone(Squamous part)
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone(Tympanic part)
Temporal Bone(Styloid process)
Zygomatic Arch
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Temporal Bone(Mastoid process)
Sphenoid Bone(Greater Wing)
Zygomatic Arch
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Pterion
Asterion
Superior Temporal Line
Inferior Temporal Line
External Auditory Meatus
*It is formed of: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, greater wing of sphenoid bone, maxilla and zygomatic bones.
*The superior temporal line: extends from zygomatic bone and passes backwards.
*The inferior temporal line: with the temporal fossa lies below it.
F P
OS T
M
Z
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* The zygomatic arch (Z): * The external auditory meatus (E):* The mastoid process (M): * The Styloid process (↑):* Pterion (P).* Asterion (↓).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
Z
P
ME
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxillary Bone
Nasal Bone
Inferior Nasal Choncha
Mandible
Frontal Bone
Supraorbital Foramen (Notch)
Infraorbital Foramen
Mental ForamenMandible
Maxillary Bone
2. The 2 nasal bones:
3. Zygomatic bone:
4. The maxillary bone:
Is has a body which contains
the maxillary air sinus.
It is pierced by the infra-
orbital foramen (which gives
passage to infra-orbital nerve
& vessels).
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External Occipital Protuberance
External Occipital Crest
Superior Nuchal Line
Inferior Nuchal Line
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* The occipital bone presents:
1. External occipital protuberance:
2. External occipital crest:
3. The superior nuchal lines:
extends laterally from the
protuberance.
4. The inferior nuchal lines:
extends laterally from the crest & run
parallel to and below the superior
nuchal lines.
External Occipital Protuberance
External Occipital Crest
Inferior Nuchal Line
Superior Nuchal Line
Posterior Nasal Openings (Choanae)
Vomer
Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary BoneAlveolar Arch
Greater Palatine Foramen
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Jugular Foramen
Stylomastoid Foramen
Posterior Condylar Foramen
Carotid Canal
Foramen Magnum
Incisive Fossa
Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary Bone
Greater Palatine Foramen
Maxillary Tuberosity
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Jugular Foramen
Foramen Magnum
Incisive Fossa
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Jugular Foramen
Internal Auditory Meatus
Foramen Magnum
Ethmoid Bone(Crista Galli) Rotundum Foramen
Hard Palate:
- Palatine Bone
- Maxillary Bone
Vomer
Occipital Bone(Basilar part)
- Lateral Pterygoid Plate
- Medial Pterygoid Plate
- Pterygoid Fossa
Pterygoid Process:
Sphenoid (Body)
Sphenoid (Greater wing )
Temporal Bone(Petrous part)
Temporal Bone(Mastoid process)
Temporal Bone(Tympanic Part)
Occipital Condyle
* The greater palatine foramen (↓) lies in the posterior part of the hard palate. It gives passage to greater palatine nerve & vessels.
* The lesser palatine foramina, usually two, lie behind the greater palatine foramen. They give passage to lesser palatine nerve & vessels.
* The maxillary tuberosity (→) is present at the posterior end of the alveolar arch.
* The incisive fossa (↑) lies posterior to the central incisor teeth. It contains foramina which serve as a connection between palate & nose.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↓→
B. Middle part:
* In the middle, it shows:
1. Vomer.
2. Body of sphenoid.
3. Basilar part of occipital bone.
* Laterally, it shows:
4. Pterygoid process.
5. Greater wing of sphenoid.
6. Petrous part of temporal bone.
7. tympanic parts of temporal bone.
8. Mastoid process.
* It contains: Posterior nasal openings (9) (choanae) which are separated by vomer (part of nasal septum).
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** The pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone:
* It is formed of lateral pterygoid plate (L) and medial pterygoid plate (M) with the pterygoid fossa (F) in between.
ML F
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
** The greater wing of sphenoid bone shows:
1. Foramen ovale (↓):
* Gives passage to:
a. Mandibular nerve.
b. Lesser petrosal nerve.
c. Accessory meningeal artery.
2. Foramen spinosum (↑):
* Gives passage to:
a. Nervus spinosus.
b. Middle meningeal artery.
↓
↓
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
C. Posterior part:
** The basilar part of occipital bone (B) articulates anteriorly with the body of the sphenoid bone.
** Foramen lacerum (↓) lies between petrous part of temporal bone, basilar part of occipital and the pterygoid process. In life it is closed by cartilage plate.
** The carotid canal (↑): lies posterolateral to foramen lacerum. Gives passage to internal carotid artery.
↓
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
B
** Notice the following:
1. The jugular foramen: lies lateral to the occipital condyle. Gives passage to internal jugular vein.
2. The stylomastoid foramen: lies between styloid and mastoid processes. Gives passage to facial nerve.
3. The occipital condyles: articulate with the atlas to form atlanto-occipital joint.
4. The anterior condylar (hypoglossal) foramen. Gives passage to hypoglossal nerve.
5. The posterior condylar foramen.
6. The foramen magnum: communicates the cranial cavity with the vertebral canal. Gives passage to brain stem which continues as spinal cord.
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Frontal Bone(Frontal Crest)
Ethmoid Bone(Crista Galli)
Sphenoid Bone(lesser Wing)
Sphenoid Bone
Foramen Caecum
Ethmoid Bone(Cribriform Plate)
Frontal Bone(Orbital Plate)
Sphenoid Bone(Body)
Sphenoid Bone (Greater Wing)
Temporal Bone(Petrous Part)
Occipital Bone
Anterior Condylar Foramen(Hypoglossal)
Rotundum Foramen
Transverse Sulcus
Sigmoid Sulcus
Jugular Foramen
Internal Auditory Meatus
Internal Occipital Crest
Internal Occipital Protuberance
Clivus
* It is formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
1- Frontal bone.
2- Ethmoid.
3- Sphenoid.
* On each side:
a. Frontal bone.
b. Sphenoid (lesser wing).
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a
b
Ant. Cranial Fossa
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Midline structures of the anterior cranial fossa:
1. Frontal crest.
2. Foramen caecum.
3. Crista galli.
4. Cribriform plate of ethmoid (gives passage to olfactory nerve).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
Sphenoid (body).
* On each side:
1- Sphenoid (greater wing).
2- Temporal bone:
a. Petrous part.
b. Squamous part.
3- Parietal bone.
Middle Cranial Fossa
3 2-b 1 Body
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Middle cranial fossa shows:
Greater wing of sphenoid which contains:
1. Sup. Orbital Fissure → gives passage to nerves & vessels of orbit.
2. F. Rotundum → gives passage to maxillary nerve
3. F. Ovale.
4. F. Spinosum.
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←
←←
←←
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Formed by the following bones:
* In the midline:
Occipital bone.
* Laterally-placed:
1- Petrous part of temporal bone.
2- Parietal bone.
3- Occipital bone.
Post. Cranial Fossa
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Dr Ashraf Ramzy
* Midline structures in the posterior cranial fossa :
1. Clivus (formed by: body of sphenoid + basilar part of occipital bone).
2. Foramen magnum.
3. Internal occipital crest.
4. Internal occipital protuberance.
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* Two sulci & 3 foramina:
1. Transverse sulcus (contains transverse sinus).2.Sigmoid sulcus (contains sigmoid sinus).3. Hypoglossal canal (gives passage to hypoglossal nerve).4. Jugular foramen (gives passage to internal jugular vein).5. internal auditory meatus → gives passage to 7th & 8th
cranial nerves).
* Laterally-placed structures in the post. cranial fossa:
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→
→
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
You have to know & revise
The structures passing through the different
foramina mentioned in the lectures.
II. Mandible
A. The body
* External surface:* The mental foramen lies midway between upper & lower borders, below 2nd
premolar tooth.
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
↑
* Internal surface :•It shows the mylohyoid line (↑).•Below this line is the submandibular fossa (SM), while above this line is the sublingual fossa (SL).
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
SL↑ SM
B. Ramus of mandible
* It has two surfaces.
1. The medial surface: shows the mandibular foramen which leads to mandibular canal.
• Projecting over the foramen is the lingula .
• The mylohyoid groove starts at the lower border of the foramen.
2. The lateral surface: is flat
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
** Upper border:
• Shows two process coronoid anteriorly and condylar process posteriorly and in between the mandibular notch.
• The condylar process is expanded to form the head of the mandible.
• The constricted area below the head is the neck.
• Angle of the mandible is the area of meeting of body and the ramus .
Dr Ashraf Ramzy
III. Cervical Vertebrae
Transverse ProcessForamen Transversarium
Atlas (C1)
Vertebral foramen
Foramen Transversarium
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Spinous Process
Axis (C2)
Vertebral foramen
Transverse Process
Foramen Transversarium
Atlas (C1)
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Spinous Process
Axis (C2)
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramen
Transverse Process
Foramen TransversariumVertebral foramen
Typical Cervical Vertebra
Spinous Process(Bifid)
Body
7th Cervical Vertebra
Spine is long & not bifid
IV. Thoracic Vertebrae
Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous Process
Vertebral foramen
Articular facet Body
Articular Process
Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous ProcessVertebral foramen
Body
Spinous Process
Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
The Thoracic Vertebrae
* 12 in number
* Each is formed of :
•Body
•Pedicle
• Transverse process
• Lamina
• Spine
•Vertebral foramen
•Articular facets
V. Lumbar Vertebrae& Sacrum
Sacrum
Coccyx
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4
2
3
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Lumber Vertebra
Body
Transverse process
Spine
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina
Spinous Process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Spinous Process
Lumber Vertebra
VI. Typical Ribs
Dr. Ashraf Ramzy
Parts of a typical rib
•Vertebral end →
head, neck & tubercle•Shaft •Sternal end →groove for attachment of costal cartilage.
VII. Sternum
Sternal Angle(Angle of Louis)
Xiphisternal Joint
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
1
2
8
3
4
7
5
6
9
10
Costal Cartilage
Jugular NotchClavicular Notch
VIII. Bones of Upper Limb
Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Medial 2/3 (Concave posteriorly)
Lateral 1/3(Concave Anteriorly)
Upper Surface (smooth)
Right Clavicle
Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Upper Surface (smooth)
Right Clavicle
Medial end (Sternal End)
Lateral End (Acromial End)
Lower Surface (Rough)
Suparaspinous Fossa
Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
Lateral Angle
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
Suparaspinous Fossa
Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
Lateral Angle
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
Superior Angle
Infraspinous Fossa
Spine of scapula
Acromion Process
Glenoid Cavity
Coracoid Process
Subscapular Fossa
Inferior Angle
Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral Epicondyle
Medial Epicondyle
Body (Shaft)
Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Coronoid Fossa
Lateral EpicondyleMedial Epicondyle
Lesser Tuberosity
CapitulumTrochlea
Radial Fossa
Body (Shaft)
Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater Tuberosity
Olecranon Fossa
Lateral EpicondyleMedial Epicondyle
Body (Shaft)
Greater Tuberosity
Lateral Epicondyle
Coronoid Fossa
CapitulumTrochlea
Radial Fossa
Lesser Tuberosity
UlnaRadius
HeadStyloid Process
Olecranon Process
Coronoid Process
Radial Notch
Trochlear Notch
Radial Notch
Coronoid Process
Olecranon Process
Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Styloid Process
Ulnar Notch
Radius Ulna
Styloid Process
Coronoid Process
Radial Notch
Trochlear NotchOlecranon Process
Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity
Radius Ulna
Scaphoid
Lunate Triquetrum
PisiformTrapezium
TrapezoidCapitate
Hamate
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2 3 4 5
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Metacarpal bones:
- Body (Shaft)
- Head (Distal)
- Base (Proximal)
Phalanges:
- Base
- Body
- Head
ScaphoidLunate
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
IX. Bones of Lower Limb
Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Iliac Crest
Gluteal Surface
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
Pubis:
- Body of pubis
- Superior pubic Ramus
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Greater Sciatic Notch
Ischial Spine
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial Ramus
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Acetabulum
Obturator Foramen
Iliac Crest
Iliac Fossa
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
Pubis:
- Body of pubis
- Superior pubic Ramus
- Inferior pubic Ramus
Ischial Ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic Symphysis
Head
Neck
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Intertrochanteric LineIntertrochanteric Crest
Medial Condyles Lateral Condyle
Medial Epicondyles
Lateral Epicondyle
Intercondylar Fossa(Notch)
Patella(Anterior Surface)
Patella(Posterior Surface)
Base
Apex
Base
Apex
Articular Facets
Medial Condyle
Lateral CondyleArticulation Facet
for Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Medial MalleolusFibular Notch
TibiaFibula
Head of Fibula
Lateral Malleolus
Medial Condyle
Lateral Condyle Articulation Facet for Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Medial Malleolus
Fibular Notch
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
TibiaFibula
Lateral Malleolus
Tarsal Bones
12
3
Big Toe
4
5- Base (Proximal)
- Shaft
- Head (Distal)
Metatarsal Bones:
Phalanges:- Base
- Shaft
- Head