1. Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof Helmut Moritz Physical Geodesy SpringerWienNewYork 2. Dr. Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof Dr. Helmut Moritz Institut fr Navigation und Satellitengeodsie Technische Universitt Graz, Graz, Austria This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for the information contained in this book. This also refers to that on drug dosage and application thereof. In each individual case the respective user must check the accuracy of the information given by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 2005 Springer-Verlag Wien Printed in Austria SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media, springeronline.com Typesetting: Composition by authors Cover illustration: Elmar Wasle, Graz Printing: G. Grasl GmbH, 2540 Bad Vslau, Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN 11339229 With 111 Figures Library of Congress Control Number 2005925135 ISBN-10 3-211-23584-1 SpringerWienNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-211-23584-3 SpringerWienNewYork 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. x y z X Y Z l F F l P x y z( , , ) P || x || y || z m z y x m ( , , ) || y 18. 19. x y z l P x y z( , , ) dm ( , , ) dd d v 20. 21. 22. x y z P # z r sin# r y x # 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P4 P6 t=cos# 0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 t=cos# P1 P3 P5 P7 Pn( )t Pn( )t 30. 31. (a) (b) (c) P6(cos )# P12,6(cos )cos 6# P6,6(cos )cos 6# 32. 33. 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 t=cos# 0 0.5 1.0 t=cos# Qn( )t Qn( )t 1.0 0.5 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 Q1 Q3 Q5 Q0 Q2 Q4 34. 35. 36. P P' PN # #' ' 37. 38. P P' r' r O l 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. P P' R l0 R sin /2)( 47. 48. u=const F1 F2O # # = const E u u E 2 2 + u E2 2+ sin # u z y x y x z = const Greenwich P P z xy - plane 49. 50.