dr. bhavani thuraisingham introduction to cyber security may 29, 2015 lecture #1
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
Introduction to Cyber Security
May 29, 2015
Lecture #1
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Outline
0 Cyber Security Modules0 Risk and Governance0 Security Architectures0 Access Control0 Cryptography0 Network Security0 Digital Forensics0 Data Management Security
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C. I.A.
0 Confidentiality: Preventing from unauthorized disclosure
0 Integrity: Preventing from unauthorized modification
0 Availability: Preventing denial of service
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Ten Major Modules of Cyber Security
0 Information Security and Risk Management
0 Access Control
0 Security Architecture and Design
0 Cryptography
0 Network Security
0 Applications Security (aka Data and Applications Security)
0 Legal Regulations, Compliance and Investigations (aka Digital Forensics)
0 Physical and Environmental Security
0 Business Continuity Planning
0 Operations Security
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Information Security and Risk Management
0 Security Management
0 Security Administration
0 Organizational Security Model
0 Information Risk Management
0 Risk Analysis
0 Policies, Standards, Guidelines, Procedures
0 Information Classification
0 Layers of Responsibility
0 Security Awareness Training
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Access Control
0 Security Principles
0 Identification, Authentication, Authorization, Accountability
0 Access Control Models
0 Access Control techniques
0 Access Control Administration
0 Access Control Methods
0 Access Control Types
0 Accountability
0 Access Control practices
0 Access Control Monitoring
0 Threats to Access Control
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Security Architecture and Design
0 Computer Architecture
0 Systems Architecture
0 Security Models
0 Security Modes of Operation
0 Systems Evaluation Methods
0 Open vs. Closed Systems
0 Enterprise Architecture
0 Security Threats
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Physical and Environmental Security
0 What is Physical Security
0 Planning Process
0 Protecting assets
0 Internal Support Systems
0 Perimeter Security
0 Other aspects
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Telecommunications and Network Security
0 Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model
0 TCP/IP
0 Types of Transmission
0 LAN Networking
0 Routing Protocols
0 Networking Devices
0 Networking services and protocols
0 Intranets and Extranets
0 Metropolitan Area networks
0 Remote access
0 Wireless technologies
0 Rootkits
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Cryptography
0 History, Definitions and Concepts
0 Types of Ciphers
0 Methods of Encryption
0 Type of Asymmetric Systems
0 Message Integrity
0 PKI
0 Key Management
0 Link / End-to-end Encryption
0 Email standards
0 Internet security
0 Attacks
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Legal Regulation and Compliance Investigation
0 Cyber law and Cyber crime
0 Intellectual property law
0 Privacy
0 Liability and Ramifications
0 Digital Forensics and Investigations
0 Ethics
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Applications Security
0 Database Security
0 Software and applications security issues
0 Secure systems development
0 Application development and security
0 Object-oriented systems and security
0 Distributed computing and security
0 Expert systems and security
0 Web security
0 Mobile code
0 Patch management
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Business Continuity
0 Data Storage and Recovery
0 Storage Area Networks
0 Business Continuity Planning
0 Disaster Planning
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Operations Security
0 Role of the Operations Department
0 Administrative Management
0 Assurance Levels
0 Configuration management
0 Media Controls
0 Data Leakage
0 Network and Resource Availability
0 Mainframes
0 Email Security
0 Vulnerability testing
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Information Governance and Risk Management
0 Security Management, Administration and Governance
0 Policies, Standards, Guidelines, Procedures
0 Information Classification
0 Roles and Responsibilities
0 Risk Management and Analysis
0 Best Practices
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Security Management, Administration and Governance0 Develop the information security strategy in support of business
strategy and direction.
0 Obtain senior management commitment and support
0 Ensure that definitions of roles and responsibilities throughout the enterprise include information security governance activities.
0 Establish reporting and communication channels that support information security governance activities.
0 Identify current and potential legal and regulatory issues affecting information security and assess their impact on the enterprise.
0 Establish and maintain information security policies that support business goals and objectives.
0 Ensure the development of procedures and guidelines that support information security policies.
0 Develop business case for information security program investments.
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Security Management, Administration and Governance
0 Information security (ISec) describes activities that relate to the protection of information and information infrastructure assets against the risks of loss, misuse, disclosure or damage. Information security management (ISM) describes controls that an organization needs to implement to ensure that it is sensibly managing these risks.
0 The risks to these assets can be calculated by analysis of the following issues:
0 Threats to your assets. These are unwanted events that could cause the deliberate or accidental loss, damage or misuse of the assets
0 Vulnerabilities. How susceptible your assets are to attack
0 Impact. The magnitude of the potential loss or the seriousness of the event.
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Risk Management and Analysis
0 Risk is the likelihood that something bad will happen that causes harm to an informational asset (or the loss of the asset). A vulnerability is a weakness that could be used to endanger or cause harm to an informational asset. A threat is anything (man made or act of nature) that has the potential to cause harm.
0 The likelihood that a threat will use a vulnerability to cause harm creates a risk. When a threat does use a vulnerability to inflict harm, it has an impact. In the context of information security, the impact is a loss of availability, integrity, and confidentiality, and possibly other losses (lost income, loss of life, loss of real property). It should be pointed out that it is not possible to identify all risks, nor is it possible to eliminate all risk. The remaining risk is called residual risk.
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Risk Managementg and Analysis
0 A risk assessment is carried out by a team of people who have knowledge of specific areas of the business. Membership of the team may vary over time as different parts of the business are assessed.
0 The assessment may use a subjective qualitative analysis based on informed opinion (scenarios), or where reliable dollar figures and historical information is available, the analysis may use quantitative analysis
0 For any given risk, Executive Management can choose to accept the risk based upon the relative low value of the asset, the relative low frequency of occurrence, and the relative low impact on the business. Or, leadership may choose to mitigate the risk by selecting and implementing appropriate control measures to reduce the risk. In some cases, the risk can be transferred to another business by buying insurance or out-sourcing to another business.
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Roles and Responsibilities
0 Internal Roles
- Executive Management; Information System Security Professionals; Owners: Data and System Owners; Custodians
- Operational Staff; Users; Legal, Compliance and Privacy Officers; Internal Auditors; Physical Security Officers
0 External Roles
- Vendors and Supplies; Contractors; Temporary Employees; Customers; Business Partners; Outsourced Relationships; Outsourced Security
0 Human Resources
- Employee development and management; Hiring and termination; Signed employee agreements; Education
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Information Classification
0 It is essential to classify information according to its actual value and level of sensitivity in order to deploy the appropriate level of security.
0 A system of classification should ideally be:
- simple to understand and to administer
- effective in order to determine the level of protection the information is given.
- applied uniformly throughout the whole organization (note: when in any doubt, the higher, more secure classification should be employed).
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Information Classification
0 With the exception of information that is already in the public domain, information should not be divulged to anyone who is not authorized to access it or is not specifically authorized by the information owner.
0 Violations of the Information Classification Policy should result in disciplinary proceedings against the individual.
0 Number of information classification levels in an organization should be a manageable number as having too many makes maintenance and compliance difficult.
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Security Best Practices
0 Job Rotation
0 Separation of Duty
0 Security Awareness training
0 Ethics Education
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Security Architecture and Design
0 Computer Architecture
0 Operating System
0 System Architecture
0 Security Architecture
0 Security Models
0 Security Models of Operation
0 System Evaluation Methods
0 Open Vs Closed Systems
0 Some security threats
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System Architecture
0 The software components that make up the system
0 Middleware
0 Database management
0 Networks
0 Applications
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Security Architecture
0 Security critical components of the system
0 Trusted Computing Base
0 Reference Monitor and Security Kernel
0 Security Perimeter
0 Security Policy
0 Least Privilege
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Trusted Computing Base
0 The trusted computing base (TCB) of a computer system is the set of all hardware, firmware, and/or software components that are critical to its security, in the sense that bugs or vulnerabilities occurring inside the TCB might jeopardize the security properties of the entire system. By contrast, parts of a computer system outside the TCB must not be able to misbehave in a way that would leak any more privileges than are granted to them in accordance to the security policy.
0 The careful design and implementation of a system's trusted computing base is paramount to its overall security. Modern operating systems strive to reduce the size of the TCB so that an exhaustive examination of its code base (by means of manual or computer-assisted software audit or program verification) becomes feasible.
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Reference Monitor and Security Kernel
0 In operating systems architecture, a reference monitor is a tamperproof, always-invoked, and small-enough-to-be-fully-tested-and-analyzed module that controls all software access to data objects or devices (verifiable).
0 The reference monitor verifies that the request is allowed by the access control policy.
0 For example, Windows 3.x and 9x operating systems were not built with a reference monitor, whereas the Windows NT line, which also includes Windows 2000 and Windows XP, was designed to contain a reference monitor, although it is not clear that its properties (tamperproof, etc.) have ever been independently verified, or what level of computer security it was intended to provide.
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Security Models
0 Bell and LaPadula (BLP) Confidentiality Model
0 Biba Integrity Model (opposite to BLP)
0 Clark Wilson Integrity Model
0 Other Models
- information Flow Model
- Non Interference Model
- Graham Denning Model
- Harrison-Ruzzo-Ullman Model
- Lattice Model
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Bell and LaPadula0 A system state is defined to be "secure" if the only permitted access modes
of subjects to objects are in accordance with a security policy. To determine whether a specific access mode is allowed, the clearance of a subject is compared to the classification of the object (more precisely, to the combination of classification and set of compartments, making up the security level) to determine if the subject is authorized for the specific access mode. The clearance/classification scheme is expressed in terms of a lattice. The model defines two mandatory access control (MAC) rules and one discretionary access control (DAC) rule with three security properties:
0 The Simple Security Property - a subject at a given security level may not read an object at a higher security level (no read-up).
0 The *-property (read "star"-property) - a subject at a given security level must not write to any object at a lower security level (no write-down). The *-property is also known as the Confinement property.
0 The Discretionary Security Property - use of an access matrix to specify the discretionary access control.
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Access Control
0 Access Control Overview
0 Identification, Authentication, Authorization, Accountability
0 Single Sign-on and Kerberos
0 Access Control Models
0 Access Control Techniques and Technologies
0 Access Control Administration
0 Access Control Monitoring: Intrusion Detection
0 Threats to Access Control
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Access Control Overview
0 Access control is a system which enables an authority to control access to areas and resources in a given physical facility or computer-based information system.
0 In computer security, access control includes authentication, authorization and audit. It also includes measures such as physical devices, including biometric scans and metal locks, hidden paths, digital signatures, encryption, social barriers, and monitoring by humans and automated systems.
0 In any access control model, the entities that can perform actions in the system are called subjects, and the entities representing resources to which access may need to be controlled are called objects (see also Access Control Matrix). Subjects and objects should both be considered as software entities and as human users
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Access Control
0 Access control models used by current systems tend to fall into one of two classes: those based on capabilities and those based on access control lists (ACLs).
0 In a capability-based model, holding an unforgeable reference or capability to an object provides access to the object
0 Access is conveyed to another party by transmitting such a capability over a secure channel.
0 In an ACL-based model, a subject's access to an object depends on whether its identity is on a list associated with the object
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Identification, Authentication, Authorization
0 Access control systems provide the essential services of identification and authentication (I&A), authorization, and accountability where:
0 identification and authentication determine who can log on to a system, and the association of users with the software subjects that they are able to control as a result of logging in;
0 authorization determines what a subject can do;
0 accountability identifies what a subject (or all subjects associated with a user) did.
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Single Sign-On
0 Single sign-on (SSO) is a property of access control of multiple, related, but independent software systems.
0 With this property a user logs in once and gains access to all systems without being prompted to log in again at each of them.
0 Single sign-off is the reverse property whereby a single action of signing out terminates access to multiple software systems.
0 As different applications and resources support different authentication mechanisms, single sign-on has to internally translate to and store different credentials compared to what is used for initial authentication.
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Single Sign-on Kerberos
0 Kerberos is a computer network authentication protocol, which allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner.
0 It is also a suite of free software published by MIT that implements this protocol. Its designers aimed primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual authentication — both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.
0 Kerberos builds on symmetric key cryptography and requires a trusted third party, and optionally may use public-key cryptography by utilizing asymmetric key cryptography during certain phases of authentication
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Access Control Techniques
0 Role based access control
0 Constrained user interfaces
0 Access control Matrix
0 Content dependent access control
0 Attribute-based access control
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Cryptography
0 Cryptography
- Mathematical manipulation of information that prevents the information being disclosed or altered
0 Cryptanalysis
- Defeating the protected mechanisms of cryptography
0 Cryptology
0Study of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
0 Goals
- Confidentiality, Integrity, Authenticity, Non-repudiation, Access Control, Make compromise difficult
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Process
0 Input (also called Plaintext or Clear Text)
0 Cryptosystem (device that performs encryption/decryption)
0 Cryptographic Algorithms (Mathematical functions)
0 Output (Cipher text or Cryptogram)
0 Key (Crypto variable)
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Symmetric Key Cryptography
0 Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use trivially related, often identical, cryptographic keys for both decryption and encryption.
0 The encryption key is trivially related to the decryption key, in that they may be identical or there is a simple transformation to go between the two keys.
0 The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link.
0 The disadvantage of symmetric cryptography is that it presumes two parties have agreed on a key and been able to exchange that key in a secure manner prior to communication.
0 This is a significant challenge. Symmetric algorithms are usually mixed with public key algorithms to obtain a blend of security and speed.
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Public Key Cryptography
0 Public-key cryptography is a cryptographic approach which involves the use of asymmetric key algorithms instead of or in addition to symmetric key algorithms.
0 Unlike symmetric key algorithms, it does not require a secure initial exchange of one or more secret keys to both sender and receiver.
0 The asymmetric key algorithms are used to create a mathematically related key pair: a secret private key and a published public key. Use of these keys allows protection of the authenticity of a message by creating a digital signature of a message using the private key, which can be verified using the public key.
0 It also allows protection of the confidentiality and integrity of a message, by public key encryption, encrypting the message using the public key, which can only be decrypted using the private key.
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Public Key Cryptography
0 Public key cryptography is a fundamental and widely used technology around the world. It is the approach which is employed by many cryptographic algorithms and cryptosystems.
0 It underlies such Internet standards as Transport Layer Security (TLS) (successor to SSL)
0 Uses asymmetric key algorithms, where the key used to encrypt a message is not the same as the key used to decrypt it. Each user has a pair of cryptographic keys—a public key and a private key.
0 The private key is kept secret, whilst the public key may be widely distributed.
0 Messages are encrypted with the recipient's public key and can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key. The keys are related mathematically, but the private key cannot be feasibly derived from the public key.
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Network Security0 Network security consists of the provisions made in an
underlying computer network infrastructure, policies adopted by the network administrator to protect the network and the network-accessible resources from unauthorized access, and consistent and continuous monitoring and measurement of its effectiveness
0 Network security starts from authenticating the user, commonly with a username and a password; Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies such as what services are allowed to be accessed by the network users.
0 Though effective to prevent unauthorized access, this component may fail to check potentially harmful content such as computer worms or Trojans being transmitted over the network.
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Network Security
0 Anti-virus software or an intrusion prevention system (IPS) help detect and inhibit the action of such malware; An anomaly-based intrusion detection system may also monitor the network and traffic for unexpected (i.e. suspicious) content or behavior and other anomalies to protect resources logged for audit purposes and for later high level analysis.
0 Honeypots essentially decoy network-accessible resources, could be deployed in a network as surveillance and early-warning tools. Techniques used by the attackers that attempt to compromise these decoy resources are studied during and after an attack to keep an eye on new exploitation techniques.
0 A Botnet is a collection of software agents, or robots, that run autonomously and automatically. The term is most commonly associated with malicious software, but it can also refer to a network of computers using distributed computing software.
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Digital Forensics
0 Digital forensics is about the investigation of crime including using digital/computer methods
0 More formally: “Digital forensics, also known as computer forensics, involved the preservation, identification, extraction, and documentation of computer evidence stored as data or magnetically encoded information”, by John Vacca
0 Digital evidence may be used to analyze cyber crime (e.g. Worms and virus), physical crime (e.g., homicide) or crime committed through the use of computers (e.g., child pornography)
0 Computers are attacked (Cyber crime); Computers are used to commit a crime (child predators, Embezzlement, Fraud); Computers are used to solve a crime (Homicide)
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Steganography and Digital Watermarking
0 Steganography is about hiding information within other information- E.g., hidden information is the message that terrorist may
be sending to their pees in different parts of the worlds- Information may be hidden in valid texts, images, films
etc.- Difficult to be detected by the unsuspecting human
0 Steganalysis is about developing techniques that can analyze text, images, video and detect hidden messages- May use data mining techniques to detect hidden patters
0 Steganograophy makes the task of the Cyber crime expert difficult as he/she ahs to analyze for hidden information- Communication protocols are being developed
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Steganography and Digital Watermarking - II
0 Digital water marking is about inserting information without being detected for valid purposes- It has applications in copyright protection- A manufacturer may use digital watermarking to copyright
a particular music or video without being noticed- When music is copies and copyright is violated, one can
detect two the real owner is by examining the copyright embedded in the music or video
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Summary
0 CIA0 Overview of the 10 CISSP Cyber Security Modules0 Some related topics