dr. dietrich schulz, fea germany; baltic green belt conference, kolobrzeg 22-23 june 2010 1...
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Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 1
Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea
Sources and mitigation strategies.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz
Federal Environment Agency Dessau-Roßlau (Ger).
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 2
What is the status? – Eutrophication, hazardous substances and biodiversity
Thematic assessments have been produced using HEAT, CHASE and BEAT tools and they are each complemented with a confidence assessment.
Eutrophication - HEAT Hazardous substances - CHASE
Biodiversity - BEAT
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 3
Eutrophication:Inputs of nutrients
Sources of nitrogen inputs to the Baltic Sea
Point sources11 %
Natural background
17 %
Atmospheric deposition
directly to the sea
25 %
Diffuse sources
39 %
Transboundary inputs
8 %
Sources of phosphorus inputs to the Baltic Sea
Point sources21 %
Transboundary inputs10 %
Diffuse sources
48 %
Atmospheric deposition
directly to the sea5 %
Natural background
16 %
Agriculture
Agriculture
UWWTP
UWWTP
Air emissions
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 4
The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) 2007 (I)
Background and general objectives:
- Passed by the ministers for environment of the HELCOM Contracting Parties, Krakow 15/11/2007.
- To restore „good ecological status“ of the Baltic Sea till 2021.
- Regionalized ecosystem based approach (regional carrying capacity) according to Rio 1992 and Johannesburg 2002.
- Pilote project for EU marine strategy and regional UNEP programmes for marine protection.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 5
BSAP main chapters
• Nutrient input reductions (eutrophication)– Point sources
• Municipal waste water treatment plants• Phosphate free detergents
– Diffuse sources• Agriculture
• Hazardous substances
• Maritime Activities
• Biodiversity
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 6
The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) 2007 (II)
BSAP-Objectives for nutrients and eutrophication (= good ecological status)
• Nutrient concentrations close to natural background.
• Clear water.
• Natural extent of algae blossoms.
• Natural occurrence and distribution of plants and animals.
• Natural oxygen concentration in water.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 7
Nutrient inputs: tolerable and actual amounts
(regionalized according to the MARE NEST model)
Sub-region Maximum allowable nutrient input (tonnes/a)
Inputs in 1997-2003 (normalised by hydrological factors)
Needed reductions
Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Bothnian Bay 2,580 51,440 2,580 51,440 0 0
Bothnian Sea 2,460 56,790 2,460 56,790 0 0
Gulf of Finland 4,860 106,680 6,860 112,680 2,000 6,000
Baltic Proper 6,750 233,250 19,250 327,260 12,500 94,000
Gulf of Riga 1,430 78,400 2,180 78,400 750 0
Danish straits 1,410 30,890 1,410 45,890 0 15,000
Kattegat 1,570 44,260 1,570 64,260 0 20,000
Total 21,060 601,720 36,310 736,720 15,250135,00
0
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 8
Nutrients: National reduction requirements
Phosphorus (tonnes)
Nitrogen (tonnes)
Denmark 16 17,210
Estonia 220 900
Finland 150 1,200
Germany 240 5,620
Latvia 300 2,560
Lithuania 880 11,750
Poland 8,760 62,400
Russia 2,500 6,970
Sweden 290 20,780
Transboundary Common pool
1,660 3,780
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 9
Nutrients: National reduction requirements
Poland46,9%
Russia5,2%
Germany4,2%
Estonia0,7%
Finland0,9%Denmark
12,9%
Sweden15,6%
Latvia1,9%
Transboundary Common pool
2,8%
Lithuania8,8%
Phosphor 15.250 t/a Stickstoff 135.000 t/a
Russia16,6%
Poland58,3%
Lithuania5,9%
Transboundary Common pool
11,1%
Latvia2,0%
Sweden1,9%
Denmark0,1%
Finland1,0%
Estonia1,5%
Germany1,6%
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 10
Nutrient reductions. Phosphorus in Germany.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Ge
sam
t P
üb
er
Ge
wä
sse
r in
die
Ost
see
(t/
a)
Danish Straits
Baltic Proper
BSAP: 45%
Phosphoreinträge über die deutschen Zuflüsse
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 11
Potential agricultural hot spots, thresholds.
• 40,000 poultry places
• 2,000 pig places
• 750 places for sows
• 400 animal units for cattle
• Other types could be considered later.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 12
Potential agricultural hot spots (farms and areas), criteria
• Compliance– valid environmental/production permit.– Best Available Techniques (national, HELCOM).
• Manure production and application– Excess in comparison to land.– Minimize ammonia emissions (cover;spreading;incorporation).– 170 kg N/ha; 25 kg P/ha.– Storage and spreading according to BAT and BEP.
• Pollution abatement– Storage capacity for 6 months.– Watertight floor and side walls.– Collect waste water into manure tanks.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 13
N- and P-mitigation potentials for agriculture, principles.
• Member states shall combine the most appropriate and efficient measures (taylor-made programmes).
• HELCOM helps by offering a list of potential measures („shopping list“).
• To mitigate immissions from the air the Gothenburg Protocoll (under UNECE LRTAP) shall be implemented (generally identical with the NEC-directive).
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 14
N- and P-mitigation in agriculture, examples
• Land use change from arable land into grassland.
• Plant cover during winter.
• Minimum tillage.
• Catch crops. Buffer strips.
• Efficient management of fertilizer use.
• Ecofarming.
• Agri-environment programmes. No fertilizing in high risk areas and during high risk periods.
• Appropriate manure storage.
• Biogas from manure etc.
• Etc.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 15
• St. Petersburg• Leningrad oblast• Kaliningrad oblast
• 2009-2011
• Funding from European Parliament
• HELCOM
• European Commission Delegation in Russia
Baltic Hazardous waste and Agricultural releases Reduction - BaltHazAR Project
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 16
Results
• Inventory and analysis of potential pollution sources of hazardous substances and agricultural nutrient loading, including a risk assessment
• Draft plan of measures to be taken, including necessary management system
• Feasibility studies and investment projects (pilot projects) in Leningrad and Kaliningrad oblasts
• Increased institutional capacity within local, regional and federal level in the Russian Federation to implement the Baltic Sea Action Plan
• Input to future EU programs
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 17
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 18
BaltHazar Project - Agricultural Component
•Prioritization of farms based on:• Nutrient loading potential• Location (proximity to waters directly discharging to
BS, soil type, elevation)• Verified nutrient releases• Feasibility to implement advanced agro-
environmental investments
Inventory and prioritisation
• 160 farms in Leningrad Region, Russia
• 30 farms in Kaliningrad Region, Russia
• 14 priority farms (9/5) further verified by sampling
• 72% of total P load to the Baltic originate from 26 largest farms
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 19
Eutrophication, Conclusions
• BSAP important for environment, fishery and tourism (ecological, economical and social aspects).
• Methods and data base still controversial, but best available science.
• Reduction quota appropriate, former progress is accepted. Reduction strategies must be taylor-made for each member state.
• Probably no measures beyond water framework directive necessary.
• Bridging technological gaps; investments; farm advisory services, good agricultural practice, manure storage capacities.
• Establish a HELCOM Agricultural/Environmental Forum 2010.
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 20
Our ultimate target: A Baltic Sea undisturbed by nutrients and eutrophication!
Fot
o: H
elen
a La
rsso
n
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 21
Thank you for your attention!!
Dr. Dietrich [email protected]
www.umweltbundesamt.de
Dr. Dietrich Schulz, FEA Germany; Baltic Green Belt Conference, Kolobrzeg 22-23 June 2010 22
2. Agriculture:Amended Annex III of the Helsinki Convention
• Addressing large agro-industrial cluster – Integrated permits for farms with intensive rearing of
animals(poultry 40 000, pigs 2 000, cattle 400 au)– Simplified permit system or general rules for farms bigger than
100 a.u.
• Environmentally sound manure management
• Application rates for nutrients– nitrogen 170 kg/ha– phosphorus 25 kg/ha
• Identification of agricultural areas that are critical for nutrient pollution of the Baltic Sea – Designation of relevant parts of agricultural land as NVZ– Performing risk assessments of nutrient leaching from
agricultural areas
• Establishing HELCOM Agricultural / Environmental Forum by 2010