dr. george r. wiggans, ph.d. animal improvement programs laboratory agricultural research service,...
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Dr. George R. Wiggans, Ph.D.Animal Improvement Programs LaboratoryAgricultural Research Service, USDA Beltsville, MD, USA
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (1) Wiggans
Macroeconomics of using high quality genetics
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (2) Wiggans
China-U.S. agriculture comparison
Item ChinaUnited States
Population (2007, millions) 1,321 304
Cropland (acres, millions) 301 406
Cropland/agricultural worker (acres) 1 194
Agricultural gross domestic product(GDP, 2007, US$, billions)
370 161
Agricultural GDP/agricultural worker (US$/person)
1,230 43,650
Source: USDA Economic Research Service
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (3) Wiggans
Why is dairy important to China?
Source of highly nutritious food
Rising income greater demand
Domestic production can reduce imports
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (4) Wiggans
Effect of rising income
Some increase in calories consumed
General increase in diet quality More animal protein
Substantial increase in resources required
Rapid economic growth in China huge increase in animal products
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (5) Wiggans
Why improve efficiency?
Meet needs of growing population at reduced cost
Reduce demand Land Water Labor
Reduce pollution (carbon footprint) Methane Runoff
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (6) Wiggans
How to improve efficiency
Increase production per cow
Improve cow’s efficiency of feed conversion
Improve longevity reduces number of heifers required
Improve nutritional management
Reduce disease
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (7) Wiggans
China-U.S. dairy comparison
Item China United StatesCows (millions) 12.8 9.1Milk yield (kg) 2,881 9,593
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (8) Wiggans
US Carbon footprint
1944 20070
10
20
30
CO2-
equi
vale
nt
emis
sion
s (k
g/d)
Per cow Doubled
Source: Capper et al.,J. Anim. Sci.,2009
Per unit of milk Reduced 2/3
U.S. dairy industry reduced total footprint by 41%1944 2007
0
10
20
30CO
2-eq
uiva
lent
em
issi
ons
(kg/
d)
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (9) Wiggans
40
50
60
70
80
90
00
10
40,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000
051015202530
Year
Milk
(kg,
mill
ions
) Cows (m
illions)Why US carbon footprint was reduced
Milk productivity has quadrupled
60% more milk with 75% fewer cows
40
50
60
70
80
90
00
05
10
02,0004,0006,0008,000
10,000
Year
Milk
yie
ld (k
g/co
w)
Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (10) Wiggans
Efficiency and “dilution of maintenance”
18 kg milk/day 30 kg milk/day0
10
20
30
40
50
12.7 12.7
24.039.0
Maintenance Lactation
Ener
gy re
quire
d (M
cal M
E/d)
75%
25%35%
65%
2.0 Mcal/kg
1.8 Mcal/kgEnergy efficiency
Dilution of maintenance
Source: J. Capper, Washington State University, & R. Cady, Elanco, 2010
Based on dietary needs for 680-kg Holstein, 3.8% fat, 3.1% protein
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60 lb
20071944
Practical application
Increasing productivity reduces environmental impact
Source: Capper et al., J. Anim. Sci., 2009
24 kg
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Per cow Background requirements
Maintenance feed Water
Intake Sanitation
Greenhouse gases(carbon footprint) CO2 – Carbon dioxide CH4 – Methane N2O – Nitrous oxide
Land Manure Fuel Electricity Herbicides, pesticides
increases
+⅛ of dry cow
+
97% of heifer
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (13) Wiggans
Physical plant (machine)
Off
Idle
Performing
Physical plant (machine) Animal corollary
Off Deceased
Idle At rest (maintenance)
Performing Production (growth, lactation, reproduction)
Physical plant (machine) Animal corollary
Off Deceased
Idle At rest (maintenance)
Performing Production (growth, lactation, reproduction)
Life-cycle assessment
Source: J. Capper, Washington State University
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (14) Wiggans
Milk productivity trends
2,500
5,000
7,500
10,000
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10
Annu
al m
ilk (k
g)/c
ow
Year
Euro-6New ZealandCanadaUnited States
Euro-6 represents 2/3 of cow’s milk produced in European Union in 2010
Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (15) Wiggans
Animals needed to produce 45 million kg of milk
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Euro-6 New Zealand Canada United States
100,
000
anim
als*
1.01.11.4 2.4
Includes lactating and dry cows, heifer replacements, and breeding bulls in 2007 Values inside bars are relative ratio to most efficient country Euro-6 represents 2/3 of cow’s milk produced in European Union in 2007
Source: J. Capper, Washington State University; adapted from FAO statistics
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Genetic improvement
Increases genetic ability
Considers traits of economic importance
Requires an environment that allows genetic potential to be expressed
Leads to permanent change in cow population
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Method for genetic improvement
Collect performance data
Calculate genetic evaluations
Use highest ranking animals as parents of next generation
Focus on bulls Can have many daughters High selection intensity
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Role of imported semen
Widespread international trade in semen
Semen exporting countries have well established evaluation system
Selection intensity is very high
Benefit of many generations of selection is available
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U.S. semen
U.S. evaluation system respected worldwide
Large population allows for detection of bulls superior for a wide range of traits
Early adoption of genomics promises increased rate of genetic gain
U.S. Genetics Conf., Beijing, China (20) Wiggans
Summary
Chinese consumption of dairy products will increase
Increased efficiency necessary to meet demand from available land and water resources
Higher yield/cow dilutes maintenance
United States is source of semen with proven high production potential