dr h k kaul
DESCRIPTION
Session 1TRANSCRIPT
Library Networks in the Library Networks in the New Millennium: New Millennium: Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends
Dr. H. K. KaulDirector, DELNET
December 18, 2008
Digital Resources
Growth of Information is Random
Some Global Estimates of Growth
The amount of new technical information is doubling every two years
The world’s total store of information is doubling every four years
Business information is doubling every eighteen months
Digitized information is doubling every 18 months
Human knowledge is doubling every year.
Medical knowledge is doubling every five years.
December 18, 2008
Growing Dimensions
Growth is inevitable
From tangible to intangible media
Sources of information and representations of knowledge on the INTERNET
From Books and Journals to services and databases
The knowledge packages are published and distributed on the INTERNET.
From buying to leasing
From ascertaining to using
New purposes of the catalogue. To help others to use knowledge packageson the INTERNET.
December 18, 2008
Development of Digital Collection
Digital collections that are created. e.g. newspapers, e-journals, documentsin offices, MSS, publications etc
Digital documents converted from print to digital versions
Born Digital Publications
“Digital materials which are not intended to have an analogue equivalent, either as the originating source or as a result of conversion to analogue form.” Digital Preservation Coalition, U. K.
Born Digital Publications include:
Video Recordings; Sound Recordings; Podcasts; Mixed Media; Geographic Information; Software programs; Blogs, Wikis;
December 18, 2008
Direct Access or Access Through Consortiums
Consortium approach has been tested. Helps to get access to commerciallyavailable content at a low price.
The issues: Archiving licensed content for which one has paid. Archiving content for which the permissions are not available. Access should be possible to content for which payment has been made even after the expiry of subscription. Pricing should be affordable.
December 18, 2008
E-books
About 78,500,000 search results on Google. December 12, 2008.
Institutional Repositories
Institutions such as universities, research organizations, Government departments are now creating MSS in digital form
E-Journals
About 3,080,000 search results on the Google. December 12, 2008
December 18, 2008
Accessing Digital Collections
Single search should give access to several related databases
Accessing Digital Collections in Other Languages
Access should be possible to non-English digital collections With mechanical translations as far as possible.
December 18, 2008
Digitisation
Metadata
Metadata with a digitized document.
Terminology which is globally comprehensible and standard
Access to content becomes possible through a variety of search engines. Metadata would generally include author, file name, creation softwareand version, creation date, modification date, subject, size, and anyadditional pertinent information. Once the preservation process is donethe addition of metadata becomes necessary.
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative gives guidelines for creating interoperable online metadata standards.
http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
Software IssuesThe issues that are important to be looked into the software applications include technical sustainability of the software, adoption of risk assessment procedure, eligible for long term archiving; etc.
Types of Content to be Digitised Printed Documents
Manuscripts
Video-recordings
Sound-recordings, such as oral history collections and music
Traditional heritage, cultural objects, medicines etc.
The catalogues act as metadata if they are in conformity with international standards.
December 18, 2008
Digital Library Digital Library TechnologiesTechnologies
• Digital library technologies are also useful for knowledge networks. Specialised tools like SKOS (Specialised Knowledge Organisation Systems) work in the area of developing specifications and standards to support the use of knowledge organisation such as thesauri, classification schemes and subject heading systems within the framework of the Semantic Web are becoming available for application in knowledge networks.
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
Digital Library Technologies
Stanford Digital Libraries Technologies
Stanford University and Sun Microsystems developed several technologies for developing digital library such as Digital Library Tool Kit, etc.comprise:
InterBib: - a tool for maintaining bibliographic information. Capable of reading from and writing to many different
formats, it acts as a unified, searchable repository of bibliographic records.
Archival Repositories: a Digital Library Repository (DLR) is formed by a collection of independent but
collaborating sites. Each site manages a collection of digital objects
Digital Wallets: - Focuses on bringing interoperability to the electronic payments arena.”
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
Networking of Digital Resources
A Vision
Access any document
In any Language
In any format
Anywhere in the world
Any time as required
At a very low cost
Networked Digital Resources A Vision
Linked to any institution in the world
Offer digital documents globally
December 18, 2008
Technology Issues
Hardware
High-speed high-specification computer with multimedia and telecommunication connectivity would be essential.
Over the past twenty years:
The processor speeds have increased from 10 MHz to 10,000 MHz.
The capacities of transistors per chip have increased from 275,000 to 250 million.
Basic disc capacity has increased from 20 MB to 250 GB.
Memory of chips has increased from 64 Kbits to 16 Gbits.
December 18, 2008
Technology Issues (contd.)
Wireless communication
Wireless connectivity, through radio waves has emerged as the fastest mode of communication / Mobile Phones
High Speed Fibre Optics
Fibre optic cables can carry data at a far higher speed of 1Gb/s ( while as 100 Mb/s to 10Gb/s are also in use as backbone.
New Satellite System
Large streams of data can be processed through the new satellite system. This multipurpose facility will use video, sound, data for weather, intelligence etc. It is the best tool which is emerging for networking of digital resources. The new satellite system uses the Global Positioning System (GPS).
December 18, 2008
Technology Issues (contd.)
High Bandwidth
The speed of the network which is the rate of data transfer is known as bandwidth. In the early 1990s the speed of the modems was generally 56 Kbps. In 2008 the speed of modems has increased to up-speed of 15-16 mbps and down-speed of 16-24 mbps. With the transfer of images, sound and video recordings through digital networks higher bandwidth speeds of upto 5 GB are available now.
Content Based Networking
A new concept has emerged in which a special communication infrastructure which makes the messages to move by the content of the messages. It is not driven by the addresses which are attached to the mails. In this network the characteristics of the receivers of messages attract the types of messages it is interested in. The interests of receivers is noted by means of a description of interests called predicates. In contrast to the previous method it is somewhat semantic in nature.
December 18, 2008
Technology Issues (contd.)
Online-Catalogues
The catalogues have remained important tools for searching documents. Even today cataloging and authority control have gained more significance in the online environment
Sharing Technologies
Cooperation with libraries and networks.
Use of knowledge tools.
SalesForce.com, BMC Software, DCASoft, and Atlassian are some of the software used for sharing knowledge.
December 18, 2008
Library Networks
National Overview
Global Issues
Future of Networked Digital Resources
Interactive
Interactive network covers digital LAN signals, video, television signals, local video, personal computers, television receivers, video cassette recorders, printers, and video cameras. A television interface enables any television in the network to receive and display local video output by a personal computer or other device in the network and enables the television to be used as a remote monitor for the computer.
Intuitive
Intuitive computing facilitates answers for all types of questions in a given environment.
December 18, 2008
Future of Networked Digital Resources (contd.)
Provisional paths
In complex computing, mixed topologies will be used :e.g. a mix of Bus topology; Ring topology; Star topology; Tree topology. Each time a topology change is detected, the systems will create automatically new subset topologies. Time taken for this job and the effectiveness of the topologies will vary from system to system. It will be done without affecting the users.
Multimedia
99% of the digital explosion on the Internet would be in Multimedia format by 2012. Web 2.0 Multimedia Search: will provide new opportunities for online advertising and applications. It is changing and is not ever lasting. From fixed, permanent, formatted text collections we are going to have fluid and transient multimedia resources
December 18, 2008
Future of Networked Digital Resources (contd.)
Relationships
Complex relationships are going to be handled by computing models which will revolutionize the networking requirements
Resources
We are going to have increasingly access to digital resources rather than to collections as the scope of physical collections will gradually decrease.
Free, flexible, and virtual information Spaces
In place of static library facilities with fixed stacks we are going to have access to free, flexible, and virtual information spaces.
December 18, 2008
Future of Networked Digital Resources (contd.)
Hypertext
Every document will get linked, for further explanation or reference, to every other necessary documents through the hypertext. Very large hypertexts and shared information spaces are going to emerge. The authoring tools which are software and services that are used to produce Web pages and Web content are going to advance the use of hypertext in multiple applications.
Flexibility
More and more flexibility is getting developed for use in high power computing services. New algorithms avoid large enumeration in programming
Contingency
Contingency computing plans are going to cover major security systems against attacks, thefts etc
December 18, 2008
Future of Networked Digital Resources (contd.)
Multiple online identities
A person can develop multiple identities, where each identity will identify the person with a characteristics or a purpose. A person can have multiple profiles and control access to them. Blogs are the examples. For instance MySpace and Facebook allow people to create a social network helping others to develop different identities/ profiles
Adaptability and ambiguity
Because of the turbulent and dynamic internal and external environment, inherent flexibility of web based materials, item-wise attention for hypermedia systems, etc adaptability in software solutions would be a must. Also, it should be able to resolve ambiguities arising because of speech, language, data etc.
December 18, 2008
Future of Networked Digital Resources (contd.)
Global
Global vision of the world’s computational infrastructure is becoming day by day necessary
Informal
Informal knowledge exchange and social relationships among like-minded individuals/ experts on the increase.
Simulation
Imitation of real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas/ advanced computer programs is going to be on the increase
December 18, 2008
From To fixed, permanent, formatted text collections
static library facilities with fixed stacks
uniform sources, citations, references
services provided to individual readers
standard reference services
professionally provided services
locally owned permanent collections
centralized collections and services
hierarchical organizational structures
discipline specialization
generic user service
formal acquisitions
fluid and transient multimedia resources
free, flexible, and virtual information
customized annotations/transient works
tailored services to collaborative teams
personalized consulting and analysis
integrated service provision
holistic, integrated networked systems
distributed, decentralized global access
participative and collegial relationships
inter-, multi- and cross-disciplinary studies
user-/use-specific relevant services
policies integration of informal with
formal
December 18, 2008
Networking for LMSNetworking for LMS
• Some libraries come together to acquire and use a library management system (LMS).
• Sometimes national: e.g. COBISS network and software used for many libraries in Slovenia, Macedonia, Serbia , Montenegro etc.
• http://www.cobiss.net/cobiss_platform.htm
• Physical network issues
• Wi-Fi – wireless fidelity – for sending info. to/from wireless local area networks that might be in a physical library.
December 18, 2008
ResourcesResources
• Networking knowledge - An essential activity• Developing a case-based reasoning knowledge repository
to support learning • Community would help library and knowledge networks. Electronic Resources• Provide shared electronic resources to users• Network of ‘e-offerings’ Value Added Resources• For creating value added products, knowledge servers,
with great features should be preferred.• Package the content.• Refinements to be made to the content have to be on a
regular basis.• User-created content
December 18, 2008
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
Social networking services and libraries – Web 2.0 • The tools and techniques of social computing
providing new opportunities for the design and delivery of library resources and services.
• http://www.acrl.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/Environmental_Scan_2.pdf
• Social networking has flourished due to the ease of connecting on the Web.
December 18, 2008
BlogsBlogs
• Sample blog entry: Lorcan Dempsey – VP OCLC http://orweblog.oclc.org/archives/001379.html
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
Wikis Wikis
• A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content, using a simplified markup language
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
RSS RSS
• RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works— such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video—in a standardized format
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
PodcastsPodcasts
• A podcast is a series of audio or video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated download, through Web feeds
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
FacebookFacebook
• Facebook is a social utility that connects people with friends and others who work, study and live around them. People use Facebook to keep up with friends
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
MySpace MySpace
• An international site that offers email, a forum, communities, videos and weblog space
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
FlickrFlickr• Flickr is almost certainly the best
online photo management and sharing application in the world. Show off your favorite photos and videos to the world, ...
December 18, 2008
FlickrFlickr
December 18, 2008
LibrariesLibraries
• “Libraries can now easily collaborate and create online communities, as well as explore new ways in which to communicate with, educate and attract new users - and also to market themselves” Phil Bradley
December 18, 2008
Knowledge DiscoveryKnowledge Discovery
• To facilitate the process of knowledge discovery in databases, a wide variety of methodologies including machine learning, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, knowledge acquisition for expert systems, etc are getting developed. The Knowledge Discovery in Databases contains not only the automated processes but also the non-automated processes in order to cull out the knowledge from the databases.
December 18, 2008
RetrievalRetrieval
Retrieval and delivery of knowledge is becoming a specialised art. The types of experts who get involved with the work include domain experts, computer experts, training specialists and users who look into all types of documents including text documents, images, graphics, maps, animations, video and audio recordings, and combinations of them.
December 18, 2008
Retrieval (contd.)Retrieval (contd.)• Semantic retrieval comprise techniques
that use semantic information and the understanding of the language for retrieval of subjects technically. The retrieval of relational concepts from massive text databases by using search engines helps in collecting correlations for research and reference. It improve performance in retrieving more information from complex documents.
December 18, 2008
Retrieval (contd.)Retrieval (contd.) The retrieval of images either from
the Web or from databases by using image and text recognition software is beginning to be used. Actual contents of the image are analyzed. Research is continuing in this field where artificial intelligence approaches are being tested.
December 18, 2008
Retrieval (contd.)Retrieval (contd.)• Partaking of knowledge for creation
and sharing is emerging as a useful tool for knowledge networks.
• Knowledge sharing technologies are used in organizations, and between individuals and experts
• SalesForce.com, BMC Software, DCASoft, and Atlassian are some examples.
December 18, 2008
Retrieval (contd.)Retrieval (contd.)• The Knowledge Delivery Service
(KDS) is an infrastructure which every Library Network should have. It facilitates the transmission of selected knowledge to each and every node (a library) connected with the library network and interested in a specific knowledge.
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law”
Business & Regulation Constitutional Law Copyright and Intellectual Property Courts & Tribunals Criminal Law Family Law Gazettes Gender and the Law Health Law Human Rights Indigenous Law Justices Law reform Legal Topics Tax Law Treaties Business & Regulation
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission Australian Securities and Investments Commission Australian Taxation Office - ATO Legal Database Business Law (Parliamentary library link) Consumers.online.gov.au Commonwealth Department of Treasury Constitutional LawA-Z Constitutions Australian Constitution Constitution Finder Constitutional Law ( Charles Darwin University) U.S. Constitution (Bill of Rights, Historical information) Copyright and Intellectual PropertyAustralian Copyright Council Copyright (National Library Guide) Copyright Law Attorney-General's Department Copyright Information (through Australian Library & Information Association) Copyright & Intellectual Property (Parliamentary Library links) Communications, Information Technology & the Arts (Commonwealth)
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Intellectual Property Law (Copyright (International resources) Intellectual Property Rights and Developing Countries IP Australia (Commonwealth) U.K. Copyright (Patent Office) U.S. Copyright Office (Library of Congress) WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization World Trade Organization - World Trade Organization TRIPS (Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Courts & Tribunals:
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Commonwealth
High Court of Australia (Latest High Court cases) Family Court of Australia Federal Court of Australia Industrial Relations Court of Australia Australian Industrial Relations Commission Administrative Appeals Tribunal Migration Review Tribunal National Native Trial Tribunal Refugee Review Tribunal Social Security Tribunal Superannuation Complaints Tribunal
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Australian States & Territories
A.C.T. Law Courts & Tribunals A.C.T. Magistrates Court & Tribunals, A.C.T. Supreme Court N.S.W. Courts Northern Territory. Department of Justice Queensland Courts S.A.Courts Administration Tasmania Courts Victoria. Department of Justice W.A. Department of the Attorney General
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
International Courts
International Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights Permanent Court of International Justice International Courts & Tribunals Project on International Courts and Tribunals World Courts.com
Criminal Law
Australasian Centre for Policing Research Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Statistics Australian Crime Commission Australian Institute of Criminology Crime & Criminal Justice Statistics (AIC) Crimenet Criminal Justice (U.K. University of Kent) Criminology Research Council U.K. Judicial System (U.K. Government) U.K. Metropolitan Police Service U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice - Statistics
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Family Law
Australian Institute of Family Studies Family Court of Australia Family Law Online (Commonwealth Attorney General's Department) Family Law Council Islamic Family Law
Gazettes
Government Notices Gazettes (Cth Atorney-General's Department) ACT Government Gazettes ASIC Gazettes Business Gazettes (ASIC) Periodic Notices Gazettes Public Service Gazettes Special Notices Gazettes Government Gazettes Online
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Gender and the Law
Australian Institute of Criminology: Women and the Law: Conference proceedings Office for Women (Australia) National Women's Justice Coalition
Health Law
Austlii Guide to Medicine & Health Health Law (Weblaw) Health Law (Parliamentary Library Guide)
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Human Rights
A.C.T. Human Rights Office Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Australian Human Rights Centre (University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law) Columbia Law School - Human and Constitutional Rights Commonwealth Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade Human Rights resources Human Rights Council of Australia Human Rights Library (University of Minnesota) Human Rights Online Interights (Commonwealth Human Rights Case Law Database) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (United Nations) Parliamentary Library - Civil & Human Rights Guide United Nations Human Rights information Universal Declaration of Human Rights U.S. Department of State. Human Rights reports
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Indigenous Law
Indigenous Law Centre Indigenous Peoples & the Law (Parliamentary Library) Indigenous Law Resources (Austlii) National Native Title Tribunal Timeline for Indigenous Legal Issues (Austlii) WebLaw guide
Justices
High Court of Australia Justices (High Court of Australia) Judges of A.C.T. Supreme Court
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Law reform
A.C.T. Law Reform Commission Reports Australian Law Reform Commission Law Reform Commission of Western Australia N.S.W. Law Reform Commission Queensland Law Reform Commission Tasmanian Law Reform Institute Victorian Law Reform Commission Law Reform (World)
Legal topicsAustlii Hot Topics -online topics 1998-2004-Search within each issue. APEC Competition Policy and Law Database (Asia-Pacific Economic Forum) Australia's counter terrorism laws (Proposals...from Parliamentary Library) European Law - Jean Monnet Project: European integration in Law, Economics, Political Science & History (NYU School of Law) JURIST - Current Awareness (University of Pittsburgh School of Law) Law & Justice Foundation of New South Wales Law Council of Australia OECD Topics Parliamentary Library - E-Briefs, & other Publications Pandora Archive - National Library & Partners (select Law & Criminology or related topics) Proceedings from the Old Bailey, London (1674-1834) United Nations
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Tax Law
ACT Revenue Office Australian Taxation Office ATO Legal Database Collection of legal and policy information that is used by the Australian Tax Office when making decisions. Find a Public Ruling, Public Determination or a Bulletin. Reference Manual Board of Taxation Tax Law guide (Parliamentary Library) Tax law guide (WebLaw Guide)
Treaties
Australian Treaties Library (Austlii & DFAT) European Treaties (Council of Europe-Legal Affairs) Hague Conference on Private International Law Multilateral Conventions (Fletcher-Ginn Multilateral Projects - Tufts University) United Nations Treaty Collection
December 18, 2008
Trends in Subject Gateways: The example from “Law” (contd.)
Subject Gateways
Australian Law Online Entry point to Australian Government legal resources Australian Law on the Internet National Library Guide Australian Public Law (Charles Darwin University Law School) BUBL Link Findlaw JURIST (University of Pittsburgh, School of Law) Lawlinks (U.K. University of Kent) Legal Information Institute (Cornell University Law School) LLRX.com - Researching Australian Law Parliamentary Library Guide to Law SOSIG Social Science Information Gateway for Law - U.K. WashLAW Web (Washburn University, School of Law Legal Information) WebLaw Subject gateway to Internet resources for Australian legal researchers
December 18, 2008
The Human Network
Characteristics
Personal information strategies
Good communication
Enliven your network
Manage technology effectively
Be part of a high performance team
Make teams use technology
Develop a creative knowledge environment
December 18, 2008
The Human Network (contd.)
Characteristics
Inbuilt human traits are needed in networking of digital resources
Initiative takingNetwork with any individual or institution that yield useful informationSelf-management – manage time for fulfilling commitmentsEffective team-workers Demonstrate leadershipSupportive followers Broad perspective- while initiating or executing jobsShow and tell – ideas are presented persuasivelyOrganisation savvy – work keeping in view the interests and policies of the organisation
December 18, 2008
The Human Network (contd.)
Good Communication
Planning
Conducive Environment
Introduce Yourself First
Method of Conveying Information
Method of Receiving Information
Summarise Action Points
Follow Through
December 18, 2008
The Human Network (contd.)
Enliven Your Network
Mapping the Network
New Inputs
Network Associates
Activating the Network
Can Network Function Without You?.
Reciprocity and Trust
December 18, 2008
TrainingTraining
• Library networks should introduce online learning courses.
• Training to library staff and citizens in using information resources.
December 18, 2008
ArchivingArchiving
• Develop digital archive of historical and government documents, photographs, maps, etc.
December 18, 2008
December 18, 2008
ServicesServices
• Interlibrary loan and document delivery system to members.
• Providing services to communities, including children in less developed and rural communities.
• Equitable access to information resources and library services
December 18, 2008