dr. lee h. spangler, director - cslf · 2015-08-25 · dr. lee h. spangler, director ... • vsp...
TRANSCRIPT
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Measurement, Monitoring & Verification
Dr. Lee H. Spangler, Director Zero Emission Research and Technology
Center
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The Need for MMV
Demonstration / Research Stage • Health, Safety and Environmental concerns (HSE) • Required by regulators • Confirm underground behavior of CO2 • Test models / improve parameterization • Public Acceptance
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The Need for MMV
Implementation Stage • Health, Safety and Environmental concerns • Injection / reservoir management • Required by regulators • Verification for credits • Reduction of liability • Confirm underground behavior of CO2 • Test models • Public Acceptance
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Monitoring Zones • Near Injection • Near Surface • Remote Sensing Others classify differently (Hovorka)
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Example Sampling Train for Soil Gas Using Vacuum Pump and Syringe (USEPA 2003).http://www/epa.gov/ttb nrml/presentations.htm
• Measures gases that exist within soil pore spaces in the unsaturated layer (i.e., vadose zone) between the ground surface and the groundwater table
• Soil gas can contain atmospheric gases and biologically produced gases.
• If seepage occurs it can contain gases that are introduced into the subsurface (for example CO2, or tracers).
Soil Gas Monitoring
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• Directly measures flux of CO2 at surface using an infrared gas analyzer
• Abnormally high fluxes are an indicator of leakage
• Measurements are complicated by daily and seasonal variations in plant and soil respiration that depend on amounts of sunlight, moisture levels and temperature.
Soil Flux Monitoring
Jennifer Lewicki, LBNL
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• CO2 flux measurement (the amount of CO2 released per unit area per unit time) • Determined by simultaneously measuring wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, and the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 • CO2 concentrations are measured using an openpath infrared gas analyzer. • Can have a large “Footprint”
Eddy Covariance
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Tiltmeter (left) and Installation in Shallow Borehole (Applied Geomechanics)
• Monitors surface deformation caused by CO2 plume
• Use an array of tiltmeters installed in shallow boreholes (typically <10 m deep) around the injection wells in the area overlying the CO2 plume
• Tiltmeters are sensitive enough to record microradianscale changes (which is the angle turned by raising one end of a beam one kilometer long the width of a dime), which can be caused by various surface phenomena including daily temperature variations.
Tiltmeters
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Diagram Showing how Radar Interferometry Detects Uplift of the Earth’s Surface.[1] [1]http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/in sar/public_files/InSAR_Fact_S heet/20053025.pdf
• Uses radar satellite images from Earthorbiting satellites • Maps land surface topography with accuracy of a few centimeters, • Cannot be used in areas with vegetation. • InSAR is a proven technique for mapping ground deformation and is commonly used to monitor ground deformation at volcanoes.
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar)
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bare soil in field full growth fall senescence
Hyperspectral Imaging
• High CO 2 levels in soil can stress or even kill plants
• Plant stress can be detected via infrared spectral imaging
• This can be land based, airborne or satellite
• Methodology will be dependent on land use
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• Acquired by lowering instruments down the well and making a measurement profile of various physical properties along its length. • Sonic, density, neutron, NMR and the various induction and resistivity logs are potentially suitable for CO2 storage monitoring • The Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST), a throughcasing pulsed neutron tool designed to measure water and hydrocarbon saturations, is well suited to CO2 monitoring. Work at Frio (Muller et al.) has demonstrated successful CO2 saturation logging with the RST tool.
Lowering a Wireline Assembly into a Well (left) and Schematic of CHFR Tool Showing Current Flow (Schlumberger)
Wireline Logs
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Direct Fluid Sampling
• Dissolved CO2 • Other chemistry • Utube sampling (LBNL) allows sample extraction at correct T & P conditions
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Schematic of Cross Well Seismic Survey (Schlumberger)
• Monitors distribution of CO2 in the injection reservoir.
• Requires a minimum of two wells that extend to the base of the injection reservoir.
• Seismic sources suspended on a cable are lowered down one well and a cable containing a set of receivers is lowered down the other well.
• Provides data for the 2dimensional vertical “slice” between the two wells containing the sources and receivers.
Frio Xwell Tom Daley, Mike Hoversten, L. Myer, LBNL
Crosswell seismic
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Microseismic Downhole Sensors and Surface Completion with Solar Power (ESG)
• Pressure changes caused by the CO2 plume generate subsurface vibrations.
• Receivers placed down a borehole continuously record a seismic signal from the injection reservoir.
• These events are due to the small changes in pore pressures.
Microseismic Sensors
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• Requires that a well is situated in close proximity to the CO2 plume. • Surface seismic sources are deployed around the well installation, • Sensors deployed downhole. • Conventional VSP with sources close to the wellhead gives quite narrow subsurface coverage around the wellbore.
• Walkaway VSP where sources are arranged on a radial profile provides 2D subsurface coverage away from the well.
• Compared to surface seismic, VSP data can offer improved resolution and formation characterization around the well.
• VSP data also offers the potential for providing early warning of migration from the well into the surrounding caprock.
VSP reflection section at Frio showing pronounced enhancement of reflectivity at the reservoir level after CO2 injection (Images courtesy of Tom Daley (LBNL), Christine Doughty (LBNL) and Susan Hovorka (University of Texas)).
Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)
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4D seismic (time lapse 3D seismic) at Sliepner (from Chadwick, 2004)
3D Seismic
• Uses multiple seismic sources and receivers. • Produces full volumetric images of subsurface structure in both reservoir and overburden. • Very powerful but expensive method
Vibroseis Trucks Acquiring Surface Seismic Data (Tesla Exploration) and 3D Seismic Data Volume (Gedco) http://www.teslaoffshore.com
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Sally Benson, LBNL
Pressure Monitoring
• Wellhead, bottomhole and annular pressure can be monitored • Provides information about injectivity • Provides feedback useful to protecting reservoir, caprock integrity • Sudden changes provide early evidence of problems • Relatively inexpensive
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• Typically a gaseous substance with very low natural atmospheric concentration (Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs), SF 6 )
• Low natural abundance allows very low detection limits and high sensitivity.
• Actual collection of samples and measurement methods vary. Some are real time, others require collection of samples and laboratory measurements
• Samples can be collected from soil gas, the atmosphere, or monitoring wells.
Tracers Sorption tubes to collect PFTs at ZERT Surface Detection Facility
Brian Strasizar, Art Wells, NETL
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Frio noble gas and PFT analysis, Barry Freifeld (LBNL) and Timmy Phelps (ORNL)
•Introduced materials that travel with CO2can uniquely fingerprint migration
–Nobel gasses
–PFT’s and other chemically unique materials
–Detection at very low concentrations
•CO2can be geochemically unique
–C isotopes
–Impurities
Frio Tracer Data
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Isotopic Analysis • The 13 C content of CO 2 varies depending on the source of CO 2 . • Fossil fuel generated CO 2 typically has a different 13 C to 12 C ratio than soil gas or the atmosphere • Measurement of the isotopic ratio can be a more sensitive method than measuring flux or concentration • Different types of sampling can be used (soil gas, atmospheric, vegetation, ground water).
Julianna Fessenden, LANL
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http://www.co2captureandstorage.info/co2monitoringtool/index.php
A Useful, Interactive MMV Website
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A Useful, Interactive MMV Website
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Use at CO2 Sequestration Sites Category Method Weyburn,
Canada Frio, TX Lost Hills,
CA Vacuum Field, NM
LIDAR √ INSAR √ Remote
Sensing Hyperspectral Imaging Atmospheric Monitoring Eddy Covariance √
Soil Gas Sampling √ Surface Flux Emissions √ √ Vehicle Mounted CO 2 Leak Detection System CO 2 Wellhead Monitoring Borehole Tiltmeters
Methods for Monitoring Processes at Surface and Near Surface
Ecosystem Studies √ InSitu P/T Monitoring √ √ √ √ Fluid Sampling √ √ √ Crosswell Seismic √ √ √ Wireline Tools √ √ √ Downhole Microseismic √ √ 3D Time Lapsed Seismic √ √ √ √ 2D Time Lapsed Seismic Vertical Seismic Profiling √ √ Crosswell Resistivity √ √ √ Long Electrode Electrical Resistivity Tomography
Methods For Monitoring Subsurface Phenomena
Permanent Seismic Sources/Receivers
What MMV Should Be Used? Project and Site Dependent
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Monitoring at Frio Pilot
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What MMV Should Be Used? Project, Site, and Stage Dependent
•Consistent with project goals and site properties • Some sites have inherently different HSE factors •Research intensive projects may utilize more MMV to improve understanding of CO2 behavior
•Different stages may require different methods • Site characterization • Preinjection background measurements •During injection • Post injection monitoring
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What MMV Should Be Used?
Most projects should have: •Some near injection component to ensure CO2 and reservoir are behaving as expected •Some near surface components for HSE and public assurance • Integration of the MMV techniques so data is shared •Pressure monitoring because it can give a very early indication of problem issues
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Experiment Site
MSU Agricultural lands
Route
Experiment Site
MSU Agricultural lands
Route
Field Test Facility at MSU
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Facility Goals
• Develop a site with known injection rates for testing near surface monitoring techniques
• Use this site to establish detection limits for monitoring technologies
• Use this site to improve models for groundwater – vadose zone – atmospheric dispersion models
• Develop a site that is accessible and available for multiple seasons / years
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0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000 0 20 40 60 80 100
Years
Leakag
e (t CO2 / d
ay)
Scenario for Injection Rate Choice
• 4 Mt/year injection ~ 500 MW power plant
• 50 years injection • 3 Leakage rates
– 0.1%/yr. 0.01%/yr, 0.001%/year
• 2 Leakage geometries – Linear fault 10*1,000 m – Linear fault 100*1,000 m
• What is a meaningful rate at which to conduct the experiments?
• Emplacement
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
Years
Emplacem
ent (Mt C
O2)
Sally Benson
0.01%
0.1% 1%
Lee Spangler
0.001%
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0.01
0.1
1
10
100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Years
Scaled
Lea
kage
Rate (t/day
)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10 0 20 40 60 80 100
Years
Scaled Leakage Rate (t/day)
Injection Rate
Scale to 1000 m leak 1,000 kg/day: 1 tonne/day
100 m
1,000 m
1,000 m 10 m
100 m 100 m
Sally Benson
Lee Spangler
0.01%
0.1%
0.001% 0.01%
0.1%
0.001%
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Horizontal Well Installation
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Horizontal Well Installation
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PortaPotty
Parking
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Horizontal Well Installation
240 ft
40 ft
16 in
Packer
Pressure transducer
Electric cable Packer inflation line CO 2 delivery lines Strength line
Packer Packer
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Flow
Con
troller
Flow
Con
troller
Flow
Con
troller
Flow
Con
troller
Flow
Con
troller
Flow
Con
troller
Surface Manifold for Injection
CO 2 from Heater
stainless pipe
Tracer Injection
Port
Pressure Gauge
Gas Sampling
Port Shutoff Valve
Pressure Regulator
20 in 3 in
To Well
Temperature Probe
¾ in NPT
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Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition System and Injection Controller
Pressure Transducer
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Pressure from Zones 14
Presure Data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7/8/2007 0:00 7/9/2007 0:00 7/10/2007 0:00 7/11/2007 0:00 7/12/2007 0:00 7/13/2007 0:00 7/14/2007 0:00 7/15/2007 0:00 7/16/2007 0:00 7/17/2007 0:00 7/18/2007 0:00
Time
Gauge Pressure (KPa)
Zone 1
Zone 2 Zone 3
Zone 4
First Injection Starts
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Injection
Injection Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
7/8/2007 0:00 7/9/2007 0:00 7/10/2007 0:00 7/11/2007 0:00 7/12/2007 0:00 7/13/2007 0:00 7/14/2007 0:00 7/15/2007 0:00 7/16/2007 0:00 7/17/2007 0:00 7/18/2007 0:00
Time
Injection (kg/day)
rate 1 (Kg/day)
rate 2
rate 3
rate 4
rate 5
rate 6
Fluctuations Not Real
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MSU – Geotechnical,CO2 atm & soil gas (DIAL), Lidar, soil microbes, plant stress (IR & Hyperspect.)
LBNL – Eddy Covariance, Soil Gas Chamber, Modeling
LANL – EC, Stable Isotopes (Plant, Soil Gas, Atm & Water)
PNNL – Soil Gas Flux
LLNL – Plant Stress (Hyperspectral)
NETL – Soil gas, Resistivity, Flux Chambers, Tracers (sorption tubes)
WVU – Water Chemistry
Large Number of Participants / Methods
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10 m
9 9 0 1 2 3 NE end
SW end
4 5 6 7 8 1 2
1
8 7 6 5 4 3
5
4
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
N Schematic of Placement of Detection Techniques
LBL EC tower
array of water
wells
NET
L
plan
t exp
erim
ents
MSU fiber optic box
MSU multispectral camera scaffolding
LANL EC tower
MSU LIDAR
WALKWAY
WALKWAY
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Schematic of Placement of Detection Techniques
10 m
9
9
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6
7 8
1
2
1
8 7
6 5
4 3
5
4
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
N
LBL
EC tower
array of water wells
NETL
plant experiments
MSU fiber optic box
MSUm
ultispectral
camera scaffolding
LANL
EC tower
MSU LID
AR WA
LKWA
Y
WALKWA
Y
10 m
9
9
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6
7 8
1
2
1
8 7
6 5
4 3
5
4
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6
7 8
1
2
1
8 7
6 5
4 3
5
4
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
N
LBL
EC tower
array of water wells
NETL
plant experiments
MSU fiber optic box
MSUm
ultispectral
camera scaffolding
LANL
EC tower
MSU LID
AR WA
LKWA
Y
WALKWA
Y
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10 m
9
9
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6 7
8
1
2 1
8
7 6
5 4
3
5
4
2
3
1 2
3
4 5
6
6
N
LBL
EC tower
array of water wells
NETL
plant exp
eriments
MSU fiber optic box
MSUmultispectral
camera scaffolding
LANL
EC tower
MSU LIDAR WALKW
AY
WALKW
AY
10 m
9
9
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6 7
8
1
2 1
8
7 6
5 4
3
5
4
2
3
1 2
3
4 5
6
0 1
2
3
NE end
SW end
4 5
6 7
8
1
2 1
8
7 6
5 4
3
5
4
2
3
1 2
3
4 5
6
6
N
LBL
EC tower
array of water wells
NETL
plant exp
eriments
MSU fiber optic box
MSUmultispectral
camera scaffolding
LANL
EC tower
MSU LIDAR WALKW
AY
WALKW
AY
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graphic courtesy Janet Machol (NOAA/ETL)
DIAL – DIfferential Absorption Lidar
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2.0015 2.0020 2.0025 2.0030 2.0035 2.0040
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96
1.00
Measured Calculated from Hitran
20m Pathlength A tuning of 18.7GHz/C was used to convert from temperature to wavelength.
CO 2 CO
2 CO 2
CO 2 CO
2
CO 2
H 2 O
H 2 O
Transm
ission
Wavelength (µm) 2.002 2.003 2.004 2.005 80.0
82.5
85.0
87.5
90.0
92.5
95.0
97.5
100.0
102.5
105.0
4:09pm 5:25pm 6:42pm 7:59pm 9:16pm 11:36pm 12:53am 2:10am 3:27am 4:43am
Transm
ission (%
)
Wavelength (µm)
2.0035
87.5
90.0
92.5
95.0
97.5
100.0
102.5
105.0
4:09pm 5:25pm 6:42pm 7:59pm 9:16pm 11:36pm 12:53am 2:10am 3:27am 4:43am
Transm
ission (%
)
Wavelength (µm)
Repaski, et al
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Repaski, et al
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Second Release
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000 Above Well Measurements Taken at 6:30 am
See Plot A 2:30 am
3:30 pm
10:30 pm
6:30 am
CO 2 S
oil G
as Concentraion (ppm
) Time (Hours)
190 195 200 205 210 215 220 350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
Possible Association with third dip in the underground data.
Background Over Well
CO 2 Soil G
as Concentrtion (P
PM)
Julian Day
Buried Sensor
Above Ground Sensor
Repaski, et al
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Below Ground Instrument Repaski, et al
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Below Ground Instrument Repaski, et al
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Eddy Covariance Method
Flux Tower
Lewicki
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Comparison
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 300
400
500
600
700
800 Second Release First Release
Concentration (ppm
)
Julian Day
Lewicki
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Flux Chamber Method
Lewicki
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Modeling the Shallow Release Experiment
Oldenberg
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2K2571
• Detach head with narrower pipe • Pound steel pipe with detachable
head one meter into ground • Lower CATS into the pipe • Seal pipe at top with a compression
fitting stopper • CATS are replaced as sets: one
week apart initially to months apart later in the study
INSERTING CATS
SOIL
CATS EXPOSED
COMPRESSION SEAL
DETACHABLE HEAD PENETROMETER FOR SOILGAS MONITORING
DETACHABLE HEAD
Wells, et al
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2K2571
ZERT Horizontal Well Tracer Concentrations
Wells, et al
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2K2571
Wells, et al
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2K2571
Direct Monitoring of CO 2 Surface Leakage Summary of Techniques
• CO 2 and CH 4 Soil flux measurements
• Soil gas depth profiles up to 1 meter − GC determination of CO 2 and CH 4 concentration
− of CO 2 (stable isotope ratios) • Radon and Thoron concentrations
in soil gas.
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2K2571
Resistivity (Vertical Injector)
Diel, et al
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Hyperspectral Imaging Results Fraction of “H
ealthly” p
ixels
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Isotope Studies – Keeling plots
CO 2 flux map on 71307 from LBNL. Circled areas where isotopes measured on chambers; square = canopy measurements
Fessenden
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Isotopic Measurements Groundwater
Isotopes measured on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the groundwater
Fessenden