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Dr. Manuel C. PaladaASHS-2005 Outstanding International Horticulturist

Visiting Professor, Central Philippine University

PROGRESS IN MORINGA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WITH FOCUS ON ASIA

ECHO Asia Agriculture and Community Development Conference Chiang Mai, Thailand

October 1-4, 2013

Topical Outline• Introduction• Review of the Multiple Uses of Moringa• Moringa R&D Programs/Projects in Asia• Advances in Moringa R&D • Data Base and Resources for Information

on Moringa • Organizations Involved in Moringa R&D• International and Regional Conferences• Summary

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Moringa: “The Miracle Tree”• Exodus 15:22-25: “So Moses brought Israel from the

Red Sea; then they went out into the Wilderness of Shur. And they went three days in the wilderness and found no water. Now when they came to Marah, they could not drink the waters of Marah, for they were bitter. Therefore the name of it was called Marah. And the people complained against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?” So he cried to the Lord, and the Lord showed him a tree. When he cast it into the waters, the waters were made sweet…”

• The “tree” in the Book of Exodus, maybe none other than the Moringa tree.

Other names describing Moringa

(21)

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Importance of Moringa• One of the world’s most useful plants• Important tree crop in India, Ethiopia,

Sudan and many countries in Africa, Asia, South and Central America.

• Plant parts from roots to seeds are used for nutritional, industrial and medicinal purposes.

Geographical Distribution and Adaptation• Grows in climates ranging

from subtropical dry to moist through tropical very dry to moist forest zones.

• Tolerates annual rainfall of 760-2250 mm

• Temperature range: 18.7 to 28.5oC. Tolerates light frost

• Soil pH range: 4.5 to 8. • Grows in all types of soils.

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Moringa SpeciesThirteen Moringa species are known:

M. oleiferaM. arboreaM. borzianaM. concanensisM. drouhardiiM. hildebrandtiiM. longitubaM. ovalifoliaM. peregrinaM. pygmaeaM. rivaeM. ruspolianaM. stenopetala

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Moringa oleifera

• Best known member of the family Moringaceae.

• Fast-growing, drought tolerant tree native to sub-Himalayan tracts of Northern India

• Now distributed worldwide in the tropics and subtropics for its multiple uses

• Most popular of the 13-14 known species of genus Moringa.

Moringa oleifera

Leaves and green pods Flower

Seeds Pod and seeds

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Multiple Uses of Moringa

• Nutritional• Medicinal• Agricultural• Industrial• Other Potential Uses

Leaves

Pods

Flowers

SeedsRoots

Bark

Gum

NutritionMedicine

NutritionMedicine

Water purificationMedicineOil

MedicineCometics

Medicine

MedicineGlue

MedicineCondiment

StemFuel woodPulpPaper

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Moringa Uses Flow Chart

Moringa Parts and Uses

Seeds Pods Roots Leaves Stems Twigs Wood BarkCooking, Cosmetics, and Medicinal Uses

Kernel

Water Purification

AnimalFeed

Fuel

Coagulants

Shells

Meal

OilLubricantBio-fuel AnimalFeed

Medicinal Uses

Plant GrowthHormone

Food,medicine

Excellent Pulpfor making

paper

DyesTannins

Medicinal Uses

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Food and Nutrition• Fresh vegetable: leaf, flower and pod• Dry leaf: Moringa powder• Food fortification ingredient (nutri-buns)• Condiment• Cooking oil• Food supplement and vitamins• Beverage: tea, coffee, energy drink• Snacks: biscuits, cookies, bread

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4 x

7 x

4 x

3 x

2 x

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Moringa Fresh and Processed Products

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Culinary Uses• Moringa Fresh Leaves

- Salad- Spinach- Peccadillo with Moringa- Moringa leaves gulay- Shrimp Suam- Mung bean stew- Dinengdeng II- Jambalaya camp- Corn with Moringa leaves- Mixed vegetable Embotido

- Chicken tinola - Chicken with Pigeon pea- Masquadilla Torta- Vegetable delight- Moringa leaf sauce- Moringa leaf omelet- Moringa leaf puree

• Moringa Green Pods- Sambars, dals, dishes – India- Kachang Kelur – Singapore- Sauteed Moringa pods- Moringa Lentil soup- Moringa strips

• Moringa Flowers- Flower tea- Flower salad

• Moringa Seeds- Moringa peas- Moringa peanuts

Sample source:春秋辣木,台中,王富榮先生

Sample source:春秋辣木,台中,王富榮先生

Moringa young shoots for fresh market

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Philippine Chicken “Tinola” with Moringa

Moringa leavesGreen papayaGingerChicken

Ready to serve “Tinola”

Travancore Sambar RecipeIngredients:

1. Pigeon Pea (Thuvaraparippu) 1 cup2. Turmeric powder ¼ teaspoon3. Sambar powder 1 tablespoon

4. Dry red chilly 45. Shallot 50 gm

6. Mustard seed ½ teaspoon7. Coconut oil 2 tablespoon8. Asafoetida ½ teaspoon

9. Drumstick 310. Potato 211. Tomato 2

12. Cucumber (vellarika) 1/213. Salt As required

14. Tamarind pulp

Indian Sambar Recipe with Drumstick (Green Pods)

Brinjal, Drumstick, Mango Sambar

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Moringa Food Supplements and Beverage

Tea Capsule Powder

CoffeeProbiotic Capsule

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Medicinal Uses

Traditional Medicine

Total = 24

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Traditional Medicine• Anemia• Anxiety• Blood impurity• Blood pressure• Bronchitis• Catarrh• Chest congestion• Cholera• Colitis• Conjunctivitis

• Cough• Diabetes• Diarrhea• Dropsy• Dysentery• Eye & ear infections• Fever• Glandular swelling• Gonorrhea• Headaches

Traditional Medicine• Hysteria• Intestinal worms• Jaundice• Lactation• Malaria• Pain in joints• Pimples• Pregnancy• Psoriasis• Respiratory disorders• Scurvy

• Semen deficiency• Skin infections• Sore throat• Sores• Sprain• Stomach ulcers• Tuberculosis• Tumor• Urinary disorders• Wounds

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Agricultural Uses

AgronomyHorticultureLivestock

Agronomic and Horticultural Uses• Hedgerows in alley

cropping• Fertilizer (green manure)• Erosion control• Growth hormone• Fungicide• Insecticide• Wind barrier• Ornamentation and

shade• Honey production

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Honey Production under Moringa Orchard

Moringa as Livestock Feed• Moringa leaves are used as forage for cattle

(beef and dairy), swine and poultry.• Moringa leaves constitute 40-50% of feed.• Milk yield and daily weight gains increased

by 30%.• Birth weight, averaging 22 kg for local Jersey

cattle, increased by 3-5 kg.• The high protein content of Moringa leaves

must be balanced by other energy food including molasses, sugar cane, young elephant grass, or sweet sorghum plants.

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Industrial Uses

BiofuelCosmetics

Water PurificationDyes

Industrial Uses• Water purification• Cosmetics• Textile printing• Lubricants• Tanning leather• Dye• Pulp for paper

• Condiment• Cane juice clarifier• Honey clarifier• Fiber products• Bio-fuel• Insecticide• Fungicide

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Water Purification• Moringa seeds are used

as coagulant• Coagulant separate out

the solid particles from colloidal water solution.

• Charged proteins in seed tissues coagulate suspended particles and turn muddy water into clear potable liquid.

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Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3Dirty water Dirt sinks to

bottomClean water

after one hour

Water Clarification and Purification

Moringa Oil• Moringa seeds 20-40% oil.• Oil is also used as fuel

(bio-fuel alternative energy)

• Used in ointments, perfumes, skin lotion, shampoo, soap, etc.

• “Ben oil” used as lubricant for clocks and watches.

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Seeds for Moringa OilFor cooking, lubricating, cosmetics, aroma therapy, perfumes

The Philippines can penetrate the international market

Seed Producers can amass a net income of approximately PhP 218,000– 521,000 per hectare/year @ PhP20/kg of seeds

It has a potential to generate an estimated 10,000 jobs/3,000 has. for Filipinos

Moringa Cosmetics

Body treatment solutionBody butter Shower creams, shampoos

Bath soapAnti-aging cream Bath foam

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Other Potential UsesAquaculturePulp/Paper

ShadeReforestation

Carbon Credit/Climate Change

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Moringa R & D ProgramsAsia

• Agronomy and Horticulture• Nutrition and Health• Biotechnology• Industrial

Philippines• Central Philippine University• Department of Agriculture – Bureau of

Agricultural Research (BAR)• Moringaling Philippines Foundation• OXFAM

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Adaptability and Horticultural Characterizationof Moringa Accessions under Central

Philippines Conditions

H.G. Patricio1, M.C. Palada1 and A.W. Ebert 21College of Agriculture, Resources & Environmental Sciences

Central Philippine University, Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines2Genetic Research & Seed Unit, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan

Moringa Observational Field Demo/Trial at CPU

Established in 2009

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Response to pruning after one year, 2010

Weight of fresh leaves and number of branchesAccession No./Country Leaves

(kg/plant)No. of

BranchesPotential LeafBiomass (kg/ha)1

Mo-2 Virgin Is USA 1.78 6.4 5933

Mo-3 Taiwan 0.77 3.6 2566

Mo-4 Thailand 2.34 9.0 7799

Mo-6 Thailand 1.80 5.5 5999

Mo-7 Thailand 0.72 6.2 2400

Mo-8 Thailand 1.15 5.8 3833

Mo-9 Thailand 0.76 7.5 2533

Mo-12 Thailand 0.80 5.7 2666

Mo-14 Thailand 2.11 3.3 7033

Mo-15 Thailand 1.64 7.2 5466

Mo-20 Thailand 1.54 5.2 5132

Mo-29 India 0.65 5.5 2166

Mo-33 Davao Philippines 1.00 4.0 3333

Mo-34 India 0.56 4.8 1866

Mo-35 Tanzania 0.88 5.6 2933

Mo-37 Laos 1.53 5.3 5099

Mo-38 Thailand 1.33 7.7 4432

Mo-40 India 1.63 6.4 54321Plant population = 3,333/ha

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Variation in number and growth of side branches among accessions, 2011.

Plant Survival after Several Typhoons Accession No./Country Cultivar Survival

(%)Mo-2 USA Virgin Islands 100Mo-3 Taiwan La-Mu 100Mo-4Thailand Ma Rum 80Mo-6 Thailand Ma Rum 100Mo-7 Thailand Ma Rum 100Mo-8 Thailand Ma Rum 100Mo-9 Thailand Ma Rum 100Mo-12 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw 60Mo-14 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Jaw 100Mo-15 Thailand Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw 100Mo-20 Thailand Ma Rum 80Mo-29 India TNAU-1 100Mo-33 Philippines Davao Malunggay 80Mo-34 India La Mu E 100Mo-35 Tanzania RCA Moringa 100Mo-37 Lao PDR Vientiane Pak-Ihum 100Mo-38 Thailand Ma Rum C 80Mo-40 India PKM-1 100Mo-41 Philippines Local Malunggay 100

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Promising Varieties

PKM-1 India Ma Rum - Thailand

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Fruits pods of PKM-1 India

RCATanzania

MarumThailand

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• This preliminary evaluation suggests that there are promising Moringa accessions adapted for Central Philippines conditions with potential for high leaf biomass production.

• Accessions from Thailand and India possess desirable horticultural traits.

• These accessions should be propagated and multiplied for commercial production.

Conclusions

• Organic Center and Training• 10944 Kanluran Road, University of the Philippines Los Banos• College, Laguna Tel. No. 0928-7917900/049-5378964

Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines

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CLIARC, San Miguel, Tarlac

The seeds or seedlings can be planted in 10 ‐ 30 centimeters spacing for intensive foliage production  BPI, LBNRDC, Laguna

Bicol La Union

Ilocos region Davao

1. CHARACTERIZATION OF MORINGA FOR HIGH QUALITY OF LEAF AND  SEED OIL

2. MORINGA VARIETY FOR HIGH ELEVATION 

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Commercial Moringa Farms – PhilippinesNegros Occidental

Commercial Moringa Farms Pampanga

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Commercial Moringa Farms - Laguna

http://moringaling.net

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Horticultural Characterization and Propagation of Moringa Germplasm at AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center

M.C. Palada, D.L. Wu and A.W. EbertAVRDC – The World Vegetable CenterP.O. Box 42 Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan

CPU 9th Research & Development Week, March 6, 2012

Taiwan

Crop Stand – 16 June 200932 days after transplanting

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Crop stand, 22 July 2009

Table 4. Leaf and stem fresh weight of Moringa oleifera 70 days after transplanting, AVRDC, 2009.

Accession Pedigree/Cultivar CountryLeaf

Fresh wt. (kg)

Stem Fresh wt.

(kg)

Mo 2 Virgin Islands Drumstick USA 0.88 b 0.93 ab

Mo 3 La-Mu Taiwan 0.86 b 0.82 ab

Mo 4 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.21 ab 0.69 ab

Mo 6 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.87 b 0.60 ab

Mo 7 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.27 ab 1.08 a

Mo 8 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.27 ab 1.04 a

Mo 9 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.04 ab 0.80 ab

Mo 12 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.70 b 0.52 b

Mo 14 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.77 b 0.62 ab

Mo 15 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 0.91 b 0.72 ab

Mo 20 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.88 b 0.68 ab

Mo29 TNAU-1 India 1.25 ab 0.97 ab

Mo 33 Davao Malunggay Philippines 0.80 b 0.88 ab

Mo 34 La-Mu E India 1.08 ab 0.78 ab

Mo 35 RCA Moringa Tanzania 1.58 a 1.00 ab

Mo 37 Vientiane Pak-Ihum Lao PDR 1.20 ab 0.95 ab

Mo 38 Ma-Rum C Thailand 1.02 ab 0.79 ab

Mo 40 PKM - 1 India 0.94 b 0.99 abSpacing: 1.5 x 1.5 m4,444 plants/ha

Potential Yield = 26 t/ha/yr , 6 prunings

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Effect of Typhoon ‘Morakot’

10 August 2009, 3 days after typhoon

10 August 2009, 3 days after typhoon

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Border plants unpruned

4 September 2009, 27 days after typhoon

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Percent plant survival of Moringa accessions two years after establishment. AVRDC, 2011.

Accession Pedigree/Cultivar CountryNo. of lived plants

Plantsurvival

(%)

Mo 2 Virgin Islands Drumstick USA 3.33 66.7

Mo 3 La-Mu Taiwan 3.67 73.3

Mo 4 Ma-Rum Thailand 3.00 60.0

Mo 6 Ma-Rum Thailand 2.33 46.7

Mo 7 Ma-Rum Thailand 0.67 13.3

Mo 8 Ma-Rum Thailand 3.00 60.0

Mo 9 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.33 26.7

Mo 12 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 3.33 66.7

Mo 14 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 1.67 33.3

Mo 15 Ma Rum Khaw Nheaw Thailand 2.67 53.3

Mo 20 Ma-Rum Thailand 1.00 20.0

Mo29 TNAU-1 India 3.00 60.0

Mo 33 Davao Malunggay Philippines 1.33 26.7

Mo 34 La-Mu E India 3.00 26.7

Mo 35 RCA Moringa Tanzania 3.67 60.0

Mo 37 Vientiane Pak-Ihum Lao PDR 4.67 73.3

Mo 38 Ma-Rum C Thailand 5.00 100.0

Mo 40 PKM - 1 India 0.00 0.0

Summary and Conclusion• This study demonstrated the variability

of Moringa accessions in terms of horticultural traits.

• Accessions varied significantly in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem biomass, and number of shoots.

• Differences in plant survival under waterlogged conditions also varied among accessions.

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Moringa in Thailand

PKM2 planting at Maejo Univ., Dr. Ricky Bates, PSU with Drs. Sanh and Saksan

Thailand

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Fruit set & early fruiting of PKM2 in northern Thailand

Northern Thailand Moringa oleifera, selected for propagation

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Moringa in India

• India meets more than 80% demand of Moringa products and thereby enjoying dominant position in the world Moringa scenario.

• The global Moringa products market estimated to be over US$ 2 billion is highly dependent on India.

Moringa R&D India

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Genetic Diversity and Improvement

Varieties Horticultural Traits

‘Bombay’ ‘Jaffna’ ‘Chavakacheri murunga’‘Baramassi’ varieties ‘PKM-1’ ‘

IIHR-35, IIHR-39, IIHR-26‘TNAU-1GKVK-1, GKVK-2, GKVK-3Dhanaraj

Chemmurungai

curly fruitsFrom Sri Lanka, fruits 60-90 cm, 400-600 pods/tree/yr. elongated pods, 90-120 cm long.flower continuously throughout the yeardwarf, high yielding pod, flowers 90-100 days, yields 7-8 months after planting.

Small stem, 2-2.5 m high, 120-180 pods/tree/yearStarts yielding 9-10 months, 150-200 pods/tree/yr, 35-40 cm pod length.

Ecotype of Jaffna murunga, flowers throughout the year, medium size pods. High yielding.

Yield and yield components of annual drumstick, Bangalore, India

VarietyNo. of

pods per plant

Pod length(cm)

Pod girth(cm)

Pod weight

(g)

Pod yield(kg/plant)

PKM-1 100-185 60-75 5.5-6.5 50-75 8-13

Plant population: 1,600 plant per haTotal pod yield: 12.8 – 20.8 t/haEach tree can produce up to 10,000 seeds per year

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Yield Performance of Drumstick in relation to organic treatments

TreatmentsLeaf

Biomass(kg/tree)

1 year

Pod Yield (t/ha)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Mean

FYM (24 t/ha)FYM (12 t/ha)FYM (12 t/ha + BF)Vermicompost (5 t/ha) + BFGreen Manure + RP + Wood AshCheck (100-100-100 kg/ha NPK)CD at 5%

11.98.29.3

10.911.313.4

1.92

6.6 12.7 9.8 9.73.9 8.2 7.7 6.24.8 8.9 10.1 7.95.7 9.5 9.7 8.35.9 10.5 9.1 8.56.1 9.6 10.0 8.61.6 1.82 2.12 1.67

FYM = Farmyard ManureBF = Biofertilizer (Azospirillium and Phosphobacteria, 5 kg/ha)RP = Rock Phosphate

Source: Prabhakar and Hebbar, 2007

Moringa oleifera, Potentially a New Source of Oleic Acid-type Oil for

Malaysia

Malaysia

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Moringa has been used in folk medicine, including Ayurvedic traditional medicine and in the Philippines. In Africa and Indonesia, Moringa leaves are given to nursing mothers in the belief that they increase lactation.

MORINGA: AN INDIGENOUS MINOR VEGETABLE CAN PLAY A GREAT ROLE IN NUTRITION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN NORTH WESTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. SEEDOIL OF THE INDIGENOUS-CULTIVAR OF BANGLADESH

Indonesia and Bangladesh

Moringa in Vietnam

Introduction and evaluation of Moringa oleifera for biomass production and as feed for goats in the Mekong DeltaLuu Huu Manh, Nguyen Nhut Xuan Dung and Tran Phung Ngoi*Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cantho UniversityCantho, Vietnamlhmanh@ctu.edu.vn; nnxdung@ctu.edu.vn* Song Hau Farm, Cantho city

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Advances in Moringa R&D

• Nutrition and Health• Medicine• Agriculture• Industry• Other New Developments

Moringa R & D

Nutrition and Health

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Source: R.Yang, AVRDC 2002

Nutrient contents* of Moringa leaves

Sample OriginDry

matter Fiber Sugar Vit Cβ-

CarotenCalcium Iron

g g g mg mg mg mg

TOT4100 La Mu Taiwan 22.3 1.65 2.85 202 30.0 584 3.59TOT4880 Drumstick Virgin Islands 23.8 2.49 2.24 145 32.7 701 3.96TOT4893 Ma Rum Thailand 20.0 1.69 2.45 159 24.8 630 4.19TOT4951 Ma Rum Thialand 20.4 1.77 2.12 146 24.8 717 3.37TOT4977 Ma Rum Thailand 22.0 1.87 2.15 186 29.8 756 3.78TOT5169 Ma Rum Thialand 21.3 1.99 2.15 172 34.3 786 3.57TOT5474 Malunggay India 22.1 2.14 2.13 150 24.8 720 1.65

Mean±STDEV 21.7±1.3

1.94±0.30

2.30±0.27

166± 22

28.7±4.0

699± 70

3.44±0.8

Light green leaves Africa 22.6 1.83 2.68 275 20.4 282 2.66Dark green leaves Africa 21.0 1.95 1.93 187 25.0 688 4.23*: based on 100 g fresh weight of edible portion

R&D Activities on:Development of Foods Rich in Micronutrients

• Aims to develop functional foods from indigenous plant materials

• Targeted plant materials are soya beans, moringaoleifera, and other indigenous underutilized plants

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Which nutrients are in soya beans and moringa oleifera leaves?

Phenolicantioxidants, e.g. flavonoids

potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, sulphur and selenium

Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins - B1, B2, B3, B6, choline, vitamin C, D, E and K

ca. 1.7% (fresh); 2.3% (dry leaves) high %-gepolyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs)

ca. 6.7% (fresh); 27% (dry leaves) all 8 essential amino acids 10 non-essential amino acids

Moringa leaves

Phyto-estrogens, isoflavones

sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, and selenium

Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins, E and K

ca. 20% fat with high %-gepolyunsaturated FAs

ca. 40% with all 8 essential amino acids

Soya beans

Phyto-chemicals

MineralsVitaminsFatProtein

Phenolicantioxidants, e.g. flavonoids

potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, sulphur and selenium

Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins - B1, B2, B3, B6, choline, vitamin C, D, E and K

ca. 1.7% (fresh); 2.3% (dry leaves) high %-gepolyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs)

ca. 6.7% (fresh); 27% (dry leaves) all 8 essential amino acids 10 non-essential amino acids

Moringa leaves

Phyto-estrogens, isoflavones

sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, and selenium

Vitamin A (-carotene), B-vitamins, E and K

ca. 20% fat with high %-gepolyunsaturated FAs

ca. 40% with all 8 essential amino acids

Soya beans

Phyto-chemicals

MineralsVitaminsFatProtein

Protein/Calorie of soya and moringa in comparison to other foods

Protein per Calorie (g/kcal)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

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Trees for Life Journal a forum on beneficial trees and plants Open access, freely available online

Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1. Jed W. Fahey, Sc.D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 406 WBSB, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205-2185

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L=LeavesF=FlowersP=Pods (drumstick)S=SeedsR=RootsB=BarkG=GumO=Oil from seeds

Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera

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Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera

Reported Nutritional, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Uses of Moringa oleifera

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Common Dietary Phytochemicals, Sources and Established Human Health Effects

Compound Sources Established Effect on Human Health

Flavonoids (Quercetin and Kaempferl)

Onions, Snap beans, Lettuce, majority of common vegetables

Direct antioxidants, reduce risks of heart disease, anti-cancer, effects on circulatory system

Chlorogenic Acid Blackberry, Apple, Peach, Coffee

Direct antioxidants, anti-cancer effects, modulate cholesterol levels

Glucosinolates (Hydrolysis products: isothiocyanates)

Moringa, Cabbage, Broccoli, Radish, Cauliflower, Kale, Mustard

Indirect antioxidants, potent anti-cancer activity of isothiocyanates, potential effects on immune system.

Sources: Pike, et al., 1995; Bortz, 2001; Bahorun, et al., 1996; Periera da Silva et al., 2000;Czinner, et al., 2001; Lodovicie, et. al., 2001; Estruch, 2000; Santos-Buelga and Sealbert, 2000; Stupans, et. al., 2002; Sun, et. al., 2002; Visioli, et. al., 2000.

Moringa R & D

Agriculture

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Agronomy and Horticulture• Leaf biomass production: pruning frequency, plant density,

spacing (India, Ghana, Nicaragua, Taiwan)• Cultural practices: mulching, organic fertilizers• Agroforestry and mixed cropping system

- Moringa hedgerows in vegetable, herbs and medicinal plants (Philippines, Virgin Islands)• Variety evaluation: India, Philippines, Taiwan• Genetic diversity and improvement: India• Fodder for livestock feed: Nicaragua, Haiti, Ghana• Propagation methods: seed, stem cuttings, tissue culture• Harvesting and handling: pruning and coppicing studies• Post-harvest: prolong freshness (shelf-life), drying, freezing

Moringa Leaf Extract as Plant Growth Hormone• Juice from fresh Moringa leaves can be used

to produce effective PGH.• Increases yield by 25-30% for crops: onion,

bell pepper, soybean, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon

• Zeatin: one of active substances – plant hormone from cytokine group.

• Foliar spray should be used in addition to fertilizer, irrigation and good agric. practices.

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Moringa as Green Manure• High planting density for green manure

production (10x10 cm, one million seeds per ha).

• Seedlings are plowed and incorporated in the soil 25 days after sowing.

• Land is prepared for the next crop in rotation.

Intensive Moringa Leaf Production

• Moringa can be grown intensively with yields up to 650 MT/ha.

• High yields obtained through sub-soiling to 60 cm, high density planting, fertilizer and irrigation.

• Plants harvested at 50 cm high every 35-40 days), up to 9 harvests per year.

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3 weeks Moringa stand10 x 10 cm spacing

60 days old

First cutting at 20 cm above ground

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Moringa R & D

Biotechnology

Embryo rescue of Moringa

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Micro-cloning to Sustain Biodiversity

Moringa R & D

Industrial

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Moringa oil as Alternative Source of Biofuel

Moringa oil contains high oleic acid (>70%)Methyl ester (biodiesel) contains high cetane number approximately 67, one of the highest found for a bio-diesel fuel

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MORINGA SEED OIL CONTENT

• A comparative study on the oil content of Moringa seed kernels from four provenances (Madagascar, Niger, Togo and Senegal) found the kernel oil content range from 36.39% to 40.56%. (Reports from the Philippines state that the Moringa type grown there contains 36% oil in the seed kernel).

BIOFUEL POTENTIAL• Currently, there exist 165 marketing

companies in the U.S. for biodiesel using soybean as raw material. It is expected that in the next 50 years, Japan and Korea will be the biggest markets of Moringa oil for their automobiles that will use biodiesel.

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Data Base and Resourcesfor Information on Moringa

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Palada, M.C. and L.C. Chang. 2003. Suggested cultural practices for Moringa. AVRDC International Cooperators’ Guide. AVRDC Pub. #03-545.

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Shikhamany, S.D., M. Prabhakar, S. Hebbar and S. Manjunatha. 2003. Drumstick Production Technology. IIHR Extn Bul. (HATP – 01), Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, India

Radovich, T. 2011 (revised). Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera). In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai‘i. http://agroforestry.net/scps

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FARMER’S FIELD GUIDE ON MORINGA PRODUCTION SMALL-HOLDER FARMERS EXPERIENCES IN MUNICIPALITIES OF JABONGA AND KITCHARAO IN THE PROVINCE OF AGUSAN DEL NORTE©2013 Oxfam

Imprimerie Horizon, Gémenos, France, May 2010.

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Sierra Sunrise Books 2000, Sherman Oaks, California, USA

Apples of Gold Publishing, 2009306 pages with color photos

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Miracle Tree – Moringa oleiferaBy Monica MarcuSound Concepts, 2005; 83 pages

Britannia Printers, Inc. 2012141 pages

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Anvil Publishing, Inc. 201370 pages

Anvil Publishing, Inc. 201362 pages

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Moringa Videos

• National Geographic Moringa Document• Discovery Channel Moringa Fights Malnutrition• Malunggay – The Miracle Tree• Zija Studio Z - Moringa

Organizations Involved in Moringa R&D Projects

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ECHOCPUPSUMPFI

OXFAMMoringa News

MAGJohns HopkinsTrees for Life

More than 150

International and Regional Conferences on Moringa

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International and Regional Conferences on Moringa

• Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – 2002• Accra, Ghana – 2006• Manila, Philippines - 2015

2 Day Moringa State of Art International WorkshopNovember 21 & 22, 2013, Jaipur, India

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Biology, Biodiversity & PhysiologyGremplasm, Genomic, Genetic Improvement & PropagationHorticultureFarm Design & ManagementAgronomics and sustainability- R&D status, available varieties, yield, optimal conditions- Greenhouse gas benefits

Economics- Economy, Marketing & Health-promoting Properties- Financing requirements of large scale projects- Is this industry attracting the needed capitals?- Carbon credits- Existence of meaningful supply chains- Market demand and its perspectives: Food, Fodder, health, cosmetic

Scale- Large-scale vs. small-scale- Local use vs. export

Moringa Oil and Oil technology & QualityEthics

- Impact on local communities- Involvement of small holders

Next Generation Biofuels Feedstock

Second Global Moringa Meeting 2013

Summary• After almost two decades, Moringa

emerged from a minor, lowly, indigenous plant to a miracle multi-purpose tree crop.

• It is now elevated into the rank of “Super Food” with tremendous nutritional and health benefits.

• The leaves that could save millions can give you millions of opportunities.

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Thank You

Have a Nice Day!