dr. martin t. auer mtu department of civil & environmental engineering mass balance, kinetics...
TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Martin T. AuerMTU Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Mass Balance, Kinetics & Reactors
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Plug FlowReactor
Completely-MixedFlow Reactor
Reactor Analogs – Natural Systems
Mille Lacs LakeMinnesota
Fox RiverWisconsin
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Reactor Analogs – Engineered Systems
Plug FlowReactor
Completely-MixedFlow Reactor
Resin-BasedWater Softener
WastewaterPrimary Clarifier
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Soaking Rain
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Dream Car
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CMF Reactor
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Control Volume
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CMF Reactor
with first order decay
in
dCV Q C Q C V k Cdt
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For many years, Allied Chemical and its ancestors produced soda ash … a chemical used to soften water and in the manufacture of glass, soap, and paper. The raw materials were two locally abundant minerals:
CaCO NaCl Na CO CaCl3 2 3 2
and the products were soda ash (Na2CO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) waste. The wastes were deposited in 2000 acres of lagoons along the banks of 9 Mile Creek. The waste continually leaks from the lagoons into the creek, making the water highly ‘salty’.
Chloride in 9 Mile Creek
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Chloride in 9 Mile Creek
up up in inmb
up in
C Q C QC
Q Q
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BATCH Reactor
with first order decay
in
dCV Q C Q C V k Cdt
dCk C
dt
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BATCH Reactorwith first order decay
dCk C
dt
Distance or TimeTime (yr)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n 0k t
tC C e
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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Batch Reactor in Pipe
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PFR = Train of Batch Reactors
Distance or TimeTime (yr)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
To Water Quality
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CMF Reactor
in
dCV Q C Q C V k Cdt
ss in
QC C
Q V k
and, at steady state
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Change in Cssco
ncen
trat
ion
time
Css,1
Css,2
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C C et ss
k t FHG
IKJ
1
1
C C e C et ss
k t
ss
k t F
HGIKJ
FHG
IKJ
FHG
IKJ
1
1
2
1
1
C C et ss
k t F
HGIKJ
FHG
IKJ
2
1
1
Time-Variable Response
time
conc
entr
atio
n
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Response Time
95%
ln 0.051
tk
Wastewater Treatment
Grit removal, 0.5 hr1°, 2° settling, 1-2 hrActivated sludge, 4-8 hr Anaerobic digestion, 15-30 d
95%
31
tk
Drinking Water Treatment
Rapid mix, <1 minFlocculator, 30 minDisinfection, 15 min
Rate Coefficients
‘fast’ k, 30 yr-1
‘slow’ k, 0.03 yr-1
Natural Systems
Onondaga Lake (0.25 yr)Lake Ontario (8 yr)Lake Michigan (136 yr)Lake Superior (179 yr)
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SS CMFApplication to Lakes
· · ·dP
V W Q P V k Pdt
where W = Q∙Cin, i.e. the loading
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· · ·dP
V W Q P V k Pdt
v Vk and A
H H
· · · ·dP
V W Q P v A Pdt
@ ,·
WSS P
Q v A
SS CMFApplication to Lakes
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PF-CMF Comparison: Reactor Efficiency
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PF-CMF Comparison: Sensitivity to Spikes
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Mass Transport
CMF Reactor8 8
SaginawBay
LakeHuron
PF Reactor
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Advection and Diffusion
advectionalone
diffusionalone
advectionplusdiffusion
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Diffusion
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PCBs
PCBs are a family of chemical compounds formed by the addition of chlorine to biphenyl (C12H10). There are 10 substitution positions where chlorine may be added, leading to a possible 209 unique chemical compounds termed congeners.
23
4
5 6
3’2’
4’
6’ 5’
ClnH(10-n)
Congeners have been assigned numbers (1209) and are also classified by the positions occupied by chlorine. Referencing the substitution positions in the figure above, three examples are:
Congener 1: 2-Chlorobiphenyl
Congener 101: 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl
Congener 209: Decachlorobiphenyl
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Example 4.14 PCBs in Lake Superior
Dr. Perlinger’s research groupsampling on Lake Superior aboardthe U.S. EPA research vesselLake Guardian.
air
water