dr. phillipson plenary

7/29/2019 Dr. Phillipson Plenary

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TESOL in a Globalized World:

Exploring the Challenges AU Sharjah, 2008

English, a necessary lingua francaor anuncontrollable lingua frankensteinia?

Robert PhillipsonDepartment of International Language Studiesand Computational Linguistics

Copenhagen Business School


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p g

Outline, goalsto explore English by historical contextualisation, and

conceptual clarification: English as a lingua ___?English today has become the lingua franca of an increasinglyinterdependent and globalized world.

thelingua franca?

In almost every part of the world, including the Arabian Gulfregion, the English language is often becoming the first choice forcommunication among linguistically and culturally diversepeople.

Arabic? Choice? All contexts or specific purposes?

Gordon BrownEnglish is our heritage, but it is also becoming thecommon future of human commerce and communication. thebold task of making our language the world's common languageof choice.

Analyse English as project, process and product


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much research is still needed to address the issue of

teaching English as a global or international language

Global English? International English? Imperial English?

Research?

Crystal? Brutt-Griffler?

Globalization and Language Teaching. David Block and Deborah

Cameron (eds.). Routledge, 2002 Re-)Locating TESOL in an age of empireJulian Edge (ed.).

Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Cultural globalisation , Kumaravadivelu, Yale UP

World Englishes(Kirkpatrick, Melchers & Shaw, )

recent research in TESOL and its subfields have started payingmore attention to NNS/NNS interactions in English, and whetherthe English speakers norms should be viewed as the standard.

Jenkins/Seidlhofer/Promodrou/none from the US


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The origins of English?

Who the first inhabitants of Britain were,whether natives or immigrants, remains obscure:one must remember we are dealing withbarbarians.

Tacitus, AD 97

National BritishEnglish: The Queens/Oxford/standard

American English as an instrument for forming

American national identity, Noah Webster, 1791.TheAmerican Dictionary of the English Languageof1828 became in 1890 Websters International Dictionary,while Websters ThirdNew International Dictionary ofthe English Language, 1961, aims at meeting the needs ofthe whole modern English-speaking world


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Global Christianisation

East India Company 1600

1698, charter renewal included a missionary

clause requiring the company to maintain

ministers of religion on their business premises

and take a chaplain in every ship of 500 tons or

more.

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1698)

Many denominational missionary bodies.


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lingua franca in dictionaries

New Oxford Shorter: from Italian (+++), any languageserving as a medium between different nations etc whoseown languages are not the same; a system of

communication providing mutual understanding.

Encarta/Microsoft:1. LANGUAGE USED FORCONVENIENCE a language or mixture of languagesused for communication by people who speak differentfirst languages. 2. TRADERS LANGUAGE IN THEMEDITERRANEAN in ports until 18th century, Italianplus elements of French, Spanish, Italian, Greek,Turkish.


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lingua franca: a fuzzy polysemic term

Mackey: Franks in France from 5th century Barotchi: 1. Arabic, lisan alfiranj, Crusades2. trading language in Mediterranean ports

3. a language of a group in El Djezair, Alger

4. pidgins? Esperanto?

auxiliary language excludes Arabic, Swahili, English

UNESCO and academia, 1950s:

non-European dominant languages Media discourse, political discourse:

apolitical international language

Seidlhofer: non-native interaction in English


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Franks = Westerners/Europeans

As a man of liberal views, it might have amusedhim to annoy Ali Pasha by selling the land toFrank Protestants (conflicts of opinion between

Ottoman ministers of state, 1861). If the governments want a college built for the

Franks, we want a college built for the Franks.(village opinion about the construction of amissionary school, 1867, Istanbul).

OED: 1) of Germanic origin, conquerors of Gaul.2) In the eastern Mediterranean region: a person

of Western nationality. L17. cfFeringhee


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The mission of English

Science cannot be advanced without the Englishlanguage and textbooks and students will makebetter progress in the sciences by taking the

English textbooks and learning the English toboot than they will by giving exclusive attentionto their own language and textbooks in our field

and the same is true of any field where theGospel is preached to intelligent beings. We needdisciplined and educated men. (1847)

westernization rather than Christianization,

through English (1857)


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English in the British empire and

colonial America

A class of persons, Indians in blood andcolour, English in taste, in opinion, in

morals and in intellect.Lord Macaulay, 1835

English is destined to be in the next and

succeeding centuries more generally thelanguage of the world than Latin was in the

last or French in the present age.

J ohn Adams to Congress, 1780


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Global = American

In 1838 the Board of Foreign Missions of the USA,13 colonies, propounded a belief in the

manifest destiny of Anglo-Saxon culture tospread around the world

Joel Spring,The cultural transformation of a Native American familyand its tribe 1763-1995. 1996, Lawrence Erlbaum.

The whole world should adopt the American

system. The American system can survive inAmerica only if it becomes a world system.

President Harry Truman, 1947

cited in Pieterse, Jan N. 2004. Globalization or empire. New York

and London: Routledge, 131.


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The lingua divina

It wasnt until he was 18 that Kanchedia Chamaarrealized that God spoke and understood English andnothing else. Because unfamiliarity with the linguadivinawas a matter of intense shame at Delhi School of

Economics in the 1970s, he started learning English onthe sly, and continues to be consumed by the process tothis day. Over a period of three years after his mastersdegree, no fewer than one hundred and eight Indianfirms found him unfit for gainful employment. While

doing his PhD in the 1980s, he found that at Universitiesin the US, even those not fluent in English were treatedas human beings, a dignity that not everybody seemedwilling to accord him in Delhi. He has been hiding in theUS ever since. (Chamaar 2007)


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The lingua divina?English and Christ for the World

United Society for the Propagation of the GospelAmity [Foundation] has a team of people

witnessing at a grassroots level that Christianity

is not anti-Chinese or solely western. As

missionaries are still banned from China, it

represents one of the most effective ways to

support Christians in China through the sendingof teachers of English from overseas.

Wong and Canagarajah, eds. (forthcoming)


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Westernization in the US:

monolingual English barbarians

In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comeshere in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself tous, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for itis an outrage to discriminate against any such man because ofcreed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon theperson's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but anAmerican...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man whosays he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American

at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag... Wehave room for but one language here, and that is the Englishlanguage... and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is aloyalty to the American people.

Theodore Roosevelt1907


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English - A global mission

Teaching the world English may appear not

unlike an extension of the task which America

faced in establishing English as a commonnational language among its own immigrant

population.

Annual Report of the British Council 1960-61,cited in Phillipson, Linguistic imperialism, OUP,

1992


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Englishthe local mission in the

Middle East?

A common language of higher education andresearch at the AUS?

A bilingual university?

A reward system for those able to teach andadminister in both Arabic and English, to publishin both Arabic and English?

A logical conclusions from the Vision of yourFounder that UAS should be socially relevant aswell as promoting scholarship and learning?

University autonomy and freedom are underthreat in the Western world.


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Linguistic imperialism

a variant oflinguicism structural: resources, infrastructure,

ideological: beliefs, attitudes, imagery

internalised as normal and natural

interlocks with culture, education, media,communication, economy, politics, military

exploitation, hierarchy

unequalrights forspeakers of different languages

subtractive, consolidating some languages at the expenseof others

contested and resisted

many push and pull factors


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English a lingua franca ?

merely a neutral instrument

for inter-lingual communication,or a

lingua economica?

corporate neoliberalism = americanisation lingua emotiva?Hollywood, music lingua cultura? asubject in general education

lingua bellica?Afghanistan, I raq, arms trade lingua academica?publications, conferences,

medium for content learning

lingua divina, lingua diabolica?


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Media/cultural globalisation

70-80% of all TV fiction shown on European TVis American American movies, American TV

and the American lifestyle for the populations of

the world and Europe at large have become the

lingua franca of globalization, the closest we get

to a visual world culture.

Ib Bondebjerg 2003 By contrast in the USA the market share of films

of foreign origin is dropping and now 1%.

cultural globalisation is asymmetrical

li f


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lingua franca :

pernicious, misleading, false

A pernicious, invidiousterm if the language in questionis a first language for some people but for others a

foreign language.

A misleading term if the language is supposed to beneutral and disconnected from culture.

Afalseterm for a language that is taught as a subject ingeneral education.

Historical continuity: term for the language of1) the Crusaders, Franks (from Arabic)

2) the crusade of global corporatisation, marketed as

freedom, democracy (& human rights?).

U l it b t h t E li h


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Unclarity about what English

representsGlobal Engish

as project, process and product

- English as the default language of internationalcommunication (project)

- English increasingly used intranationally inbusiness, the media, education, EU affairs(project)

- Legitimating neutral, lingua franca English(process)

- Anglo-US linguistic norms, with local variation

(product)


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English as product in processesof use

The number of current and future users of English in the world ismounting, and according to recent estimates, non-native speakersof English have surpassed the number of native English speakers.

A variety ofproductslocal Englishes

a global written standard

more diverse spoken Englishes

processes towards the project of a global CNN ( +BBC?) spokenstandard?

Are numbers relevant in language use when international Englishmust follow norms in processesof standardisation?

Clarify contexts of use of English.


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Corporatisation:

Education as a market opportunity

The British Council is the United Kingdom'sinternational organisation for educational

opportunities and cultural relations. Registered in England as a charity.

The English language teaching sector directlyearns nearly 1.3 billion for the UK in invisibleexports and our other education related exports,earn up to 10 billion a year more.

Lord Neil Kinnock, in Foreword to DavidGraddols English next, British Council 2006.

Educational Testing Services


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Educational Testing Services

Princeton, NJ At nonprofit ETS, our mission is to advance quality and

equity in education for all people worldwide. Our Mission: To advance quality and equity in education by

providing fair and valid assessments, research, and relatedservices. Our products and services measure knowledge andskills, promote learning and educational performance, and

support education and professional development for all peopleworldwide.

Our Vision: To be recognized as the global leader in providing fairand valid assessments, research, and related products andservices to help individuals, parents, teachers, educational

institutions, businesses, governments, countries, states, and schooldistricts, as well as measurement specialists and researchers. Our Values: Social responsibility, equity, opportunity, and

quality.

ETS's Global Division and its subsidiaries fulfill ETS's

mission in markets around the world.

At non profit ETS
http://www.ets.org/vgn-ext-templating/v/?vgnextoid=ce60486a721c7110VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=4ab65784623f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRDhttp://www.ets.org/vgn-ext-templating/v/?vgnextoid=ce60486a721c7110VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=4ab65784623f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD


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At non-profit ETS

our sole mission is to promote learning

ETS revenues $700m p.a., $82m from TOEFL

In 1997 the CEO was paid more than $400,00

and over 800 employees were paid more than

$50,000

New European subsidiary to penetrate the

European market recruited its CEO from

DuPont Pharmaceuticals Goals: to increase revenues, expand into K-12,

the military, and corporations.

Bill Templer 2004, www.jceps.com

IELTS th I t ti l E li h
http://www.jceps.com/http://www.jceps.com/


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IELTS - the International English

Language Testing System Almost one million candidates sat an IELTS exam last

year; a record for the our jointly-managed scheme.Entries for the test, which we run in partnership withIDP: IELTS Australia and University of CambridgeESOL Examinations, have almost doubled in the last

three years. EXAMS FOR A CHANGING WORLD

938,000 candidates sat the exam in 2007, a figureencouraged by university entrance requirements, new

immigration policies and professional recognitionthroughout the English-speaking world.

http://www.britishcouncil.org/home-about-us-world-of-difference-record-exams.htm

Lingua frankensteinia


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Lingua frankensteiniaMetaphor: threat, uncontrollable by its creator,

progress going wrong

Frankenstein [The title of a novel (1818) by MaryShelley whose eponymous character constructedand gave life to a human monster. Often wrongly

used as the name of the monster itself.]A terrible creation; a thing that becomes

terrifying to its creator.

New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary,1993

Lingua frankensteinia

A language that terrifies and exterminates others.


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lingua frankensteinia?

Louis-J ean Calvet: glottophagie J ohn Swales:lingua tyrannosaura: some languages of

scholarship on the way to extinction,

- domain loss in Scandinavian languages

- Urdu in higher education in British India- Arabic as the language of scholarship

Tove Skutnabb-Kangas: killer languages,languagemurder, linguistic genocide

RP: English, a cuckoo in the European higher educationnest of languages? lingua cuculaEuropean J ournal of English Studies, 2006

cfAmos Key,Six Nations of the Grand River


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Project for the New American Century

The Cheney-Wolfowitz-Rumsfeld doctrineThe plan is for the United States to rule the world. The

overt theme is unilateralism, but it is ultimately a story

of domination. It calls for the United States to maintainits overwhelming military superiority and prevent new

rivals from rising up to challenge it on the world stage.

It calls for dominion over friends and enemies alike. It

says not that the United States must be more powerful,or most powerful, but that it must be absolutely

powerful.

D. Armstrong inHarpers Magazine 305, 2002.


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The rhetoric of global leadership

Globalisation begets interdependence, andinterdependence begets the necessity of acommon value system.

History the age-old battle between progressand reaction, between those who embrace themodern world and those who reject its existence.

Century upon century it has been the destiny ofBritain to lead other nations. That should not bea destiny that is part of our history. It should bepart of our future. We are a leader of nations or

nothing.


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David Hare, Obedience, struggle and revolt.Lectures on theatre(faber and faber 2005)

They (US leaders) know we have voluntarily

surrendered our wish for an independent voice in

foreign affairs. Worse, we have surrendered it to

a country which is actively seeking to undermineinternational organisations and international law.

Lacking the gun, we are to be only the mouth.

The deal is this: America provides the firepower.We provide the bullshit.

Di iti ll


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Discourses uncritically

promoting English

inpolitics English is the worlds lingua francaLord Renton, House of Lords, UK

in academia (political science) English is

the lingua francaof the European Union, de Swaan in academia (language policy and planning)The

ascendancy of English is merely the outcome of the

coincidence of accidental forces, Bob Kaplan in international cultural diplomacyEnglish no longerbelongs to the English-speaking nations but to

everyone, the British Council

European Association for International Education


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European Association for International Education,

Occasional paper 17, July 2005.Michael Woolf, President,Foundation for International Education, London

I gotta use words when I talk to you:

English and international education.

internationalisation does not need to entail learning or operating

in a foreign language, i.e. English alone is enough, privatisation and the law of the market are desirable, i.e. higher

education should no longer be seen as a common good,

English can be detached from its cultural origins and studied

merely as a tool, i.e. the language is promoted as though it isculturally neutral and detached from the globalising,

internationalising forces that impel the language forward,

alternative views are based on worn and tired assumptions that

contribute to atrophy, irrelevance and stagnation. Us lot?

G d B 17 J 2008


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Gordon Brown, 17 January 2008http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page14289.asp

It is in part an accident of history - a wave of

knowledge and commerce, which gathered even greaterglobal force in the post-war era, that gave the world theEnglish language the world is recognising the role ofEnglish - ensuring it is taught at primary level as a core

skill. In total, 2 billion people worldwide will be learningor teaching English by 2020 with more teachers, withmore courses, more websites and now a new dealinvolving the publishing media and communications

industries, we will open up English to new countries andnew generations English is our heritage, but it is alsobecoming the common future of human commerce andcommunication. the bold task of making our languagethe world's common language of choice.
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article701093.ece


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http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article701093.ece

Gordon Brown will today pledge to export the English

language to the worldand boost our economy by

billions.

The PM believes an extra BILLION people around theglobe will be speaking English in the next few years.

And he will vow that by 2025 there will be more Chinesewho can speak the language than the native speakers in

America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Mr Brown believes teaching English will quickly become

one of Britains biggest exports. It could add a

staggering 50billion a year to the UK economy by 2010.

Approaches to the analysis
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article701093.ecehttp://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article701093.ece


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Approaches to the analysis

of a British policy commitment

(Graddol)British ELT business plan has a focuson outcome(project) rather than processWorry: competition from Indians and Chinese

Shift from ELT/TESOL into education?

About teaching English, or opening valuablecommercial doors

Not neocolonial

(Phillipson) A local agenda or a British one?

Culturally appropriate multilingual education

Relevance and qualifications of experts

English for elite formation and globalisation

The worlds language New website to boost English language skills


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The worlds language. New website to boost English language skills

British Council Web site

The Prime Minister emphasised that the new website

will establish networks between teachers and studentsthroughout the globe and enable one-to-one tuitionbetween people anywhere in the world.

Martin Davidson, Chief Executive of the British

Council: We know that right around the world youngpeople want access to English language to give them theskills they need to take part in the globalising economybut also to get access to all the knowledge and

understanding that we have in this country. And our ambition, as an organisation, is that every

learner and teacher of English right around the worldshould have access to the best of English language

teaching from this country.

From colonisation to an English-speaking


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From colonisation to an English-speaking

Union to the Anglosphere

the British Empire and the United States who,

fortunately for the progress of mankind, happen

to speak the same language and very largelythink the same thoughts

Winston Churchill, 24 August 1941, after signingThe Atlantic Charter with President Roosevelt

d ti f ki hi


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deep ties of kinship

that unite the Americans and the EU

Jos Manuel BarrosoPresident, European Commission

on the occasion of the 2007 EU-US summit

which endorsed the

Transatlantic Economic Integration Plan

detailed coordination of foreign policy

rhetoric of respect for human rights, economicfreedom, environmental protection, etc.

cfJames C. Bennettwww.heritage.org/bookstore/anglosphere


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The current scene in Europe: EU Commissions

Framework Strategy for Multilingualism2005

Mother tongue plus two National plans to give coherence and direction to

actions to promote multilingualism

(including the teaching of migrant languages) Teacher training, early language learning, CLIL

Multilingualism in higher education

Academic competence in multilingualism European Indicator of Language Competence

Information Society technologies

The multilingual economy


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Linguistic apartheid in the EU

the widespread exclusion of minority mother

tongues from schools, public services and

recognition;

the de factohierarchy of languages in the EUsystem, in internal and external communication;

inequality between native speakers, particularly

of English, and other Europeans, in internationalcommunication, and especially in EU institutions.

EU policies for Europe 2010:


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EU policies for Europe 2010:

A partnership for European renewal

the Lisbon agenda: neoliberalism, education for theknowledge economy, 2 foreign languages in the

primary school

a Europe of freedom

European public space

European Justice Space

single European education and research area

The Bologna processthe internationalisation of higher education

internationalisation = English-medium education?

The Bologna process the


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The Bologna process, the

internationalisation of higher education

46 member states, Australia and the USA as observers,EU Commission as participant and funder

Bologna 1999 objectives - within the framework ofour institutional competences and taking full respect of

the diversity of cultures, languages, national educationsystems and of University autonomy - to consolidate aEuropean Higher Education Area at the latest by 2010

Bergen 19-20 May 2005: structural uniformity, quality,

mobility, recognition, joint degrees, attractiveness,competitiveness

nothing on bilingual degrees or multilingualism

internationalisation = English-medium education?


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Bologna goes global - Commissioner Figel puts higher

education reform in a global context, 10 May 2007

Bologna reforms are important but Europe should now gobeyond them, as universities should also modernise thecontent of their curricula, create virtual campuses andreform their governance. They should also professionalize

their management, diversify their funding and open up tonew types of learners, businesses and society at large, inEurope and beyond.[]

The Commission supports the global strategy in concreteterms through its policies and programmes.

Universities should follow a neoliberal EU agenda:be run like businesses, in partnership with industry,

privatise:

buzzwordsaccountability, employability, degree

certification


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Global English = ?

The languageor languages

Users (L1 and L2 users)Functions (in hierarchies of language, in national and

international communication)

Structural and economicpower (status, investment, role ineducation)Myths, discourse (advocacy, promotion)

Global English can (like the EU itself) be seen- as project (goal, purpose, vision)

- as process (participants, activities, discourses)

- as product (forms, norms).

M A K H llid 2006 i Th H db k f W ld


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M A K Halliday 2006 inThe Handbook of WorldEnglishes, ed. Kachru, Kachru & Nelson, Blackwell

English has become a world language in both senses of

the term, international and global: international, as a

medium of literary and other forms of cultural life in

(mainly) countries of the former British Empire; global,as the co-genitor of the new technological age, the age of

information. So those who are able to exploit it, whether

to sell goods or ideas, wield a very considerable power.

[] It is important, I think, to distinguish these twoaspects, the international and the global, even though

they obviously overlap. English has been expanding

along both trajectories: globally, as English;

internationally, as Englishes.

M A K H llid 2006 i Th H db k f W ld


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M A K Halliday 2006 inThe Handbook of WorldEnglishes, ed. Kachru, Kachru & Nelson, Blackwell

Both of these expansions involve what I have called

semogenic strategies: ways of creating new meanings

that are open-ended, like the various forms of metaphor,

lexical and grammatical. But they differ. InternationalEnglish has expanded by becoming world Englishes,

evolving so as to adapt to the meanings of other cultures.

Global English has expandedhas become global

by taking over, or being taken over by, the newinformation technology, which means everything from

email and the internet to mass media advertising, news

reporting, and all the other forms of political and

commercial propaganda.


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European views of global English

George Steiner a global mass media crolefounded on American English is a soul-

destroying prospect. So is the continuation of

inflamed regionalism and language hatreds.

Pierre Bourdieu globalisation = Americanisation tienne Balibar English cannot be the language

of Europe

Umberto Eco translation is the language ofEurope

The tendency to mistake Anglo English


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The tendency to mistake Anglo English

for the human norm

Anna Wierzbicka, English: meaning and culture,Oxford UP, 2006

Publications on global English, international

English, world English, standard English

and English as a lingua franca neglect the

Anglo cultural heritage the semantics

embedded in the words and grammar.In the present-day world it is Anglo English that

remains the touchstone and guarantor of

English-based global communication.


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European responses to global English

Worry in France, Germany, Austria, Denmark/Norway/Sweden

parallel competence English +

Danish/Norwegian/Swedish . + ?

European Unionone

lingua francais not enough

trilingualism should be the norm

The knowledge society or wisdom


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The knowledge societyor wisdom,

peace, justice, metaphysics, ethics?

Literature society and language break downfurther into specialisations within each, and thelinks between each sub-specialisation (e.g. on the

languageside, between theoretical and appliedlinguistics, language pedagogy, sociolinguistics,grammar, phonetics, translation, compositionetc) generally fail to form a coherent whole which

can permit either the academic or the student tosee the societal wood for the academic trees.

Society marked by marketisation, economic

rationales, consumerism, militarism.

Critical scholarship in sociolinguistics


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Critical scholarship in sociolinguistics

and educational policy

a key role in diagnosing inequality based on race(Labov), gender (Cameron), class (Bernstein),rampant capitalism (Halliday) and language

(Skutnabb-Kangas)racism, sexism, classism, growthism, linguicismlead to proactive strategies and action in

minority education, linguistic human rights,resisting linguistic genocide

counteracting linguistic imperialism and neo-imperialism

The myth of the cultural neutrality of global English.


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Martin Kayman, in Textual practice, 18/1, 2004

English being disembedded from national cultures can

never mean that it floats culture-free ( or) isculturally neutral. The point may be simple, but it is

often elided; and this elision constitutes a politics of

English as a global language which precisely conceals

the cultural work which that model of language is in

fact performing.

The advocacy of English as a global language is

comparable to the occupation by Europeans of othercontinents that were falsely seen as terra nullius.Contemporary linguists who proclaim the neutrality of

English treat the language as a cultural terra nullius.


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English as fuzzy/pernicious/murderous

laissez faireEnglish as a lingua franca=

monopolistic linguistic capital accumulation

free market English as a lingua cucula

=linguistic capital dispossesion


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The l. franca/frankensteinia project

entails

imagining a community (Anderson),

the invention of traditions (Hobsbawm/Ranger),

national, ethnic, universal, global, European

metaphysical choices (Dante,Schumacher):

type of society, belief, values, ethics

maintenance of diversity, biological, cultural and

linguistic (www.terralingua.org)

leading to visions of and for English
http://www.terralingua.org/http://www.terralingua.org/


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The l. franca/frankensteinia process

entails

building communities of practice

that people identify with at various levels

personal, interpersonal, intercultural, sub-cultural

in contexts of use, discourses, domains

conforming to norms of linguistic behaviour that are

institutionally (re-)inforced, legitimated andrationalised,

in societies that hierarchise race, gender, and language

leading to English as prestigious, normal, normative


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The l. franca/frankensteinia product

interlocks with economic/material systems,

structures, institutions, US empire

supported ideologically in cultural re-/production

and consumption

in political, economic, military, media and academic

discourses

through narrativesthe spread of English, the history /story of English

and through metaphors

English as international, global, God-given, rich

Heuristic questions for clarifying whether English


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Heuristic questions for clarifying whether English

functions as a lingua francaor frankensteinia

Is the expansion and/or learning of English in any given contextadditive or subtractive?

Is linguistic capital dispossession of national languages takingplace?

Is there a strengthening or a weakening of a balanced locallanguage ecology?

Where are our political and corporate leaders taking us inlanguage policy?

What is the role of English Studies and TESOL in the

contemporary world?

How can academics in English Studies contribute to publicawareness and political change?

If norms are global, is the English serving local needs or merely

subordinating its users to the American empire project?

b dk/ t ff/ hilli


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www.cbs.dk/staff/phillipson

English, no longer a foreign language in Europe? In International

Handbook of English Language Teaching, Part 1, ed. JimCummins and Chris Davison. New York: Springer, 2007, 23-136.

RP and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. Reviewing a book and how itrelates to global English, Wizard of the crowby Ngg waThiongo. European English Messenger.

2006. English, a cuckoo in the European higher education nest oflanguages? European J ournal of English Studies, 10/1, 13-32.

How does linguistic neoimperialism sustain global corporateoccupation? Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, forthcoming.

Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? English in Europeanintegration and globalisation. Forthcoming in World Englishes, ina Forum consisting of the article, responses by seven scholarsand a closing word by Robert Phillipson.


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