Research Opportunities in Water Research Opportunities in Water SectorSector –– A National PerspectiveA National PerspectiveSector Sector –– A National PerspectiveA National Perspective

Dr. M. PrithvirajDr. M. PrithvirajKarnataka State Council For Science & Karnataka State Council For Science &

Technology, IISc., BangaloreTechnology, IISc., Bangalore

WaterWaterWaterWater

UU D i ki I i i I dD i ki I i i I dUses Uses –– Drinking, Irrigation, Industry, Drinking, Irrigation, Industry, EntertainmentEntertainment

SourcesSources –– Surface water bodiesSurface water bodiesSources Sources Surface water bodies, Surface water bodies, Groundwater, Glaciers & Ice capsGroundwater, Glaciers & Ice caps

Issues Issues –– Quantity & Quality Quantity & Quality ––ContaminationContamination natural &natural &Contamination Contamination --natural & natural & AnthropogenicAnthropogenic

Concerns Concerns –– Regulation, Improvement in Regulation, Improvement in g , pg , pQuality/ Quantity, Optimization Quality/ Quantity, Optimization

Techniques, Environment Techniques, Environment ManagementManagementManagementManagement

3 %

UnUn--even distribution of water has lead even distribution of water has lead to inadequacy and inaccessibility ofto inadequacy and inaccessibility of3 %

1 %

to inadequacy and inaccessibility of to inadequacy and inaccessibility of safe water supplies to more than 1.2 safe water supplies to more than 1.2 billion people around the worldbillion people around the world

1 %

73 % is consumed for73 % is consumed for agriculture, 20 % for industry and the rest, for domestic and

ESS - DST, Govt. of India

for domestic and recreational needs

Trends in Water Use

•Last 3 centuries - human use for water has risen by 35times.times.

•Total worldwide water withdrawals between 1900 and1990 indicate a two-fold increase to that of the populationGrowth

•In Asia, per capita water availability shows a decline of40-60% between 1955 and 1990.

•Projections suggest that by 2025 most Asian countrieswill have severe human misery arising out of waterwill have severe human misery arising out of watershortage like hunger, despair and widespread epidemicsand environmental degradation

ESS - DST, Govt. of India

Water & Development

•Water influences agriculture, economic development, employment,housing, health and numerous other sectors.

W t R D l t t k l i th t t f li it d•Water Resources Development takes place in the context of limitedfunds, competing priorities, human resources and other institutionallimitations, thereby making water one of the hottest issues today.

ConcernsHow to balance the many conflicting interests involved in waterHow to balance the many conflicting interests involved in waterallocation?

How to protect the environment and prevent wastage of water andp p gencourage behavior that supports sustainable use?

How to provide an equitable distribution system?

ESS - DST, Govt. of India

Agenda 21

In Chapter 18 the Agenda 21, prepared at Rio, very clearly states that:

The holistic management of freshwater as a finite and vulnerable resource,and the integration of sectoral water plans and programmes within theframework of national economic and social policy, are of paramountimportance for action in the 1990s and beyond 'While in the past there wasimportance for action in the 1990s and beyond. While in the past there wasa tendency to regard water problems as being local or regional in nature,there is a growing recognition that their increasingly widespread occurrenceis quickly adding up to a crisis of global importance' (CSD, 1994, p. 3).

It also identifies and approves the following seven areas for action at the national and international levels:

Integrated water resources development and managementWater resources assessmentProtection of water resources, water quality and aquatic ecosystemsecosystemsDrinking water supply and sanitationWater and sustainable urban developmentWater for sustainable food production and rural development

dandImpacts of climate change on -water resources

India’s – water endowments

16 % of the world’s population, but only 4% percent of its water resources.

About 12% of total geographical area ofAbout 12% of total geographical area of the country is flood-prone, while 16% of country’s geographical area is drought prone.

Why this gap between

?Why this gap between available and utilisable water resource?

The geographic spread of rainfall in IndiaThe geographic spread of rainfall in India is erratic and uneven

Ranges from 11,000 millimeter annually in some parts to 100 millimeter in Western India.

Another problem is the temporal pattern ofAnother problem is the temporal pattern of rainfall.

Much of India remains dry for nine months of the year, receiving large quantum of rains during the monsoon season causing deluge in some parts of the country.

Indian Scenario Indian Scenario -- Water Water -- StressStress

intensive agricultureintensive agricultureggindustrial development industrial development –– (3 (3 –– 4 % to 10 %)4 % to 10 %)urbanization urbanization uneven distribution of rainfall in time and spaceuneven distribution of rainfall in time and spacefailure of monsoon failure of monsoon increase in the sources and extent of contaminationincrease in the sources and extent of contaminationliberalized policies of Government and financial liberalized policies of Government and financial institutionsinstitutionsinstitutions institutions CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE

Water Water –– Today’s ProblemToday’s Problemyy

Indiscriminate development and exploitation of Indiscriminate development and exploitation of ground water resources ground water resources –– Quality and Quantity issuesQuality and Quantity issuesLack of regulatory mechanismLack of regulatory mechanismLack of regulatory mechanism Lack of regulatory mechanism No proper scientific approach in water resource No proper scientific approach in water resource development development –– to be notedto be notedPopularity measure like ‘free power’ Popularity measure like ‘free power’ --Globalization Globalization –– water exportwater exportUnscientific Unscientific –– agricultural practices, disposal of agricultural practices, disposal of industrial & domestic wasteindustrial & domestic wasteUrban FloodingUrban FloodingUrban FloodingUrban Flooding

Effects of Climate Change - Indiag

•Erratic monsoons

•Severe cyclonic activity leading to floods

•Increased dry spell and incidences of draughts

•Heat & cold wave conditions

•Alarming rates in glacial melts g g

•Lower snow fall

•Thawing of permafrost land•Thawing of permafrost land

•Increase in sea level

•Loss of mangrove and other coastal ecosystem.

National Water Resource Development

Government of India

Ministry of Water Resources

Provide necessary directions for implementation of schemes Provide necessary directions for implementation of schemes Frame policies for development, regulation and protection of Frame policies for development, regulation and protection of the resourcethe resourcethe resourcethe resource

ESS - DST, Govt. of India

Ministry of Water Resourcesy

National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development Plan (13th of September 1996 )

Water resource development in India should be so designed Water resource development in India should be so designed that it meets the requirement of the projected demand for

food security and promotion of general health of the perspective population in 2050p p p p

National Water PolicyNational Water Policy

Fi t N ti l W t P li d t d b N ti l W tFirst National Water Policy was adopted by National Water Resources Council in 1987.

This was subsequently revised and updated in April 2002.

The Union Government on January 31 2012 released the draft National Water Policy – 2012.

Th d ft li i t d th b it f Mi i t f W tThe draft policy is posted on the website of Ministry of Water Resources for comments till February 29.

After carrying necessary modifications, it would be placed before y g y pNational Water Board and National Water Resources Council for finalization and adoption.

Water Resource Development Policy

Driving ConcernsPresent Water Usage 92% - Agriculture3% - Industry 5% - Domestic purposes

Demand from the industrial and domestic sectors is expected to increase with the growing population, urbanization and industrialization.

Policy Aims at :1. Maximise the conversion of available water of 1000

BCM to utilizable water.2. Optimise the use of utilizable water to yield maximum

benefits.3. Prevent the resource from being rendered unfit for use

ESS - DST, Govt. of India

through pollution control.

DST’s R&D InitiativesDST’s R&D Initiatives -- Projects SupportedProjects SupportedDST s R&D Initiatives DST s R&D Initiatives Projects SupportedProjects SupportedMaximisation of available water to utilizable waterMaximisation of available water to utilizable water–– Rejuvenation of surface water bodiesRejuvenation of surface water bodies–– Location of Water Harvesting StructuresLocation of Water Harvesting Structures–– Artificial Groundwater RechargeArtificial Groundwater Recharge–– Sustainable Development of Groundwater ResourcesSustainable Development of Groundwater Resources

Optimisation of utilizable water to yield maximum Optimisation of utilizable water to yield maximum benefitsbenefits–– Landuse PlanningLanduse Planninggg–– Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture

Pollution control Pollution control –– Prevention of water resource being Prevention of water resource being rendered unfit for userendered unfit for userendered unfit for userendered unfit for use-- Land Management Land Management -- Conservation of Surface water bodiesConservation of Surface water bodies

G d t t i ti & S li it I iG d t t i ti & S li it I i-- Groundwater contamination & Salinity IngressionGroundwater contamination & Salinity Ingression

Salient features of the Draft Water PolicySalient features of the Draft Water PolicyThe Government has drafted the Water Policy after holding The Government has drafted the Water Policy after holding consultations with all stakeholdersconsultations with all stakeholders in the water sector in the water sector Emphasises the need for a Emphasises the need for a national water framework lawnational water framework law, , comprehensive legislation for optimum development of intercomprehensive legislation for optimum development of inter--State rivers State rivers and river valleys, and river valleys, The draft policy has termed water as an "economic good" and is The draft policy has termed water as an "economic good" and is supporting pricing of water to maximise its valuesupporting pricing of water to maximise its value. . Stipulated need and approaches towards enhancing water availability Stipulated need and approaches towards enhancing water availability besides emphasising on besides emphasising on water use efficiencywater use efficiency. . The new policy, shifts the role of the state from “Service Provider” to The new policy, shifts the role of the state from “Service Provider” to that of a that of a regulator of servicesregulator of services and facilitator for strengthening the and facilitator for strengthening the institutions responsible for planning, implementation and management institutions responsible for planning, implementation and management of water resources of water resources Proposes Proposes transfer of water related services to the community and/or transfer of water related services to the community and/or private sectorprivate sector with appropriate “Public Private Partnership” model with appropriate “Public Private Partnership” model

Cont …..Cont …..Proposed a system to evolve Proposed a system to evolve benchmarks for water usesbenchmarks for water uses for different for different purposes purposes Proposes development of Proposes development of water auditingwater auditing to ensure efficient use of to ensure efficient use of waterwaterProposes setting up of Water Regulatory Authority and adequate Proposes setting up of Water Regulatory Authority and adequate water pricing to water pricing to incentivize recycle and reincentivize recycle and re--useuse..Recommends Recommends portion of river to be kept aside to meet ecological portion of river to be kept aside to meet ecological needsneeds ensuring that the proportional low and high flow releases ensuring that the proportional low and high flow releases correspond in time closely to the natural flow regime. correspond in time closely to the natural flow regime. Has recognized the need to Has recognized the need to adapt to climate change scenarioadapt to climate change scenario in in planning and implementation of water resources projectsplanning and implementation of water resources projectsRecommends Recommends mapping of the aquifersmapping of the aquifers to know the quantum and to know the quantum and pp g qpp g q qqquality of ground water resourcesquality of ground water resourcesWater Users Associations be given statutory powers to collect and Water Users Associations be given statutory powers to collect and retain a portion of water charges, manage and maintain the retain a portion of water charges, manage and maintain the p g , gp g , gdistribution system in their jurisdiction distribution system in their jurisdiction

Cont …Cont …ProposesProposes reversal of heavy underreversal of heavy under pricing of electricitypricing of electricityProposes Proposes reversal of heavy underreversal of heavy under--pricing of electricitypricing of electricityEmphasizes the need for Emphasizes the need for restoration of encroached water bodiesrestoration of encroached water bodieswith community participation with community participation Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructureProposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructureProposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure Proposes setting aside a percentage of the costs of infrastructure development and collected water charges, for development and collected water charges, for repair and repair and maintenancemaintenance for longer periods. for longer periods. Proposes to Proposes to remove the large disparity between stipulations for remove the large disparity between stipulations for pp g p y pg p y pwater supply in urban and in rural areaswater supply in urban and in rural areas and aims to bring equality and aims to bring equality between rural and urban people between rural and urban people Proposed a Proposed a forum at the national levelforum at the national level to deliberate upon issues to deliberate upon issues

l ti t t d ll ti t t d l ti dti drelating to water and evolve consensus, corelating to water and evolve consensus, co--operation and operation and reconciliation amongst party States. reconciliation amongst party States. A similar mechanism is recommended to be established within each A similar mechanism is recommended to be established within each State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands forState to amicably resolve differences in competing demands forState to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for State to amicably resolve differences in competing demands for water amongst different users of water, as also between different water amongst different users of water, as also between different parts of the Stateparts of the StateProposes appropriate Proposes appropriate institutional arrangements for each river institutional arrangements for each river p pp pp pp p ggbasin to collect and collate all databasin to collect and collate all data on regular basis w.r.t water on regular basis w.r.t water budgets and water accounts based on the hydrologic balances budgets and water accounts based on the hydrologic balances

Initiatives of DST to support R&D Initiatives of DST to support R&D in in

Water SectorWater Sector

If we are not careful the Day is not Too Far ………

Chandrayan I - Seeks to explore and exploit water on the Moon !and exploit water on the Moon !

Science & Technology – address Future Challenges on WaterScience & Technology – address Future Challenges on Water

The future depends on objective water science & technology that can lead to innovative and cost-effective solutions & support the country’s scientific strategies to alienate the y gmounting stress on the water resources

Supreme Court of India judgment datedSupreme Court of India judgment dated 28 04 200928 04 2009Supreme Court of India judgment dated Supreme Court of India judgment dated 28.04.200928.04.2009

w.r.t the w.r.t the WRIT PETITION(C) NO.230 OF 2001WRIT PETITION(C) NO.230 OF 2001

directed the Union Government of India to address the water directed the Union Government of India to address the water shortage problem being faced by this country on a war footingshortage problem being faced by this country on a war footingshortage problem being faced by this country on a war footing shortage problem being faced by this country on a war footing

directed the constitution of an Expert Committee with the Secretary directed the constitution of an Expert Committee with the Secretary S i d T h l it Ch i d S t W tS i d T h l it Ch i d S t W tScience and Technology as its Chairman, and Secretary Water Science and Technology as its Chairman, and Secretary Water Resources Ministry as member and other Secretaries of relevant Resources Ministry as member and other Secretaries of relevant ministries, and eminent scientists in this area of science (both from ministries, and eminent scientists in this area of science (both from India and abroad) as membersIndia and abroad) as membersIndia and abroad) as members India and abroad) as members

finding S&T based solutions to the looming water crisis of Indiafinding S&T based solutions to the looming water crisis of India

Supreme Court’s order Supreme Court’s order -- statesstates

that the Central and State Governments should provide that the Central and State Governments should provide the necessary financial, technical and administrative the necessary financial, technical and administrative y ,y ,support to this Committee for execution of their duties.support to this Committee for execution of their duties.

And the court proposes to monitor this case once inAnd the court proposes to monitor this case once inAnd the court proposes to monitor this case once in And the court proposes to monitor this case once in every two months by seeking a progress on the activity every two months by seeking a progress on the activity from the Chairman of the Committee who is requested to from the Chairman of the Committee who is requested to be personally present in the courtbe personally present in the courtbe personally present in the court. be personally present in the court.

Research aims indicated by the Research aims indicated by the H S C t f I diH S C t f I diHon. Supreme Court of IndiaHon. Supreme Court of India

Find ways ofFind ways of converting saline water to potable waterconverting saline water to potable waterFind ways of Find ways of converting saline water to potable water converting saline water to potable water through inexpensive techniquesthrough inexpensive techniques to address water to address water problem in the coastal states & Islands where ample sea problem in the coastal states & Islands where ample sea water reserves are availablewater reserves are availablewater reserves are availablewater reserves are availablemethods of methods of harnessing and managing monsoonharnessing and managing monsoon rain rain water and manage the water and manage the flood watersflood watersfind effective find effective rain water harvestingrain water harvesting techniques,techniques,improve/develop improve/develop technologies for efficient treatment of technologies for efficient treatment of waste water rewaste water re--use use protect and protect and preserve the ecologypreserve the ecology, including aquatic , including aquatic ecologyecologyecology ecology

Perceived objectives of the S&T Mission Perceived objectives of the S&T Mission WAR F W tWAR F W tWAR For WaterWAR For Water

The S&T mission may focus primarily onThe S&T mission may focus primarily onThe S&T mission may focus primarily on The S&T mission may focus primarily on

Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizensProvision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizensProvision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens Provision of clean and safe drinking water to the citizens of India be it the Urban rich / poor or the rural folks in of India be it the Urban rich / poor or the rural folks in adequate quantity. adequate quantity. Development and convergence of appropriateDevelopment and convergence of appropriateDevelopment and convergence of appropriate Development and convergence of appropriate technologies and modalities to limit the water demand to technologies and modalities to limit the water demand to match sustainable supplymatch sustainable supplyConserve and protect aquatic ecosystems Conserve and protect aquatic ecosystems Ensure sufficient water for sustainable agricultureEnsure sufficient water for sustainable agriculture

Problems associated with water can be broadly categorized Problems associated with water can be broadly categorized as:as:a) availability of water,a) availability of water,b) poor quality of water for the intended use, andb) poor quality of water for the intended use, andc) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resourcec) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resourcec) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource c) indiscriminate use of a valuable natural resource namely water.namely water.

ff

–– WWinning water from sustainable resourcesinning water from sustainable resources

Approach for solving the problemApproach for solving the problem

–– WWinning water from sustainable resources, inning water from sustainable resources, –– AAugmentationugmentation ofof qualityquality ofof waterwater fromfrom availableavailable andand

accessibleaccessible sourcessources andandRRenovation for recycleenovation for recycle–– RRenovation for recycle. enovation for recycle.

WAR for WATERWAR for WATERMission Activities Initiated - June 2009

Targets of WAR for Waterg

FindFind appropriateappropriate andand multiplemultiple solutionssolutions toto win,win,augmentaugment andand recyclerecycle waterwater forfor variousvarious conditionsconditionsofof inputinput waterwater quality,quality, naturenature ofof usesuses andand quantityquantitypp q y,q y, q yq yofof waterwater requiredrequired forfor differentdifferent usesuses completecomplete withwithrevenuerevenue modelsmodels

ProvideProvide inputsinputs forfor replicationreplication ofof technologiestechnologies ororsolutionssolutions toto thethe otherother armsarms ofof thethe GovernmentGovernmentsolutionssolutions toto thethe otherother armsarms ofof thethe GovernmentGovernment

Mission Implementation Strategy

Enlistment of Enlistment of water challengeswater challenges for research (under Field for research (under Field Conditions)Conditions)Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challengeSelection of ~25 locations with a specific water challengeSelection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge Selection of ~25 locations with a specific water challenge containing a containing a population of 10,000population of 10,000Collection of Collection of site specificsite specific conditionsconditionsInvitingInviting Technology solution providersTechnology solution providers through tender &through tender &Inviting Inviting Technology solution providersTechnology solution providers through tender & through tender & evaluation of available technological solutionsevaluation of available technological solutionsSelection of appropriate technology solutionsSelection of appropriate technology solutions for each water for each water challenge challenge Proving the technical viability at 10,000 population scale through Proving the technical viability at 10,000 population scale through Pilot trials Pilot trials Evaluation of the best revenue modelEvaluation of the best revenue model for sustainabilityfor sustainabilityScaling of successful solutions for 1,00,000 population in the Scaling of successful solutions for 1,00,000 population in the contiguous areacontiguous areaSubmission of Final Research FindingSubmission of Final Research Finding to the Supreme Courtto the Supreme CourtReplication of viable solutions in nonReplication of viable solutions in non--contiguous areas contiguous areas –– this will this will be done beyond September 2011 by the line ministry.be done beyond September 2011 by the line ministry.

Water Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges Identified

1.1. Low per capita availability Low per capita availability Q li d fi i f il bl f ifi dQ li d fi i f il bl f ifi d2.2. Quality deficit of available water for specified usesQuality deficit of available water for specified uses

3.3. Geological contamination through arsenicGeological contamination through arsenic4.4. Contamination through fluorideContamination through fluoride55 Contamination through ironContamination through iron5.5. Contamination through ironContamination through iron6.6. Contamination through multiple speciesContamination through multiple species7.7. Biological contaminationBiological contamination88 Alkali metal ion salinityAlkali metal ion salinity8.8. Alkali metal ion salinity Alkali metal ion salinity 9.9. Alkaline earth metal salt salinity and hardnessAlkaline earth metal salt salinity and hardness10.10.Storage capacity for seasonally available waterStorage capacity for seasonally available water11.11.Surface runSurface run--off on account of nature of geological terrainoff on account of nature of geological terraing gg g12.12.Water body disuseWater body disuse13.13.Mismatched rates withdrawal and recharging capacityMismatched rates withdrawal and recharging capacity14.14.NonNon--optimal use of water in agricultureoptimal use of water in agriculture15.15.NonNon--optimal use of water in industrial sectoroptimal use of water in industrial sector16.16.Unplanned water use and demandUnplanned water use and demand

Water Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges IdentifiedWater Challenges Identified

17.17. Contamination of water on account of pesticide and other useContamination of water on account of pesticide and other use--derived residuesderived residues

18.18. Deficit of assurance for drinking water qualityDeficit of assurance for drinking water quality19.19. Sea water intrusion in coastal areasSea water intrusion in coastal areas2020 Evaporation loss from water bodiesEvaporation loss from water bodies20.20. Evaporation loss from water bodiesEvaporation loss from water bodies21.21. NonNon--sustainable water cycle managementsustainable water cycle management22.22. Reject management from water related technologiesReject management from water related technologies23.23. Water winning and mining in water starved areasWater winning and mining in water starved areas24.24. River flood management andRiver flood management and25.25. Wetland management.Wetland management.gg

Data Collection on SitesData Collection on SitesSit Di t ib ti (110)Sit Di t ib ti (110)Site Distribution (110)Site Distribution (110)

Water ChallengeWater Challenge--wisewise

Low per capita availability

32%30%

Low per capita availability

Alkaline earth metal saltsalinity and hardness32%30% y

Contamination through multiplespecies

15%12%11%

Contamination through fluoride

Others

Mission Deliverables Finally

Cost effective, Socially Acceptable and Environment Cost effective, Socially Acceptable and Environment safe safe Technology SolutionsTechnology Solutions forfor::–– Saline to Fresh WaterSaline to Fresh Water–– Water winning technologies from multiple sourcesWater winning technologies from multiple sources–– Rain water harvesting and utilizationRain water harvesting and utilizationRain water harvesting and utilizationRain water harvesting and utilization–– Flood and drought forecast and harnessing water resourcesFlood and drought forecast and harnessing water resources–– Quality augmentation and assurance of waterQuality augmentation and assurance of water

Water recycling and renovation for multiple useWater recycling and renovation for multiple use–– Water recycling and renovation for multiple useWater recycling and renovation for multiple use–– Hard and Long term technology optionsHard and Long term technology options–– Biotechnology options for water recovery and renovationBiotechnology options for water recovery and renovation

These solutions will be delivered to concerned These solutions will be delivered to concerned departments for adoptiondepartments for adoption

First war for waterFirst war for waterMore exhaustive exercise More exhaustive exercise –– BSS and its out BSS and its out come.come.Water Technology initiative of DSTWater Technology initiative of DSTJNU JNU –– Wetland Conf.Wetland Conf.Water Cycle Interaction and their Water Cycle Interaction and their recommendationsrecommendationsIndoIndo EUEUIndoIndo--EUEURWH RWH –– Effect on society and Ground water Effect on society and Ground water regimeregimeregimeregime

Earth System Sciences ProgramEarth System Sciences ProgramBrain Storming Session on TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN WATER Brain Storming Session on TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES RESOURCES -- 22ndnd & 3& 3rdrd November 2005 at Andhra University November 2005 at Andhra University Waltair. Around 30 Academicians and Researchers participated and Waltair. Around 30 Academicians and Researchers participated and p pp pdeliberated on Strategies for Manpower Development.deliberated on Strategies for Manpower Development.

4th PAC meeting at Nainithal in April 2006 4th PAC meeting at Nainithal in April 2006 –– reported reported -- directed directed –– design of a series of training programmes in water resources.design of a series of training programmes in water resources.–– Organise a discussion on research initiatives that need to be taken up to Organise a discussion on research initiatives that need to be taken up to

address the pertinent water resources problems of the country. address the pertinent water resources problems of the country.

TwoTwo--day “Discussion Meet’ day “Discussion Meet’ -- organized at the Department of Civil organized at the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore on 16th Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore on 16th and 17th of February 2007 to sharpen the research areas in waterand 17th of February 2007 to sharpen the research areas in waterand 17th of February, 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water and 17th of February, 2007 to sharpen the research areas in water resources. resources. Thrust Area document on “Research Issues and Capacity Building Thrust Area document on “Research Issues and Capacity Building in Water Resources” in Water Resources” -- for wider circulation amongst academicians for wider circulation amongst academicians and young researchers.and young researchers.

OutcomeOutcome

Discussions culminated in the development ofDiscussions culminated in the development ofDiscussions culminated in the development of Discussions culminated in the development of seven trainingseven training programmesprogrammes & identification of areas & identification of areas of research that need to be strengthened or of research that need to be strengthened or initiated.initiated.initiated. initiated.

identified research topics identified research topics –– in the light of the in the light of the –– changing water resources research in the international changing water resources research in the international

scenario, scenario, –– our local and national societal needs and the associated our local and national societal needs and the associated

political and sociopolitical and socio economic conditionseconomic conditionspolitical and sociopolitical and socio--economic conditions. economic conditions. –– scientific issues like climate change, scientific issues like climate change, –– and the drastic changes taking place in agricultural and the drastic changes taking place in agricultural

practices and industrializationpractices and industrializationpractices and industrialization.practices and industrialization.

Water Water –– Training ProgramsTraining Programs

1.Hard Rock Hydrology 1.Hard Rock Hydrology -- NGRI, IISc & CGWBNGRI, IISc & CGWBy gyy gy2.Urban and Industrial Hydrology2.Urban and Industrial Hydrology -- BITS, Ranchi, JNU, New BITS, Ranchi, JNU, New

DelhiDelhi3 Coastal and Island Hydrology3 Coastal and Island Hydrology -- Andhra UniversityAndhra University3.Coastal and Island Hydrology 3.Coastal and Island Hydrology Andhra University, Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam & NIH, DRC, KakinadaVisakhapatnam & NIH, DRC, Kakinada4.Alluvial Hydrology 4.Alluvial Hydrology -- Anna University, Chennai & IIT, KhagarpurAnna University, Chennai & IIT, Khagarpur5 Mountain Hydrology5 Mountain Hydrology NIH R kNIH R k5.Mountain Hydrology5.Mountain Hydrology -- NIH, RoorkeeNIH, Roorkee6.Arid Zone Hydrology6.Arid Zone Hydrology -- NIH, RoorkeeNIH, Roorkee7.Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) 7.Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) -- Andhra University, Andhra University, g g ( )g g ( ) y,y,

Visakhapatnam & BITS, PilaniVisakhapatnam & BITS, Pilani

Identified Research AreasIdentified Research Areas

Vadose zone ResearchVadose zone ResearchBase Flow and Ground Water Run offBase Flow and Ground Water Run offBase Flow and Ground Water Run off Base Flow and Ground Water Run off Identification Mapping of Major Indian Aquifers Identification Mapping of Major Indian Aquifers Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Ground water Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Ground water DischargesDischargesggS & T Inputs to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation S & T Inputs to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation Urban hydrologyUrban hydrologyEcoEco--hydrology including Water Quality and Remediation hydrology including Water Quality and Remediation t dit distudies studies

Transformation of complex scientific Functions into user Transformation of complex scientific Functions into user friendly thumb rulesfriendly thumb rulesCost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collectionCost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collectionCost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection and transmissionand transmissionCost effective and adoptive technologies for water access Cost effective and adoptive technologies for water access and treatmentand treatmentF t i t f i t l t i t/ tF t i t f i t l t i t/ tFoot print of virtual water import/ exportFoot print of virtual water import/ export

Vadose Zone ResearchVadose Zone ResearchVadose Zone ResearchVadose Zone Research

Focal themes:Focal themes:Focal themes:Focal themes:Calibration of satellite data for the determination of Soil Calibration of satellite data for the determination of Soil moisture for different soil and agromoisture for different soil and agro--climatic zonesclimatic zonesFluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scaleFluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scaleFluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scaleFluid dynamics in unsaturated zone at watershed scaleBioBio--geo chemical processes of the vadose zone at geo chemical processes of the vadose zone at watershed scalewatershed scale

Base flow and ground water run offBase flow and ground water run off

Research themes with a focus on climatic and geomorphic controls on base flow at watershed scale demand the immediate attention of the hydrological community.

Identification of locations/areas of base flow Quantitative estimates Contribution to stream flow conditions vis-à-vis Ground water ffluctuations under natural and controlled conditionsClimatic changes and base flow

Focal theme:Focal theme:Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic controls on base flow at watershed scale

Identification and mapping of major Indian aquifersIdentification and mapping of major Indian aquifers

Discrete information is available on the characterization Discrete information is available on the characterization of aquifers at point and local scales no attempt hasof aquifers at point and local scales no attempt hasof aquifers at point and local scales, no attempt has of aquifers at point and local scales, no attempt has been made to identify and map the major aquifers of the been made to identify and map the major aquifers of the country. country. It is essential for the research community to generate It is essential for the research community to generate and standardize effective technologies for the mapping and standardize effective technologies for the mapping of major aquifers with special reference to the of major aquifers with special reference to the j q pj q passessment of their water reserves. assessment of their water reserves. Estimation of aquifer withdrawals and recharges on Estimation of aquifer withdrawals and recharges on b i l th h th li ti f i itb i l th h th li ti f i itbasin scale through the application of micro gravity basin scale through the application of micro gravity measurements through satellite remote sensing.measurements through satellite remote sensing.

Coastal aquifer systems and submarine Coastal aquifer systems and submarine ground water dischargesground water dischargesground water dischargesground water discharges

Sea water intrusionSea water intrusionSea water intrusionSea water intrusionChemical property changes and associated Chemical property changes and associated dynamicsdynamicsyyImpact of anthropogenic activities along the Impact of anthropogenic activities along the coast coast Estuarine hydrodynamicsEstuarine hydrodynamics

Urban hydrologyUrban hydrology

Cost effective Precession Techniques for the generation of Cost effective Precession Techniques for the generation of DEMsDEMsRainfall runRainfall run--off studies off studies Models for flash floodsModels for flash floodsAssessment and mapping of fluid flows Assessment and mapping of fluid flows Assessment of water use and demands visaAssessment of water use and demands visa--aa--vis population vis population growth and associated developmental activities including growth and associated developmental activities including g owt a d assoc ated deve op e ta act v t es c ud gg owt a d assoc ated deve op e ta act v t es c ud gindustrializationindustrializationHealth and ecological studies with special reference to Health and ecological studies with special reference to sanitation sanitation Micro zonation for groundwater resourcesMicro zonation for groundwater resourcesDecision Support SystemsDecision Support Systems

EcohydrologyEcohydrology

Hydrology and ecology cannot be separated. Hydrology and ecology cannot be separated. It is time to demonstrate the application of ecohydrology to address It is time to demonstrate the application of ecohydrology to address the problems surrounding water, environment and people. the problems surrounding water, environment and people.

Focal theme:Focal theme:Fate and transport of solute in saturated andFate and transport of solute in saturated andFate and transport of solute in saturated and Fate and transport of solute in saturated and unsaturated mediaunsaturated mediaCharacterization and remediation of aquatic Characterization and remediation of aquatic qqsystemssystems

• Transformation of complex scientific Functions into• Transformation of complex scientific Functions into user friendly thumb rules

• Cost effective and adoptive technologies for water access and treatmentaccess and treatment

• Foot print of virtual water import/ export

Cost effective Instrumentation for automatic data collection

and transmissionand transmission

ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLANELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 20072007 1212ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLANELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN-- 20072007--1212

Water Technology Initiative:Water Technology Initiative:gygy–– Design and development of low cost solutions and Design and development of low cost solutions and

technologies for provision of safe drinking water and water technologies for provision of safe drinking water and water for domestic use.for domestic use.

–– Since quality is the main consideration of safe drinking water Since quality is the main consideration of safe drinking water research, technologies which employ research, technologies which employ nano materials and nano materials and filtration technologies are being focusedfiltration technologies are being focused. .

–– The initiative also included the The initiative also included the pilot testing of a credible number pilot testing of a credible number of products and referencing of selected technologies to the of products and referencing of selected technologies to the social contexts of the application regionssocial contexts of the application regions..

Technology Outreach For InclusiveTechnology Outreach For InclusiveTechnology Outreach For Inclusive Technology Outreach For Inclusive Growth of Rural IndiaGrowth of Rural India

Water and Energy Technologies: Water and Energy Technologies: Recognising ater and energ sec rit of the nationRecognising ater and energ sec rit of the nation–– Recognising water and energy security of the nation Recognising water and energy security of the nation form two ideal areas for the S&T landscape in the form two ideal areas for the S&T landscape in the country country –– program aims to provide a protective cover program aims to provide a protective cover through a combination of incremental , systemic and through a combination of incremental , systemic and leapleap--frog innovations. frog innovations. Some of those areas which are of concern to a vastSome of those areas which are of concern to a vast–– Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast Some of those areas which are of concern to a vast majority of population must gain higher priority over majority of population must gain higher priority over other areas other areas –– North Eastern part of India. North Eastern part of India.

Ministry of Science & TechnologyMinistry of Science & Technology

Facilitate the development of new technologies; rationalize the cost Facilitate the development of new technologies; rationalize the cost

Ministry of Science & TechnologyMinistry of Science & Technology

of proven technologies, upscale production and demonstration for of proven technologies, upscale production and demonstration for adoption at the community level. adoption at the community level.

Research for knowledge generationResearch for knowledge generation

Spatial and nonSpatial and non--spatial data generation / collection, format spatial data generation / collection, format i ll ti d f h ldi f h i ti ll ti d f h ldi f h i tconversion, collation and safe holding for sharing amongst usersconversion, collation and safe holding for sharing amongst users

Development of simulation models and scenario generation toolsDevelopment of simulation models and scenario generation tools

Create awareness amongst the target groupsCreate awareness amongst the target groupsCreate awareness amongst the target groupsCreate awareness amongst the target groups

Technology foresight and forecastTechnology foresight and forecast

Roles and Responsibilities of the Ministries and Departments Roles and Responsibilities of the Ministries and Departments

in Augmenting the Water Resources of Indiain Augmenting the Water Resources of Indiag gg g

Ministry of Earth SciencesMinistry of Earth Sciencesyy

Map the Gross Hydrological Cycle over India Map the Gross Hydrological Cycle over India Evaluation & Mapping of Evaporation and EvapoEvaluation & Mapping of Evaporation and Evapo--transpirationtranspirationtranspiration transpiration Development of Decision Support Systems, Development of Decision Support Systems, Mathematical Modelling Mathematical Modelling deployment of proven technologies for water conversion deployment of proven technologies for water conversion / purification, / purification,

Cloud seeding for inducing rainCloud seeding for inducing rain

Ministry of Environment & ForestsMinistry of Environment & Forests

protection of the aquatic environment on a war protection of the aquatic environment on a war footing footing Improve forest cover to improve precipitation & Improve forest cover to improve precipitation & infiltration for better surface & groundwater infiltration for better surface & groundwater resource generationresource generationresource generationresource generation

Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchCouncil for Scientific and Industrial Research

Development of inexpensive technologies for conversion Development of inexpensive technologies for conversion p p gp p gof waste/grey/saline water for domestic and Industrial of waste/grey/saline water for domestic and Industrial useuseComparative assessment of indigenous and importedComparative assessment of indigenous and importedComparative assessment of indigenous and imported Comparative assessment of indigenous and imported technologies technologies Preparation of technical viability summary of successful Preparation of technical viability summary of successful CSIR technologiesCSIR technologiesCSIR technologies CSIR technologies Purification of Arsenic and Fluoride contaminated water Purification of Arsenic and Fluoride contaminated water and making it available for human use and making it available for human use Development and application of new methods of water Development and application of new methods of water management (NIH)management (NIH)

Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculturedevelop specific agriculture practice for different agrodevelop specific agriculture practice for different agro--climatic regions focusing on water savings climatic regions focusing on water savings contribute to the water saving strategy bycontribute to the water saving strategy bycontribute to the water saving strategy by contribute to the water saving strategy by –– developing new systems of cultivationdeveloping new systems of cultivation–– micromicro--irrigation irrigation

development of new varieties of crops that can grow in waterdevelopment of new varieties of crops that can grow in water–– development of new varieties of crops that can grow in water development of new varieties of crops that can grow in water deficient conditionsdeficient conditions

–– develop cost effective materials for water retention (like super develop cost effective materials for water retention (like super absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.)absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.)absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.) absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.)

–– improve conveyance efficiency improve conveyance efficiency Prescribe adequate quantity and frequency of application Prescribe adequate quantity and frequency of application of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on cropsof such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on cropsof such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops of such pesticides / fertilizers that are effective on crops but does not contaminate the groundwaterbut does not contaminate the groundwaterdevelopment of easily degradable chemicals and organic development of easily degradable chemicals and organic f i ti f d i ll ti f th h llf i ti f d i ll ti f th h llfarming practices for reducing pollution of the shallow farming practices for reducing pollution of the shallow aquifers aquifers

Ministry of HealthMinistry of HealthMinistry of HealthMinistry of Health

Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640 Work to stabilize the Population of India around 1640 million by 2050 to ensure sufficient availability of watermillion by 2050 to ensure sufficient availability of waterStandardisation of the water quality thresholds of fluride Standardisation of the water quality thresholds of fluride & arsenic contents for safe cons mption& arsenic contents for safe cons mption& arsenic contents for safe consumption & arsenic contents for safe consumption Sanitation improvement for better health at the Sanitation improvement for better health at the community level community level Development of safer and efficient techniques for control Development of safer and efficient techniques for control of water borne diseases of water borne diseases

Ministry of Rural DevelopmentMinistry of Rural DevelopmentMinistry of Rural DevelopmentMinistry of Rural Development

Work closely with the scientific ministries and ensure the Work closely with the scientific ministries and ensure the adoption of developed technologies and new techniques adoption of developed technologies and new techniques at the comm nit le el for pro iding safe ater forat the comm nit le el for pro iding safe ater forat the community level for providing safe water for at the community level for providing safe water for domestic use and livestock requirement. domestic use and livestock requirement. Preservation of hygiene, health and ecology and Preservation of hygiene, health and ecology and protection of water sources at the village level. protection of water sources at the village level. Give impetus to traditional water harvesting, collection Give impetus to traditional water harvesting, collection and protection systems, characteristic of the region.and protection systems, characteristic of the region.p y , gp y , g

Ministry of Urban DevelopmentMinistry of Urban Developmenty py p

Work towards provision of safe and sufficient domestic Work towards provision of safe and sufficient domestic waterwaterwaterwaterprotection of aquifers through regulationprotection of aquifers through regulationensure sustainable use of the scarce resourceensure sustainable use of the scarce resourcemanagement of storm watermanagement of storm watertackle pollution issues through town planning / industrial tackle pollution issues through town planning / industrial zoningzoningzoningzoningsanitation and solid waste management technologiessanitation and solid waste management technologiesEnsure groundwater augmentation through rain water Ensure groundwater augmentation through rain water h ti t t ih ti t t iharvesting strategies. harvesting strategies. Help design water governance policies.Help design water governance policies.

Mi i t f CMi i t f CMinistry of CommerceMinistry of CommerceFrame policy to reduce virtual water export Frame policy to reduce virtual water export and increase virtual water import.and increase virtual water import.

Ministry of MinesMinistry of MinesThrough the Geological Survey of IndiaThrough the Geological Survey of IndiaThrough the Geological Survey of India, Through the Geological Survey of India, can support the mission to Map the can support the mission to Map the Aquifers and other natural water bodiesAquifers and other natural water bodiesAquifers and other natural water bodies.Aquifers and other natural water bodies.

Department of BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology

Development of crop varieties which consume less water Development of crop varieties which consume less water p pp pfor their cultivation and varieties that can withstand water for their cultivation and varieties that can withstand water stress (draught). stress (draught). Identification and isolation of suitable microbes forIdentification and isolation of suitable microbes forIdentification and isolation of suitable microbes for Identification and isolation of suitable microbes for biodegradation of pollutants biodegradation of pollutants Development of methods for bioremediation of effluents, Development of methods for bioremediation of effluents, application of biotechnologyapplication of biotechnologyapplication of biotechnologyapplication of biotechnologyNanotechnology in water purification / remediation. Nanotechnology in water purification / remediation. Work towards evolving gestimates of water demands of Work towards evolving gestimates of water demands of g gg gmajor life forms. major life forms.

Department of SpaceDepartment of Space

Satellite based technology for mapping of Satellite based technology for mapping of –– surface water bodiessurface water bodies–– estimation of reservesestimation of reserves–– status of surface water bodiesstatus of surface water bodies–– groundwater potential areas feasible for exploitationgroundwater potential areas feasible for exploitationgroundwater potential areas feasible for exploitationgroundwater potential areas feasible for exploitation–– estimation of evapoestimation of evapo--transpirationtranspiration

MonitorMonitorlanduse and landcover changeslanduse and landcover changes–– landuse and landcover changeslanduse and landcover changes

–– soil moisture conditions soil moisture conditions –– vegetation stress vegetation stress

f th t d l t l ti itif th t d l t l ti iti–– progress of the water developmental activities progress of the water developmental activities –– responses of the land to specific scientific interventions responses of the land to specific scientific interventions

RESEARCH PRIORITIES

Meteorology - Countrywide collection of climatic parametes - refinements of climate models – suitable cost effective sensors to be developed for d ifi ti f th t ti it i t kdensification of the automatic monitoring networks.

Agriculture - Better methods in agriculture, New crop verities - sustain and withstand water deficient conditions, develop cost effective materials for , pwater retention (like super absorbent polymers, hydrogels etc.), improve conveyance efficiency, reduce evapotranspiration, increase soil moisture, micro-irrigation methods, bio-remediation etc. Design of new water harvesting & storage structureswater harvesting & storage structures.

Industry - cost effective water recycling techniques, re-use and end of pipe solutions for polluted waters.

Domestic - New technologies for more efficient use of all waters, Development of low cost filters for use by urban poor and rural population for safe drinking water low water use techologies design for rainwaterfor safe drinking water, low water use techologies, design for rainwater harvesting.

Health - Technical advances in membrane separation, innovative biological treatment, safe irradiation techniques for efficient control of disease, and protection of the environment Application of biotechnology andprotection of the environment. Application of biotechnology and nanotechnology in water purification / remediation.

Environmental Protection – Characterization, protection, and remediation of paquifer systems with respect to their health and quality, develop alternate strategies for reducing pollution, improved techniques for grey water use, protection of aquatic environment from pollution,

Urban - Pollution control, zoning of industries, efficient management and use of storm water, design of recharge structures, better technologies for waste water treatment, Micro zonation of urban aquifers,

Water users community – Develop nominal cost tools for water quality assesment, quality improvement, tools for training to the stake holders etc.

Nation wide mapping - major aquifers, Soil Moisture, Evapotranspiration –-development of technologies for rapid data / information generation(Remote Sensing) from large areas are one priority area of research(Remote Sensing) from large areas are one priority area of research, development of suitable statistical sampling techniques taking into consideration the agro-climatic condition and other factors, improvement of sensors, data communication and storage devices, computing devices etc.

Policy Makers – Development of suitable technologies for visualization, comparison statistical analysis – decision support systemscomparison, statistical analysis – decision support systems.

Water is Essential for Life on EarthWater is Essential for Life on Earth

Save Water by Judicious use and adoption of simple techniques

Thanks for your Attention !!!