1

Dr., professor Fomenko G.A.

Dr., Fomenko M.A.

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN REGIONAL EXPERT WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYMoscow, 30 May - 2 June 2005

Valuations of Ecosystem Services: Russian Experience

2

Sustainable Use of BiodiversityAddis Ababa Principles and Guidelines

The management and conservation of natural resources incurs costs. If these costs are not adequately covered then management will decline and the amount and value of the natural resources may also decline. It is necessary to ensure that some of the benefits from use flow to the local natural resource management authorities so that essential management to sustain the resources is maintained. Such benefits may be direct, such as entrance fees from visitors to a national park paid directly to, and retained by, the park management authority or indirect, such as stumpage tax revenue from timber harvesting paid by loggers that flows through a national treasury to a local forest service. In some cases licence fees for fishing rights are paid directly to the management authority, or to the national treasury.

Practical principle 13: The costs of management and conservation of biological diversity should be internalized within the area of management and reflected in the distribution of the benefits from the use

3

Topicality

The worldwide tendency of the budgetary financing reducing of the specially conservated

natural territories (the last 10 years approximately 50%)

It is necessary to find extra finance resources for preserves and national parks

maintenance

4

Every natural object provides the ecosystem services and that makes it economically valuable.

The ecosystem services can be valued at the money equivalent.

The property of the national park is an amount of the ecosystem services represented by its natural resources and objects.

The main points

5

The national park «Kurshskaya Kosa»

6

Description

7

The necessity of Kurshskaya Kosa and its landscape conservation

8

Present-day Condition

The comfortable buildings considerably change the structure of the populated localities and landscape

9

Present-day Condition

The transit high-way to Lithuania through the territory of the national park

10

Value Structure of the Ecosystem Services

103954 (68%)

6172 (4%)

9682 (6%)

14430 (10%)

18711 (12%)

Recreation Services

Fishing

Consumption of the non- timber resources (for household needs)

Carbon Absorption

Consumption of the timber ( for household needs)

ths.ruble/year

11

Recreation

7368 person/year 13%

1769 person/year

3%

33609 person/year

60%

13755 person/year 24%

Zelenograd and in and around it populated localities

Moscow and the other cities of Central Russia

The foreign cities (Geramny)

Kaliningrad and the other cities of its region and Lithuania

The structure of Kurshskaya Kosa attendance:

12

Recreation

Economic valuation of the Recreational Services

№ zone

Zone Borders The average attendance, trip/year

The average travel costs, ruble/ person

Consumer’s surplus, ruble/ person

Calculated visitors quantity, person/year

The total consumer’s surplus, ths. ruble/year

1 Zelenograd and in and around it populated localities

26 240 67 1769 3081,6

2 Kaliningrad and the other cities of its region and Lithuania

7 307 118 33609 27761

3 Moscow and the other cities of Central Russia

4 425 2775,4 7368 81796,6

4 The foreign cities (Geramny)

1 3200,4 13755

TOTAL: 56501 112639,2

13

Fishing

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

ths. t/year

Russia

Lithuania

The fishing dynamics in Kurshski Bay on the territories of Russia and Lithuania

14

Annual Fishing Income

Fishing

Current Income Fishing Type ths.ruble/ year %

Trade 18450 99 Amateur 261 1 TOTAL:: 18711 100

15

Mushrooms and Berries Gathering

The Final Use Value, ruble/year per person

Expenditures on Gathering ruble/year per person

Valuation of non-timber resources ruble/year per person

The common valuation of non-timber resources, ths. ruble/year

By inhabitants 434 67,4 366,6 584

By visitors 564 242 322 13846

Всего: 14430

The valuation results of the non-timber resources of Kurshskaya Kosa

16

Value of Existence

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Inhabitants Visitors Kaliningrad Inhabitants

yes no

Willingness to pay for the perseverance of Kurshskaya Kosa as a unique natural object according to the answers of various groups

17

Value of Existence

Willingness to Pay according to expenditure of labor

Population Groups

Willingness to Pay ths. ruble/year

Man-hour /year

-

ths. ruble./year

Total Willingness to Pay, ths. ruble./year

Inhabitants 9,4 3306 38,4 47,8

Visitors of Kurshskaya Kosa

3182,9 68350 1237,1 4420,0

Kaliningrad Inhabitants 5214,2 — — 5214,2

Всего 8406,5 — 1275,5 9682,0

Complex valuation Results of Ecosystem Services of Kurshskaya Kosa

18

Ways to Rise the National Park Income

Payment for transit The Park Entrance Fee Nature-conservative Dues from Extractive Industry

(Fishery, Oil Production etc.) Tourist’s agency Dues Taxation of staying in hotels Airport Taxes Taxation of Fishing Equipment Incomes from lottery, tobacco taxes, stamps with

Kurshskaya Kosa images etc. Fines on pollution, illegal logging etc. International cooperation: Russia – Lithuania

19

Practical principle 12: The needs of indigenous and local communities who live with and are affected by the use and conservation of biological diversity, along with their contributions to its conservation and sustainable use, should be reflected in the equitable distribution of the benefits from the use of those resources

Indigenous and local communities and local stakeholders often shoulder significant costs or forgo benefits of potential use of biological diversity, in order to ensure or enhance benefits accruing to others. Many resources (e.g., timber, fisheries) are over-exploited because regulations are ignored and not enforced. When local people are involved as stakeholders such violations are generally reduced. Management regimes are enhanced when constructive programmes that benefit local communities are implemented, such as capacity training that can provide income alternatives, or assistance in diversifying their management capacities.

Sustainable Use of BiodiversityAddis Ababa Principles and Guidelines

20

Ob-Тоmsk interfluve (Тomsk region)

WaterfenceTomsk City

Borderprotection zone

Economic basis for preventive measures against conflicts in natural management

21

Ecosystem Services Inhabitants of Ob–Tomsk interfluve ths. ruble/year (part in the total amount)

Tomsk Inhabitants, ths. ruble/year (part in the total amount)

Consumption of the timber resources of the forest

15889,4 (98%) 391,3* (2%)

Consumption of the non-timber resources of the forest

5658,3 (7%) 75509,8 (93%)

Consumption of the fishing resources

110,4 (2%) 6504,5 (98%)

Consumption of hunting resources

474,6 (22%) 1688,1 (78%)

Total: 22132,7 (21%) 84093,7 (79%)

Arrangement of Ecosystem Services in Ob-Tomsk interfluve

22

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Timber resources of the forest

Non-timber resources of the forest

Fishing resources Hunting resources

Inhabitants consumption:Tomsk CityOb –Tomsk interfluve

Consumption Structure of Ecosystem Services in Ob-Tomsk interfluve