Dr. Sharon PitcherDr. Elizabeth Dicembre Dr. Darlene FewsterDr. Gilda MartinezDr. Montana McCormick

Approximately eight million students in fourth through twelfth grade are reading below grade level in the United States.

The National Endowment for the Arts (2007) reports that “little more than a third of high school seniors now read proficiently”.

In Maryland, the State Department of Education reports that one-third of their students are reading below grade level.

Fifty percent of those students are from Baltimore City, which neighbors our university.

Rationale:

The recent national report, Crisis in the Cities, demonstrates the seriousness of adolescent literacy problems in our metropolitan area: Forty-seven percent less students

graduate from high school in Baltimore City than in the surrounding metropolitan area.

This discrepancy is the highest in the nation.

Rationale:

1. What types of reading instruction are adolescent students receiving?

2. What motivates adolescent students to read?

3. Does the reading instruction match their needs?

Research Questions

Significance of the Study

Adolescents in Maryland schools today will be the college students and work force of the future. We are beginning to see:

The top 10% of students coming from Baltimore City Public Schools struggling in freshmen courses.

An increased amount of freshmen needing developmental reading and struggling with writing courses although they have high GPAs in their high schools.

Significance of the Study to the Baltimore Metropolitan Area

An important mission of Towson University is to respond to:

“State’s socioeconomic and cultural needs and aspirations”

Strives to “analyze academic trends” and disseminate the results to build bridges between Towson University and educational stakeholders in the Baltimore Metropolitan area.

as suggested in Towson 2010 and the University’s Mission Statement (Available on Towson University’s website, www.towson.edu).

This study supports the Towson University’s mission by developing snapshotssnapshots to begin a Metropolitan dialogue on the literacy needs of adolescents.

Objective:

Seven adolescent students attending the Towson University Reading Clinic in the Spring 2008 session, which were from a variety of school systems in Baltimore, Maryland, participated in this qualitative multiple case study.

Participants:

For this study, we assembled an investigative team with research experience in:

Adolescent Literacy English Language Learners Special Education Secondary Education Parent InvolvementCurriculum Development to look at the data from different

perspectives.

Students were tested in reading using several

assessments. interviewedTheir parents were also interviewed, using questions that

paralleled the student interview, to gain a richer description of the students’ reading abilities, motivation, and instruction being provided.

Data Collected:

Qualitative Reading Inventory IV

Lexia Comprehensive Reading Test

Metacognitive Assessment

Adolescent Motivation to Read Survey

Reading Assessments:

Questions for both the students and the parents were similar. The following are some examples from the student interview:

What kind of difficulties are you having when you read?

  Are you taking a reading class in school right now?   In what class do you have the most problems

reading the assignments?

In what classes do you like reading the most?

Do you spend much time on the computer?

Is reading ever a problem on the computer?  

Student and Parent Interviews

The assessments, surveys and interviews were coded to study similarities and differences noted among these students and their parents, and compared to reveal like themes that emerged from the individual cases (Flick, 2002).

Key words included: motivation, comprehension, instruction, understanding.

Parent and student interviews were coded a second time to see how they defined reading.

Data Analysis

Three girls Four boysAmong the students:Among the students: Two students from Baltimore City Three students from Suburban

County school systems One student from a parochial

school One student being home schooled

Case Studies

6th grade– attends public school

English Language Learner, originally from South Africa

She does not receive extra help in reading, other than having been placed in a reading intervention class using Language!

Most common method of instruction she encounters in content area classes – read and answer questions

Case #1: Tamika’s Background

Enjoys math class best because there is not much reading involved

Spends around 5 hours a day on the computer for enjoyment, reading and writing emails, updating her website, and playing games (and has no problems reading on the computer)

When asked, “What kind of difficulties are you having when you read?”Tamika responded, “Understanding what the topic is about.”

She knew where she needed help.

Case #1: Tamika’s Perspective

Explained that Tamika’s greatest difficulty in reading is comprehension:

“The difficulties my daughter is having is the comprehension part. She can read, she

can spell, but the comprehension part for some reason is hard for her.”

Tamika was not receiving comprehension instruction in school.

Case #1: Tamika’s Parent’s Perspective

Stated the teachers did not invite them to a parent conference because she was doing “okay”

Explained that Tamika is not challenged in her reading intervention Language! class, but was placed in it as a result of a test (they were notified via mail of this placement)

Case #1: Tamika’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Strengths – sight word identification, word recognition, before and after reading strategies, is aware of her needs

Needs – vocabulary instruction, during reading strategies

Reading comprehension is on a 2nd grade level; word recognition is on grade level

Writing – uses capital letters appropriately, complete sentences, correct spelling, but does not elaborate on a given topic

Brought student to the Reading Clinic because she was not motivated to read; and according to her mother now enjoys reading as a result.

Case #1: What we found out about Tamika in clinic

7th grade – attends home school

Student has Attention Deficit Disorder

When he was in public school, he had an I.E.P.

Enjoys reading on his porch

Keeps up with current events using Google

Case #2: Karl’s Background

Spends about 3 hours a day on the computer emailing friends, using myspace, reading the news (has no problems reading on the computer)

When Karl was asked, “Is reading ever a problem on the

computer?”His response was simply, “Uh, no.”

Case #2: Karl’s Perspective

He is home-schooled to ensure instruction matches his needs

His mother uses the Beckham curriculum (which consists of reading and answering questions) and supplements it with reading and researching online

Stated self-selected readings and journaling are helpful in reading class

Believe Karl needs to improve his writing skills

Case #2: Karl’s Parent’s Perspective

Strengths – motivation to read self selected texts Needs – decoding, vocabulary, comprehension,

and fluency instruction Word recognition and reading

comprehension are on a 2nd grade level Writing – needs instruction in grammar,

punctuation, and how to expand ideas Does not use before, during, or after reading

strategies Attended the Reading Clinic to improve overall

reading skills. He improved in making connections while reading, thinking aloud, and visualization.

Case #2: What we found out about Karl in clinic

Case 3: KristenCase #3: Kathy’s Background

Is an eighth grade student in a public school in a suburban school system bordering Baltimore.

Was identified with Autism at a young age.

Has an IEP and is receiving small group reading instruction.

Does not receive reading support in Social Studies or Science.

Enjoys playing the piano and basketball, horseback riding and acting in a theater group.

Wants to be a librarian when she grows up.

Kathy’s PerspectiveCase #3: Kathy’s Perspective

Really liked reading in elementary school because she could read books she liked but middle school is very different.

Enjoys making bookmarks as presents using the Internet to find pictures and designs.

Uses the Internet to search topics she is interested in and to shop.

Uses the computer to write letters to pen pals. Seems to understand more of what she reads

on the computer. Has the most problems reading in Science. Likes going to the library the most in school

because she can choose books she likes.

Case #3: Kathy’s Parents’ Perspective

Researched autism, sought professional help, and have a strong understanding of her strengths and needs.

Believe Kathy needs a very visual /kinesthetic learning approach.

Realized that “Kristen’s vocabulary is limited” but she needs to make connections with the words in context rather than “just reading a definition on paper” (Kristen’s mom shared).

Are frustrated that the school refuses to let Kristen use the computer in school because they feel it would be distracting to her.

Tried to share with the school how well she learns on the computer but the school ignores them.

The father shared “…Here’s the window to this child and no one can take advantage of it. At three years old, we sat her down in front of the computer and now she writes her own stories.”

Case #3: Kathy’s Parents’ Perspective continued

Her father: Serves on an advocacy group for parents of

children in Special Education in their county’s school system.

Discovered that the reading program her school uses is not research based, focuses on word identification with a weak comprehension component, is predominantly auditory based, and has no computer component. When he shared this with teachers, he got “the deer in the head lights stare”.

Shared that they want to partner with Kathy’s school but constantly receive resistance from the school’s faculty. He remarked that “they can’t answer the hard questions”.

Case #3: Kathy’s Parents’ Perspective continued

Case #3: What We Learned About Kathy in Clinic

Her word recognition level is on Grade 6 but her instructional comprehension level is Grade 1.

Her writing demonstrated understanding of complete sentences, correct punctuation, capitalization and grammar.

When her metacognitive (how she thinks about reading in her head) understanding of reading strategies were assessed, she could not verbalize any strategies.

Her Reading Clinic teacher reported:

Kathy responded very positively in Clinic when strategies were taught using pictures, writing and story maps.

Teaching her explicitly to make connection when reading with visual organizers was very successful.

Expanding her vocabulary by helping her make connections to the words needed to be an important part of improving her comprehension.

Case #3: What We Learned About Kathy in Clinic continued

Case #4: Leon’s Background

7th grade student in a K-8 School Lives in the Baltimore city Has never been retained or received extra

academic help in school and has even been placed in gifted/talented classes

Does attend a voluntary coach class after school

He likes to play football and basketball. His mother is a Baltimore City school

teacher. His father once played for a professional

football team and Leon would like to do the same.

Case #4: Leon’s Perspective

Likes to read when he has a choice of what he reads.

Likes to play games on the computer but has had some problems reading directions but has learned how to deal with that.

Does not like to read aloud because he had trouble stuttering when he was younger but this is often done in his classes.

Case #4: Leon’s Perspective Continued

Has the most problem reading in Science class.

Understood that he has a comprehension problem. He shared that “Before I started the Towson Clinic, I really didn’t understand what I read. Yes, I feel like I can understand a lot more than I did before. Yes.”

Case #4: Leon’s Parent’s Perspective

His mother shared: Felt her son had a problem with

comprehension but he always scored “Advanced” on the Maryland State Assessment.

Concerned that the school does not do “a lot of in-depth study and research” or that her son is learning “higher order thinking”.

Is concerned that her son is in overcrowded classes with “new teachers who come and go”.

Knows that her son needs a more hands-on approach like he is getting in Clinic where he is using visual organizers and able to “synthesize and evaluate all levels of thinking”.

His school does not provide tips on how the parents can help their children or explain what type of curriculum they are using.

Case #4: Leon’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Shared that she wanted her son to go to a well-known private school in the city next year, but they wanted him to repeat 7th grade, which surprised her.

Her son was very excited about coming to the Clinic; he does his work for Clinic without being reminded and “is finally starting to put things together.”

Case #4: Leon’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Case #4: What We Learned About Leon in Clinic

Reading comprehension level was three grades below his grade level on two different assessments.

The only strategies he was able to verbalize was sounding out and predicting.

Although his word identification was higher than comprehension, it was still two grade levels below his grade level.

He read higher orally than silently but is very self-conscious reading aloud because of his early stuttering.

His self-concept as a reader was higher than his value of reading when he started Clinic.

Case #4: What We Learned About Leon in Clinic continued

Case #4: What We Learned About Leon in Clinic continued

Reading comprehension level was three grades below his grade level on two different assessments.

The only strategies he was able to verbalize was sounding out and predicting.

Although his word identification was higher than comprehension, it was still two grade levels below his grade level.

Responded best in Clinic when his interests were considered in selecting reading materials.

Did well when comprehension strategy instruction included hands-on activities such as visual organizers and writing notes while reading.

Over the course of ten weeks of instruction of one hour per week he improved his reading approximately three grade levels.

Case #4: What We Learned About Leon in Clinic continued

Enrolled in grade 6 in a public school in Baltimore City

No chronic illnesses, vision or hearing problems

Loves sports, especially basketball Father describes him as a gifted athlete Makes good grades in school Received support from a one-on-one

reading specialist two days a week in grade 5

Case #5: Sam’s Background

Does not read for pleasure States that sometimes he does not

understand what he reads Believed reading was easier when he

was 6 years old and he had pictures to help him

Described his reading class as consisting of a drill, talking about something, reading a book, and finally doing tests on the book

Case #5: Sam’s Perspective

Indicated that the reading strategies he uses are reading aloud, rereading, and taking notes

Likes reading class best when they get to talk about what they read

When asked, “When do you like reading the most?”

Sam responded, “ When I like the book and it’s about what I like . . . like basketball.”

Case #5: Sam’s Perspective continued

Expressed concern about Sam’s reading based upon observations made at home when he is reading to complete his homework

Believe Sam has a limited vocabulary and difficulty understanding what he reads

Stated that Sam has always tested on grade level

Case #5: Sam’s Parent’s Perspective

Stated that Sam does not understand the value in working at something

Stated that Sam does not spend much time on the computer

Stated that Sam has difficulty with comprehension wherever – whether print or on the computer, retelling important story events in order

Case #5: Sam’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Reading comprehension at 5th grade level

Strengths – phonics and decoding, knowledge and use of before reading strategies, motivated to succeed, positive attitude toward to school and clinic

Needs – during and after reading strategies, vocabulary development

Case #5: What we found out about Sam in clinic

Enrolled in the sixth grade in a private school in Baltimore County, Maryland

Lives with biological parents and two siblings Is an avid reader Enjoys trips to bookstores and the public

library Is involved in many extra-curricular activities

Basketball and softball Girl Scout

Case #6: Stacy’s Background

Stacy reports that She reads chapter books in class and a

choice is offered to students She “likes working on the computer in

reading class” She likes reading in one content area

“math” In class, she reports

▪ “no one really reads with me”▪ It’s not like a one on one things”▪ “I like to read books”

Case #6: Stacy’s Perspective

Areas of difficulty for Stacy “comprehension and motivation”

Current reading instruction provided “can read but has trouble with

comprehension” What does your child need in terms of

reading instruction? How to comprehend and motivate

someone who is challenged with comprehension?

Case #6: Stacy’s Parent’s Perspective

Parent reports “comprehension and motivation are

difficult for Stacy” Comments supported that concern that

there is a disconnect between the reading instruction that Stacy receives and her reading needs

“Stacy has a positive self-concept about her reading”

Case #6: Stacy’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Reading comprehension level Strengths

Enjoys reading, positive self-concept as a reader, reads with fluency

Needs “during” and “after” reading strategies Retelling story details Identifying the main idea Decoding multisyllabic words

Case #6: What we found out about Stacy in clinic

Fourteen-year old male in the 8th grade.Second time in Towson Reading Clinic. Enrolled in public school in a suburban

school district. Will attend Science magnet school

program. Never diagnosed with medical issues that

might influence reading or academics.

Case #7: Andrew’s Background

Student athlete (football and basketball).Makes good grades in school, but often loses motivation towards the end of the school year.Has worked with a reading specialist from grades 1 through 6.Works with a private reading tutor every Saturday.

Case #7: Andrew’s Background

Continued

Loves to discuss sports, read about sports and athletic-themed clothing styles online

Has difficulty remembering what he reads, particularly in Language Arts class

Noisy classrooms make it harder for him to read

Language Arts class: The teacher picks the stories and books, sometimes has class discussion, but mostly students answer questions about reading (no choices)

Case #7: Andrew’s Perspective

Frustrated with teachers: They need to “start teaching and explaining things!”

When he cannot remember what he reads or does not understand, he goes back and re-reads.

Has the most problems with comprehension in Language Arts (yet mother indicated problems in Science).

Considers himself an “OK” reader, prefers to have choice in reading selections, and enjoys reading on computer

Case #7: Andrew’s Perspective continued

Frustrated with the schools and seeks out alternative instruction for Andrew.

Enrolled Andrew in magnet high school but concerned that Andrew will struggle.

“That’s what worries me. I don’t want to set him up for failure and that’s why I’ve been trying to give him all type of help. I’ve been looking for programs for the summer. Everything will be academic for the summer because I have to give him what he is not getting in school. “

Case #7: Andrew’s Parent’s Perspective

Feels that most of Andrew’s academic problems stem from lack of motivation.

Stated that Andrew’s grades were slipping in science and attributed this to not being able to comprehend the science texts.

Stated that history and math textbooks are the only texts brought home.

Frustrated that the teachers do not communicate with her more.

Case #7: Andrew’s Parent’s Perspective continued

“Everything else is handouts. The tutor questioned it last year and she actually spoke to one of the teachers and was told that the school has no funding, so at this point everything they do they have to take time to sit at the copier as part of their day copying handouts for 30 something children. It is a time issue. Because they are frustrated with the school and the principals, they are just teaching basics. And, these kids are not learning anything. They are not learning. The school has not passed the MSA testing for 3 years. “

Case #7: Andrew’s Parent’s Perspective continued

“They are just not doing anything and it is sad. They don’t call me. They don’t tell me anything. I don’t care if you have 50 kids in your class. 10 out of 50 may be doing good. Let me follow up. I don’t think they have phone numbers because they never have called me.”

Case #7: Andrew’s Parent’s Perspective continued

Reading comprehension at 6th grade level (or lower)

Strengths – word recognition Needs – vocabulary,

comprehension strategies while he is reading, monitoring comprehension, writing development

Case #7: What we found out about Andrew in clinic

Students’ View of Reading

Reading in class consists of: Reading and telling what the story was all

about▪ …like fill out a paper form like say it was like

adventure or adult depending on what kind they were and fill out a biography think and then we read books and do a biography on them.”

Answering questions about the reading▪ “The teacher picks what we read and we mostly

answer questions about it.”

Taking turns reading out loud▪ “Sometimes we have group reading. Just read books,

read out loud.”

Occasionally discussion

What makes reading hard or easy:Sound in the classroom (quiet helps and noisy

interferes)▪ “When I’m by myself and it’s quiet. When it’s noisy,

like in class, it’s harder to read.”

Pictures help:▪ “Uh, history….well, it’s because lots of pictures.”▪ “Um, when I look at the pictures. It makes it more easy

to understand what I’m reading.”

The words (both recognizing them and knowing the vocabulary)▪ “Like if something is stated hard and like the words are

complicated – it’s more hard for me to understand it. If the words are easy and simply, I can understand it more clearly.”

Students’ View of Reading continued

What teachers do to help students understand:More discussion

▪ “…help me think out loud.”

Help with vocabulary▪ “When the teacher goes over it, explains things, and helps with words you

don’t understand.”

Give students choiceHelp students relate the reading to their own lives

▪ “she made the lessons more fun…it was just like regular work, but she compared like with people we want to get with, that made it fun.”

Individual attention▪ “Yes, that there was a person there to review with you.”▪ “…the teacher knows how to control us and she pays attention to every

student.”

Students’ View of Reading continued

Reading in content areas was vague: Students had a hard time articulating what reading in content areas was.

▪ “Math. Like if we’re on a certain topic like if we were doing fractions or something like that and there’s like 10 pages about it and there’s a test you can take in the book for review.”

▪ “Math. Cuz, it’s little reading and math you just use numbers and not a lot of reading.”

▪ “I have to say science because our science class was so big, and I have to talk louder. Like basically scream.”

Students’ View of Reading continued

Parents’ View of Reading

All of the parents explained their children’s reading problems being about comprehending what they read.

Parents all commented in some way about their children’s difficulty understanding what they were reading in content areas.

One father shared that his son had “Difficulty understanding the text. He reads the word, he does better at reading the words than understanding the word’.

Parents’ View of Reading Continued

Some of the parents were also concerned with the role that not understanding vocabulary played in how students comprehended text.

Most of the parents realized that motivation to read played a part in how their children comprehended. When their children read books of choice or on the computer, they did not seem to struggle as much as in content areas that they were not as interested in.

Parent’s View of Reading Comprehension Strategies

Kathy’s mother realized that when she read with her daughter that she has to “relate something we are reading to a real life situation.”

A father shared that his son “has to see the value of the process” or “pull from other places to bring it where he reads”.

Another parent shared that her son was not being challenged to think critically.

Overall students:

were aware they had difficulty with reading comprehension

enjoyed reading when they self selected it

could read without any problems on the computer

rarely used the computer (if at all) while in school

enjoyed through games on the computer and in school

were not motivated by their reading instruction at school

could articulate reading strategies at the end of the clinic experience

struggled most with reading in social studies and/or science

Results - Students

Overall parents stated:

there was limited home-school communication

reading programs were not explained

their child did not struggle to read on the computer

their child enjoyed reading on the computer

the reading instruction at school did not meet their child’s needs

Results - Parents

Teach reading to adolescents by focusing on their needs rather than solely following programs.

Focus on comprehension strategies until they become internalized.

Apply comprehension instruction in the content areas as well as in Language Arts.

Provide time for self selected reading. Use the computer to enhance instruction.

Recommendations for Instruction

Inform parents about the reading instructional plans for their children

Listen to parent voices when making instructional decisions for students

Create a partnership with parents through ongoing communication

Recommendations for Parent Involvement

We cannot generalize to other students beyond these seven students.

Data were collected towards the end of a semester-long reading clinic, so students were well-versed in reading strategy terminology.

Parents of these students may not be representative of other parents because these parents actively sought their child’s participation in the Towson University Reading Clinic.

Limitations of the Study

Disseminating What We Learned

These case studies: Are snapshots that share what these

adolescents and their parents know, believe or understand.

Can begin a very important dialogue in our state.

Could be used as a bridge between our university and surrounding school systems to create future partnerships on how to change adolescent literacy instruction in schools.

Disseminating What We Learned Continued

We plan to: Design a brochure to share the stories of

these students with school systems in Maryland.

Share the stories at state conferences. Offer to present to secondary school

principals, faculties, and administrators in school systems in the Baltimore metropolitan area.

Begin a dialogue on what adolescents need in as many venues in our metropolitan area as possible.

Encourage administrators to: Move away from one-size-fits-all

programs. Align instruction to match the needs of

the students. Create literacy experiences that will

make differences in the lives and academic success rates of adolescent students.

View parents as collaborative partners.

We Aim to…

Continuing the Research

After presenting our study at local conferences, we will ask the participants to fill out a survey on their perception of the state of adolescent literacy in their school systems. Attendees at these conferences often include teachers, reading specialists and administrators.

Compile the results of the survey and share it with educational stakeholders to continue the dialogue.

http://pages.towson.edu/gmartine/

If you want more information about the study, contact Sharon

Pitcher at:spitcher@towson.edu

To obtain this presentation, visit:

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